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Cai L, Liu X, Tian Z, Michaud JP, Shen Z, Li Z, Zhang S, Liu X. Safety of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ah and Vip3Aa toxins for the predatory stink bug Arma custos (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158120. [PMID: 35987246 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The widespread adoption of Bt crops expressing insecticidal proteins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis has created a need to assess the potential effects of these toxins on non-target organisms, especially species such as Arma custos, a generalist predator that provides important biological control services in many field crops in Asia. Direct dietary exposure of A. custos to Cry1Ah and Vip3Aa proteins produced no adverse effects on life history traits, despite continuous exposure throughout development and early adult life to concentrations significantly higher than the Bt protein concentration likely encountered by A.custos in the field, even when feeding directly on Bt plants. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed the presence of Bt proteins in A. custos midguts, but quantitative real-time PCR analysis of 12 genes associated with detoxification, antioxidative responses, immune responses, and metabolism revealed no significant changes in expression in adult bugs. Indirect exposure to these toxins via consumption of intoxicated prey, larvae of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), likewise produced no negative impacts on survival, development, adult weight, or female fecundity in either the F0 (exposed) or F1 (unexposed) generation, but female fresh weight was reduced in the F0 generation by the Cry1Ah (50 μg/g) treatment. Finally, a competitive binding assay with labelled protein and a ligand blotting assay both demonstrated that the Cry1Ah protein could not bind to receptors on the midgut brush border membrane vesicles (BBMVs) of A. custos adults. Therefore, we conclude that Cry1Ah and Vip3Aa proteins are unlikely to have significant negative effects on A. custos populations if employed as plant-incorporated protectants in field crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Cai
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Tian
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - J P Michaud
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Agricultural Research Station-Hays, Hays, KS 67601, USA
| | - Zhongjian Shen
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Songdou Zhang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China.
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Li Q, Li M, Zhu M, Zhong J, Wen L, Zhang J, Zhang R, Gao Q, Yu XQ, Lu Y. Genome-wide identification and comparative analysis of Cry toxin receptor families in 7 insect species with a focus on Spodoptera litura. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:783-800. [PMID: 34405540 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cadherin, aminopeptidase N (APN) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) have been characterized as Cry receptors. In this study, comparative genomic analysis of the 3 receptor families was performed in 7 insects. ALPs and APNs are divided into three and eight clades in phylogenetic trees, respectively. ALPs in clade 3 and APNs in clade 1 contain multiple paralogs within each species and most paralogs are located closely in chromosomes. Drosophila melanogaster has expanded APNs in clade 5 and were lowly expressed in midgut. Cadherins are divided into 16 clades; they may diverge before holometabolous insect speciation except for BtR and Cad89D-like clades. Eight insects from different orders containing BtR orthologs are sensitive to Cry1A or Cry3A, while five species without BtR are insensitive to both toxins. Most APNs in clade 1, several ALPs in clade 3, BtR and Cad89D-like genes were highly or moderately expressed in larval midgut of Spodoptera litura and the other six species, and several members in these clades have been identified as Cry receptors. Expressions of putative S. litura Cry receptors in the midgut after exposing to Bt toxins were also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Mengge Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Mengyao Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Jielai Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Liang Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Ruonan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Yuzhen Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
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Pan ZZ, Xu L, Liu B, Chen QX, Zhu YJ. Key residues of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry2Ab for oligomerization and pore-formation activity. AMB Express 2021; 11:112. [PMID: 34331618 PMCID: PMC8325727 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
As a pore-forming toxin, activation, oligomerization and pore-formation were both required for the mode of action of Cry toxins. Previous results revealed that the helices α4-α5 of Domain I were involved in the oligomerization of Cry2Ab, however, the key residues for Cry2Ab aggregation remained ambiguous. In present studies, we built 20 Cry2Ab alanine mutants site-directed in the helices α4-α5 of Domain I and demonstrated that mutants N151A, T152A, F157A, L183A, L185A and I188A could reduce the assembly of the 250 kDa oligomers, suggesting that these mutation residues might be essential for Cry2Ab oligomerization. As expected, all of these variants showed lower insecticidal activity against P. xylostella. Furthermore, we found that the pore-forming activities of these mutants also decreased when compared to wild-type Cry2Ab. Taken together, our data identified key residues for Cry2Ab oligomerization and emphasized that oligomerization was closely related to the insecticidal activity and pore-forming activity of Cry2Ab.
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Shwe SM, Wang Y, Gao Z, Li X, Liu S, Bai S, Zhang T, He K, Wang Z. Toxicity of Cry1-Class, Cry2Aa, and Vip3Aa19 Bt proteins and their interactions against yellow peach Moth, Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). J Invertebr Pathol 2020; 178:107507. [PMID: 33249063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic plants expressing insecticidal proteins from the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have provided an effective way to control target pests. However, the toxicity of Bt proteins against yellow peach moth (YPM), Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée), one of the most serious maize pests in China, has not received much study. Therefore, we performed diet-overlay bioassays to evaluate the insecticidal activities of Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1Fa, Cry1Ah, Cry1Ie, Cry2Aa, and Vip3Aa19, as well as the interaction between Cry1-Class, Cry2Aa, and Vip3Aa19 against YPM. Results showed that the LC50 values ranged from 1.08 to 178.12 ng/cm2 (protein/diet). Among these proteins, Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac had lower LC50 values and LC90 values. In YPM bioassays, the combinations of Cry2Aa with Cry1Ac, Cry1Ie, and Cry1Ab showed antagonism while a mixture of Cry2Aa with Cry1Fa and Cry1Ah exhibited synergism. When Vip3Aa19 was combined with Cry proteins, all combinations interacted positively, with variation in synergistic factors (SF). Three ratios 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 of Cry1Ah and Vip3Aa19 protein combination showed SF values of 5.20, 5.63, and 8.98, respectively. These findings can be applied in the establishment of new pyramided transgenic crops with suitable candidates as well as in resistance management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Mon Shwe
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yueqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zupeng Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China; Engineering Research Center of Natural Enemy Insects/Institute of Biological Control, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xue Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China; Plant Protection College, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Shen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuxiong Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tiantao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kanglai He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhenying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China.
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Vílchez S. Making 3D-Cry Toxin Mutants: Much More Than a Tool of Understanding Toxins Mechanism of Action. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090600. [PMID: 32948025 PMCID: PMC7551160 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
3D-Cry toxins, produced by the entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, have been extensively mutated in order to elucidate their elegant and complex mechanism of action necessary to kill susceptible insects. Together with the study of the resistant insects, 3D-Cry toxin mutants represent one of the pillars to understanding how these toxins exert their activity on their host. The principle is simple, if an amino acid is involved and essential in the mechanism of action, when substituted, the activity of the toxin will be diminished. However, some of the constructed 3D-Cry toxin mutants have shown an enhanced activity against their target insects compared to the parental toxins, suggesting that it is possible to produce novel versions of the natural toxins with an improved performance in the laboratory. In this report, all mutants with an enhanced activity obtained by accident in mutagenesis studies, together with all the variants obtained by rational design or by directed mutagenesis, were compiled. A description of the improved mutants was made considering their historical context and the parallel development of the protein engineering techniques that have been used to obtain them. This report demonstrates that artificial 3D-Cry toxins made in laboratories are a real alternative to natural toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Vílchez
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Liu Y, Zhou Z, Wang Z, Zhong B, Shu C, Zhang J. Replacement of loop2 and 3 of Cry1Ai in domain II affects specificity to the economically important insect Bombyx mori. J Invertebr Pathol 2019; 169:107296. [PMID: 31778713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2019.107296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ai belongs to three-domain Cry toxins and only shows growth inhibition effects against the agricultural pest Helicoverpa armigera, although it exhibits high toxicity against the non-target insect Bombyx mori. In previous studies, loop2 and loop3 on domain II from Cry1Ah were found to be related to binding and high toxicity against H. armigera. However, toxicity for B. mori of Cry1Ai-h-loop2, obtained by replacing loop 2 from Cry1Ah into Cry1Ai, was not modified. In this study, to further characterize the role of loop2 and loop3 in Cry1Ai, all of the amino acids in these two loops were substituted with the same amount of alanine residues. The Cry1Ai-loop3 mutant exhibited significantly lower toxicity against B. mori, but the toxicity of the loop2 mutant was not significantly changed. Furthermore, the double-exchange mutant Cry1Ai-h-loop2&3, replacing loop2 and loop3 from Cry1Ah into Cry1Ai, showed decreased toxicity against B. mori related to Cry1Ai. In addition, we found that the binding affinity of Cry1Ai-h-loop2&3 with brush border membrane vesicles (BBMVs) from the midgut of B. mori was lower than that of Cry1Ai, which correlates with the reduced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zishan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Boxiong Zhong
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Changlong Shu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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Jing X, Yuan Y, Wu Y, Wu D, Gong P, Gao M. Crystal structure of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry7Ca1 toxin active against Locusta migratoria manilensis. Protein Sci 2018; 28:609-619. [PMID: 30506755 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Insecticidal crystal (Cry) proteins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are widely used as environmentally friendly insecticides. As the only known Cry protein with insecticidal activity against Locusta migratoria manilensis, a locust subspecies that causes extensive destruction of crops, the Cry7Ca1 protein from Bt strain BTH-13 identified in our previous study is of particular interest to locust prevention and control. However, the three-dimensional structure of Cry7Ca1 toxin (the active form of the Cry7Ca1 protein) and the mechanisms of the Cry7Ca1 insecticidal specificity remain largely elusive. Here, we report a 2.3 Å crystal structure of the Cry7Ca1 toxin and carry out a systematic comparison of all available Cry toxins structures. A cluster of six loops in Cry toxin domain II, named Apex here, are the most variable structural elements and were documented to contribute in insecticidal specificity. The Cry7Ca1 toxin Apex loops are different from those of other Cry toxins in length, conformation, and sequence. Electrostatic potential analysis further revealed that Cry7Ca1 is the only structure-available Cry toxin that does not have a high contrast of surface electrostatic potentials in the Apex. We further suggest that the L1/L2 loops in the center of the Cry7Ca1 Apex may be worthy of attention in future efforts to unravel the Cry7Ca1 insecticidal specificity as they exhibit unique features not found in the corresponding regions of other Cry toxins. Our work highlights the uniqueness of the Apex in the Cry7Ca1 toxin and may assist exploration of the insecticidal mechanism of the Cry7Ca1 against Locusta migratoria manilensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuping Jing
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yihui Yuan
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Dandan Wu
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Peng Gong
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Meiying Gao
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
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Li S, Wang Z, Zhou Y, Li C, Wang G, Wang H, Zhang J, Liang G, Lang Z. Expression of cry2Ah1 and two domain II mutants in transgenic tobacco confers high resistance to susceptible and Cry1Ac-resistant cotton bollworm. Sci Rep 2018; 8:508. [PMID: 29323243 PMCID: PMC5765002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-19064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the novel Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal gene cry2Ah1 toxicity, two mutants cry2Ah1-vp (V354VP) and cry2Ah1-sp (V354SP) were performed. SWISS-MODEL analysis showed two mutants had a longer loop located between β-4 and β-5 of domain II, resulting in higher binding affinity with brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) of Helicoverpa armigera comparing with Cry2Ah1. The cry2Ah1, cry2Ah1-vp, and cry2Ah1-sp were optimized codon usage according to plant codon bias, and named mcry2Ah1, mcry2Ah1-vp, and mcry2Ah1-sp. They were transformed into tobacco via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and a total of 4, 8, and 24 transgenic tobacco plants were obtained, respectively. The molecular detection showed the exogenous gene was integrated into tobacco genome, and successfully expressed at the transcript and translation levels. Cry2Ah1 protein in transgenic tobacco plants varied from 4.41 to 40.28 μg g-1 fresh weight. Insect bioassays indicated that all transgenic tobacco plants were highly toxic to both susceptible and Cry1Ac-resistant cotton bollworm larvae, and the insect resistance efficiency to Cry1Ac-resistant cotton bollworm was highest in mcry2Ah1-sp transgenic tobacco plants. The results demonstrated that cry2Ah1 was a useful Bt insecticidal gene to susceptible and Cry1Ac-resistant cotton bollworm and had potential application for insect biocontrol and as a candidate for pyramid strategy in Bt crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyan Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yiyao Zhou
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Changhui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guiping Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hai Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Gemei Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhihong Lang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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PxAPN5 serves as a functional receptor of Cry2Ab in Plutella xylostella (L.) and its binding domain analysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 105:516-521. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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