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Aguilera A, Alegria Zufia J, Bas Conn L, Gurlit L, Śliwińska-Wilczewska S, Budzałek G, Lundin D, Pinhassi J, Legrand C, Farnelid H. Ecophysiological analysis reveals distinct environmental preferences in closely related Baltic Sea picocyanobacteria. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:1674-1695. [PMID: 37655642 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Cluster 5 picocyanobacteria significantly contribute to primary productivity in aquatic ecosystems. Estuarine populations are highly diverse and consist of many co-occurring strains, but their physiology remains largely understudied. In this study, we characterized 17 novel estuarine picocyanobacterial strains. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA and pigment genes (cpcB and cpeBA) uncovered multiple estuarine and freshwater-related clusters and pigment types. Assays with five representative strains (three phycocyanin rich and two phycoerythrin rich) under temperature (10-30°C), light (10-190 μmol photons m-2 s-1 ), and salinity (2-14 PSU) gradients revealed distinct growth optima and tolerance, indicating that genetic variability was accompanied by physiological diversity. Adaptability to environmental conditions was associated with differential pigment content and photosynthetic performance. Amplicon sequence variants at a coastal and an offshore station linked population dynamics with phylogenetic clusters, supporting that strains isolated in this study represent key ecotypes within the Baltic Sea picocyanobacterial community. The functional diversity found within strains with the same pigment type suggests that understanding estuarine picocyanobacterial ecology requires analysis beyond the phycocyanin and phycoerythrin divide. This new knowledge of the environmental preferences in estuarine picocyanobacteria is important for understanding and evaluating productivity in current and future ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabella Aguilera
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Javier Alegria Zufia
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Laura Bas Conn
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Leandra Gurlit
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Sylwia Śliwińska-Wilczewska
- Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada
- Laboratory of Marine Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Gracjana Budzałek
- Laboratory of Marine Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Daniel Lundin
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Jarone Pinhassi
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Catherine Legrand
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- School of Business, Innovation and Sustainability, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Hanna Farnelid
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
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Zufia JA, Legrand C, Farnelid H. Seasonal dynamics in picocyanobacterial abundance and clade composition at coastal and offshore stations in the Baltic Sea. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14330. [PMID: 35995823 PMCID: PMC9395346 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18454-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Picocyanobacteria (< 2 µm in diameter) are significant contributors to total phytoplankton biomass. Due to the high diversity within this group, their seasonal dynamics and relationship with environmental parameters, especially in brackish waters, are largely unknown. In this study, the abundance and community composition of phycoerythrin rich picocyanobacteria (PE-SYN) and phycocyanin rich picocyanobacteria (PC-SYN) were monitored at a coastal (K-station) and at an offshore station (LMO; ~ 10 km from land) in the Baltic Sea over three years (2018–2020). Cell abundances of picocyanobacteria correlated positively to temperature and negatively to nitrate (NO3) concentration. While PE-SYN abundance correlated to the presence of nitrogen fixers, PC-SYN abundance was linked to stratification/shallow waters. The picocyanobacterial targeted amplicon sequencing revealed an unprecedented diversity of 2169 picocyanobacterial amplicons sequence variants (ASVs). A unique assemblage of distinct picocyanobacterial clades across seasons was identified. Clade A/B dominated the picocyanobacterial community, except during summer when low NO3, high phosphate (PO4) concentrations and warm temperatures promoted S5.2 dominance. This study, providing multiyear data, links picocyanobacterial populations to environmental parameters. The difference in the response of the two functional groups and clades underscore the need for further high-resolution studies to understand their role in the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Alegria Zufia
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Catherine Legrand
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.,School of Business, Innovation and Sustainability, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Hanna Farnelid
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.
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3
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Laber CP, Pontiller B, Bunse C, Osbeck CMG, Pérez-Martínez C, Di Leo D, Lundin D, Legrand C, Pinhassi J, Farnelid H. Seasonal and Spatial Variations in Synechococcus Abundance and Diversity Throughout the Gullmar Fjord, Swedish Skagerrak. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:828459. [PMID: 35615500 PMCID: PMC9125215 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.828459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The picophytoplankton Synechococcus is a globally abundant autotroph that contributes significantly to primary production in the oceans and coastal areas. These cyanobacteria constitute a diverse genus of organisms that have developed independent niche spaces throughout aquatic environments. Here, we use the 16S V3–V4 rRNA gene region and flow cytometry to explore the diversity of Synechococcus within the picophytoplankton community in the Gullmar Fjord, on the west coast of Sweden. We conducted a station-based 1-year time series and two transect studies of the fjord. Our analysis revealed that within the large number of Synechococcus amplicon sequence variants (ASVs; 239 in total), prevalent ASVs phylogenetically clustered with clade representatives in both marine subcluster 5.1 and 5.2. The near-surface composition of ASVs shifted from spring to summer, when a 5.1 subcluster dominated community developed along with elevated Synechococcus abundances up to 9.3 × 104 cells ml–1. This seasonal dominance by subcluster 5.1 was observed over the length of the fjord (25 km), where shifts in community composition were associated with increasing depth. Unexpectedly, the community shift was not associated with changes in salinity. Synechococcus abundance dynamics also differed from that of the photosynthetic picoeukaryote community. These results highlight how seasonal variations in environmental conditions influence the dynamics of Synechococcus clades in a high latitude threshold fjord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christien P. Laber
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems – EEMiS, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Christien P. Laber,
| | - Benjamin Pontiller
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems – EEMiS, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Carina Bunse
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems – EEMiS, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB), Oldenburg, Germany
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christofer M. G. Osbeck
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems – EEMiS, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Clara Pérez-Martínez
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems – EEMiS, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Danilo Di Leo
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems – EEMiS, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Daniel Lundin
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems – EEMiS, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Catherine Legrand
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems – EEMiS, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- School of Business, Innovation and Sustainability, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Jarone Pinhassi
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems – EEMiS, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Hanna Farnelid
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems – EEMiS, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
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Yang N, Tian C, Lv Y, Hou J, Yang Z, Xiao X, Zhang Y. Novel primers for 16S rRNA gene-based archaeal and bacterial community analysis in oceanic trench sediments. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:2795-2809. [PMID: 35348850 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11893-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene has been successfully applied to explore the microbial structure and dynamics in various environments. The distinctive microbial communities in oceanic trench sediments are expected because of the extremely high pressure and V-shape topology that caused the isolation from the other marine sediments. However, they have only been primarily targeted using 'universal' primers that provide variable performances for different environments. It is necessary to design specific primers to improve the detection resolution of unique microbial groups in oceanic trenches. Here, we designed one pair of bacterial and two pairs of archaeal specific primers based on 16S rRNA gene full-length sequences that truly come from trench sediment and tested their performances in 30 oceanic trench sediment samples. An in silico analysis showed that the V3-V4 hypervariable region was the most informative and representative for oceanic trench microbial groups. Compared with the 'universal' primers, 46 bacterial families were only detected by newly designed primer B344F/B749R, and eight archaeal families were only detected by the newly designed primer A306F/A713R which covered the one or two orders of magnitude more ASVs (amplicon sequence variants) (1,470,216) in the tested total 30 samples. Moreover, A306F/A713R had the largest number of observed ASVs suggesting its better performance in discovering more archaeal species which were easily ignored in universal primer-based experiments for oceanic trench sediments. The novel primers designed in this research could be a better option to access the unique microbial communities in extreme oceanic trench sediments.Key points• Defining V3-V4 as the most adequate hypervariable region for archaea and bacteria from oceanic trench sediments.• Three sets of bacterial and archaeal primers appear validity and advantage in revealing the real trench microbial communities.• The novel primers provide a better option to specifically detect the unique microbial communities in extreme oceanic trench sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yang
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Tian
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxin Lv
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialin Hou
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifeng Yang
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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5
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MacKeigan PW, Garner RE, Monchamp MÈ, Walsh DA, Onana VE, Kraemer SA, Pick FR, Beisner BE, Agbeti MD, da Costa NB, Shapiro BJ, Gregory-Eaves I. Comparing microscopy and DNA metabarcoding techniques for identifying cyanobacteria assemblages across hundreds of lakes. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 113:102187. [PMID: 35287928 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Accurately identifying the species present in an ecosystem is vital to lake managers and successful bioassessment programs. This is particularly important when monitoring cyanobacteria, as numerous taxa produce toxins and can have major negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems. Increasingly, DNA-based techniques such as metabarcoding are being used for measuring aquatic biodiversity, as they could accelerate processing time, decrease costs and reduce some of the biases associated with traditional light microscopy. Despite the continuing use of traditional microscopy and the growing use of DNA metabarcoding to identify cyanobacteria assemblages, methodological comparisons between the two approaches have rarely been reported from a wide suite of lake types. Here, we compare planktonic cyanobacteria assemblages generated by inverted light microscopy and DNA metabarcoding from a 379-lake dataset spanning a longitudinal and trophic gradient. We found moderate levels of congruence between methods at the broadest taxonomic levels (i.e., Order, RV=0.40, p < 0.0001). This comparison revealed distinct cyanobacteria communities from lakes of different trophic states, with Microcystis, Aphanizomenon and Dolichospermum dominating with both methods in eutrophic and hypereutrophic sites. This finding supports the use of either method when monitoring eutrophication in lake surface waters. The biggest difference between the two methods was the detection of picocyanobacteria, which are typically underestimated by light microscopy. This reveals that the communities generated by each method currently are complementary as opposed to identical and promotes a combined-method strategy when monitoring a range of trophic systems. For example, microscopy can provide measures of cyanobacteria biomass, which are critical data in managing lakes. Going forward, we believe that molecular genetic methods will be increasingly adopted as reference databases are routinely updated with more representative sequences and will improve as cyanobacteria taxonomy is resolved with the increase in available genetic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W MacKeigan
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Interuniversity Research Group in Limnology (GRIL), Quebec, Canada.
| | - Rebecca E Garner
- Interuniversity Research Group in Limnology (GRIL), Quebec, Canada; Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Monchamp
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Interuniversity Research Group in Limnology (GRIL), Quebec, Canada
| | - David A Walsh
- Interuniversity Research Group in Limnology (GRIL), Quebec, Canada; Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vera E Onana
- Interuniversity Research Group in Limnology (GRIL), Quebec, Canada; Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Susanne A Kraemer
- Interuniversity Research Group in Limnology (GRIL), Quebec, Canada; Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frances R Pick
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Beatrix E Beisner
- Interuniversity Research Group in Limnology (GRIL), Quebec, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Naíla Barbosa da Costa
- Interuniversity Research Group in Limnology (GRIL), Quebec, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - B Jesse Shapiro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Irene Gregory-Eaves
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Interuniversity Research Group in Limnology (GRIL), Quebec, Canada.
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6
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Increases in Picocyanobacteria Abundance in Agriculturally Eutrophic Pampean Lakes Inferred from Historical Records of Secchi Depth and Chlorophyll-a. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14020159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phytoplankton size structure has profound consequences on food-web organization and energy transfer. Presently, picocyanobacteria (size < 2 µm) represent a major fraction of the autotrophic plankton of Pampean lakes. Glyphosate is known to stimulate the development of picocyanobacteria capable of degrading the herbicide. Due to the worldwide adoption of glyphosate-resistant crops, herbicide usage has increased sharply since the mid-1990s. Unfortunately, there are very few studies (none for the Pampa region) reporting picocyanobacteria abundance before 2000. The proliferation of µm sized particles should decrease Secchi disc depth (ZSD). Therefore ZSD, conditional to chlorophyll-a, may serve as an indicator of picocyanobacteria abundance. We use generalized additive models (GAMs) to analyze a “validation” dataset consisting of 82 records of ZSD, chlorophyll-a, and picocyanobacteria abundance from two Pampean lakes surveys (2009 and 2015). In support of the hypothesis, ZSD was negatively related to picocyanobacteria after accounting for the effect of chlorophyll-a. We then fitted a “historical” dataset using hierarchical GAMs to compare ZSD conditional to chlorophyll-a, before and after 2000. We estimated that ZSD levels during 2000–2021 were, on average, only about half as deep as those during 1980–1999. We conclude that the adoption of glyphosate-resistant crops has stimulated outbreaks of picocyanobacteria populations, resulting in lower water transparency.
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Quiroga MV, Huber P, Ospina-Serna J, Diovisalvi N, Odriozola M, Cueto GR, Lagomarsino L, Fermani P, Bustingorry J, Escaray R, Zagarese H, Unrein F. The dynamics of picocyanobacteria from a hypereutrophic shallow lake is affected by light-climate and small-bodied zooplankton: a 10-year cytometric time-series analysis. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:6204701. [PMID: 33784379 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiab055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In aquatic systems, an interplay between bottom-up and top-down processes determines the dynamic of picocyanobacteria (Pcy) abundance and community structure. Here, we analyzed a 10-year time series (sampled fortnightly) from a hypereutrophic turbid shallow lake located within the Pampa Region of South America, generating the first long-term record of freshwater Pcy from the Southern Hemisphere. We used a cytometric approach to study Pcy community, and focused on its relations with nutrient and light conditions (bottom-up) and potential grazers (top-down). A novel Pcy abundance seasonality with winter maximums was observed for years with relatively stable hydrological levels, related with decreased abundance of seasonal rotifers during colder seasons. Pcy showed lower abundance and higher cytometric alpha diversity during summer, probably due to a strong predation exerted by rotifers. In turn, a direct effect of the non-seasonal small cladocerans Bosmina spp. decreased Pcy abundance and induced a shift from single-cell Pcy into aggregated forms. This structuring effect of Bosmina spp. was further confirmed by Pcy cytometric (dis)similarity analyses from the time series and in situ experimental data. Remarkably, Pcy showed acclimatization to underwater light variations, resembling the relevance of light in this turbid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Quiroga
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Intendente Marino Km 8.200, (7130) Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Huber
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Intendente Marino Km 8.200, (7130) Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto Nacional de Limnología (INALI), Universidad Nacional del Litoral-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Juliana Ospina-Serna
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Intendente Marino Km 8.200, (7130) Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nadia Diovisalvi
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Intendente Marino Km 8.200, (7130) Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Odriozola
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Intendente Marino Km 8.200, (7130) Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gerardo R Cueto
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Universitaria, (1428) Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Lagomarsino
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Intendente Marino Km 8.200, (7130) Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paulina Fermani
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Intendente Marino Km 8.200, (7130) Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José Bustingorry
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Intendente Marino Km 8.200, (7130) Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roberto Escaray
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Intendente Marino Km 8.200, (7130) Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Horacio Zagarese
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Intendente Marino Km 8.200, (7130) Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Unrein
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Intendente Marino Km 8.200, (7130) Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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