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Pandey SS, Hendrich C, Andrade MO, Wang N. Candidatus Liberibacter: From Movement, Host Responses, to Symptom Development of Citrus Huanglongbing. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:55-68. [PMID: 34609203 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-21-0354-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Candidatus Liberibacter spp. are fastidious α-proteobacteria that cause multiple diseases on plant hosts of economic importance, including the most devastating citrus disease: Huanglongbing (HLB). HLB was reported in Asia a century ago but has since spread worldwide. Understanding the pathogenesis of Candidatus Liberibacter spp. remains challenging as they are yet to be cultured in artificial media and infect the phloem, a sophisticated environment that is difficult to manipulate. Despite those challenges, tremendous progress has been made on Ca. Liberibacter pathosystems. Here, we first reviewed recent studies on genetic information of flagellar and type IV pili biosynthesis, their expression profiles, and movement of Ca. Liberibacter spp. inside the plant and insect hosts. Next, we reviewed the transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic studies of susceptible and tolerant plant genotypes to Ca. Liberibacter spp. infection and how Ca. Liberibacter spp. adapt in plants. Analyses of the interactions between plants and Ca. Liberibacter spp. imply the involvement of immune response in the Ca. Liberibacter pathosystems. Lastly, we reviewed how Ca. Liberibacter spp. movement inside and interactions with plants lead to symptom development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheo Shankar Pandey
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
| | - Connor Hendrich
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
| | - Maxuel O Andrade
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Centre for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
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Pan L, Gardner CL, Beliakoff R, da Silva D, Zuo R, Pagliai FA, Padgett-Pagliai KA, Merli ML, Bahadiroglu E, Gonzalez CF, Lorca GL. PrbP modulates biofilm formation in Liberibacter crescens. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:7121-7138. [PMID: 34431209 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In Liberibacter asiaticus, PrbP is a transcriptional regulatory protein involved in survival and persistence during host infection. Tolfenamic acid was previously found to inhibit interactions between PrbP and the promotor region of rplK, resulting in reduced survival of L. asiaticus in the citrus host. In this study, we performed transcriptome analyses to elucidate the PrbP regulon in L. crescens, as it is phylogenetically the closest related species to L. asiaticus that can be grown in laboratory conditions. Chemical inhibition of PrbP with tolfenamic acid revealed that PrbP is involved in the regulation of diverse cellular processes, including stress response, cell motility, cell cycle and biofilm formation. In vitro DNA binding and bacterial two-hybrid assays also suggested that PrbP is a global regulator of multiple transcription factors (RpoH, VisN, PleD, MucR, MocR and CtrA) at both transcriptional and/or post-transcriptional levels. Sub-lethal concentrations of tolfenamic acid significantly reduced the attachment of L. crescens during biofilm formation and decreased long-term persistence in biofilm structures. Overall, our findings show the importance of PrbP in regulating diverse biological processes through direct and indirect interactions with other transcriptional regulators in L. crescens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Pan
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christopher L Gardner
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Reagan Beliakoff
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Danilo da Silva
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ran Zuo
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Fernando A Pagliai
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kaylie A Padgett-Pagliai
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Marcelo L Merli
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Erol Bahadiroglu
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Claudio F Gonzalez
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Graciela L Lorca
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Gardner CL, da Silva DR, Pagliai FA, Pan L, Padgett-Pagliai KA, Blaustein RA, Merli ML, Zhang D, Pereira C, Teplitski M, Chaparro JX, Folimonova SY, Conesa A, Gezan S, Lorca GL, Gonzalez CF. Assessment of unconventional antimicrobial compounds for the control of 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus', the causative agent of citrus greening disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5395. [PMID: 32214166 PMCID: PMC7096471 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62246-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, newly identified small molecules were examined for efficacy against ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ in commercial groves of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) and white grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) trees. We used benzbromarone and/or tolfenamic acid delivered by trunk injection. We evaluated safety and efficacy parameters by performing RNAseq of the citrus host responses, 16S rRNA gene sequencing to characterize citrus-associated microbial communities during treatment, and qRT-PCR as an indirect determination of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ viability. Analyses of the C. sinensis transcriptome indicated that each treatment consistently induced genes associated with normal metabolism and growth, without compromising tree viability or negatively affecting the indigenous citrus-associated microbiota. It was found that treatment-associated reduction in ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ was positively correlated with the proliferation of several core taxa related with citrus health. No symptoms of phytotoxicity were observed in any of the treated trees. Trials were also performed in commercial groves to examine the effect of each treatment on fruit productivity, juice quality and efficacy against ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’. Increased fruit production (15%) was observed in C. paradisi following twelve months of treatment with benzbromarone and tolfenamic acid. These results were positively correlated with decreased ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ transcriptional activity in root samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Gardner
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Danilo R da Silva
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Fernando A Pagliai
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lei Pan
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kaylie A Padgett-Pagliai
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ryan A Blaustein
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Marcelo L Merli
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Dan Zhang
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Cécile Pereira
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Max Teplitski
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jose X Chaparro
- Fruit Tree Breeding and Genetics, Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Svetlana Y Folimonova
- Plant Pathology Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Ana Conesa
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Salvador Gezan
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Graciela L Lorca
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Claudio F Gonzalez
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Genetics Institute, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America.
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Zhu DX, Garner AL, Galburt EA, Stallings CL. CarD contributes to diverse gene expression outcomes throughout the genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:13573-13581. [PMID: 31217290 PMCID: PMC6613185 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900176116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to regulate gene expression through transcription initiation underlies the adaptability and survival of all bacteria. Recent work has revealed that the transcription machinery in many bacteria diverges from the paradigm that has been established in Escherichia coliMycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) encodes the RNA polymerase (RNAP)-binding protein CarD, which is absent in E. coli but is required to form stable RNAP-promoter open complexes (RPo) and is essential for viability in Mtb The stabilization of RPo by CarD has been proposed to result in activation of gene expression; however, CarD has only been examined on limited promoters that do not represent the typical promoter structure in Mtb In this study, we investigate the outcome of CarD activity on gene expression from Mtb promoters genome-wide by performing RNA sequencing on a panel of mutants that differentially affect CarD's ability to stabilize RPo In all CarD mutants, the majority of Mtb protein encoding transcripts were differentially expressed, demonstrating that CarD had a global effect on gene expression. Contrary to the expected role of CarD as a transcriptional activator, mutation of CarD led to both up- and down-regulation of gene expression, suggesting that CarD can also act as a transcriptional repressor. Furthermore, we present evidence that stabilization of RPo by CarD could lead to transcriptional repression by inhibiting promoter escape, and the outcome of CarD activity is dependent on the intrinsic kinetic properties of a given promoter region. Collectively, our data support CarD's genome-wide role of regulating diverse transcription outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis X Zhu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Ashley L Garner
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Eric A Galburt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Christina L Stallings
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110;
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