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Bachtarzi N, Gomri MA, Meradji M, Gil-Cardoso K, Ortega N, Chomiciute G, Del Bas JM, López Q, Martínez V, Kharroub K. In vitro assessment of biofunctional properties of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strain Jb21-11 and the characterization of its exopolysaccharide. Int Microbiol 2024; 27:239-256. [PMID: 37286917 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00387-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ABSTACT The microbiota of traditional food provides a rich reservoir of biodiversity to find new strains with interesting features for novel functional food formulation. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the biofunctional potential of the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strain Jb21-11 isolated from Jben, a traditional Algerian fresh cheese. This isolate was selected out of a collection of 154 LAB based on its exopolysaccharide (EPS) phenotype and was preliminarily identified by polyphasic characterization as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (previously known as Lactobacillus plantarum) and its biofunctional properties were then assessed in vitro. The tested strain demonstrated good resistance to gastric juice, acidity around pH 2, and 2% (v/v) bile salts, which are important characteristics for potential biofunctional LAB candidates. It also showed a good production of ropy EPS with 674 mg/L on MRS medium. However, this ability appears to compromise the adhesion of the strain to Caco-2 cells (less than 1%), which according to our results, seems not to be related to autoaggregation and hydrophobicity (44.88 ± 0.028% and 16.59 ± 0.012%). Furthermore, promising antimicrobial activity against three pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella) was detected probably due to antimicrobial metabolites excreted during fermentation process into the medium. Moreover, the strain L. plantarum Jb21-11 displayed a therapeutic functionality with both anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory action using RAW 264.7 cells. The chemical features of the novel ropy Jb21-11-EPS were also investigated revealing the presence of three monosaccharides, namely, mannose, galactose, and glucose, with a molar ratio of 5.42:1.00:4.52 linked together by α- and β-glycosidic bonds, presenting a relatively high molecular weight of 1.08 × 105 Da of interest for a texturing potential. Therefore, the new producing EPS strain Jb21-11 is a promising candidate for use as an adjunct culture for improving the texture of functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Bachtarzi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Food Quality (BIOQUAL), Institute of Nutrition, Food and Agri-Food Technologies (INATAA), University of Mentouri Brother's Constantine 1 (UFMC1), Road of Ain El Bey, 25000, Constantine, Algeria.
| | - Mohamed Amine Gomri
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Food Quality (BIOQUAL), Institute of Nutrition, Food and Agri-Food Technologies (INATAA), University of Mentouri Brother's Constantine 1 (UFMC1), Road of Ain El Bey, 25000, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Meriem Meradji
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Food Quality (BIOQUAL), Institute of Nutrition, Food and Agri-Food Technologies (INATAA), University of Mentouri Brother's Constantine 1 (UFMC1), Road of Ain El Bey, 25000, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Katherine Gil-Cardoso
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Technological Unit of Nutrition and Health, Reus, Spain
| | - Nàdia Ortega
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Technological Unit of Nutrition and Health, Reus, Spain
| | - Gertruda Chomiciute
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Technological Unit of Nutrition and Health, Reus, Spain
| | | | - Quiro López
- Creaciones Aromáticas Industriales SA, Cuatrecasas i Arimí, 2, 08192, Sant Quirze del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanesa Martínez
- Creaciones Aromáticas Industriales SA, Cuatrecasas i Arimí, 2, 08192, Sant Quirze del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karima Kharroub
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Food Quality (BIOQUAL), Institute of Nutrition, Food and Agri-Food Technologies (INATAA), University of Mentouri Brother's Constantine 1 (UFMC1), Road of Ain El Bey, 25000, Constantine, Algeria
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Bin Hafeez A, Pełka K, Worobo R, Szweda P. In Silico Safety Assessment of Bacillus Isolated from Polish Bee Pollen and Bee Bread as Novel Probiotic Candidates. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:666. [PMID: 38203838 PMCID: PMC10780176 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacillus species isolated from Polish bee pollen (BP) and bee bread (BB) were characterized for in silico probiotic and safety attributes. A probiogenomics approach was used, and in-depth genomic analysis was performed using a wide array of bioinformatics tools to investigate the presence of virulence and antibiotic resistance properties, mobile genetic elements, and secondary metabolites. Functional annotation and Carbohydrate-Active enZYmes (CAZYme) profiling revealed the presence of genes and a repertoire of probiotics properties promoting enzymes. The isolates BB10.1, BP20.15 (isolated from bee bread), and PY2.3 (isolated from bee pollen) genome mining revealed the presence of several genes encoding acid, heat, cold, and other stress tolerance mechanisms, adhesion proteins required to survive and colonize harsh gastrointestinal environments, enzymes involved in the metabolism of dietary molecules, antioxidant activity, and genes associated with the synthesis of vitamins. In addition, genes responsible for the production of biogenic amines (BAs) and D-/L-lactate, hemolytic activity, and other toxic compounds were also analyzed. Pan-genome analyses were performed with 180 Bacillus subtilis and 204 Bacillus velezensis genomes to mine for any novel genes present in the genomes of our isolates. Moreover, all three isolates also consisted of gene clusters encoding secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmer Bin Hafeez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.B.H.); (K.P.)
| | - Karolina Pełka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.B.H.); (K.P.)
| | - Randy Worobo
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - Piotr Szweda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.B.H.); (K.P.)
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Ershov AP, Babich TL, Grouzdev DS, Sokolova DS, Semenova EM, Avtukh AN, Poltaraus AB, Ianutsevich EA, Nazina TN. Genome Analysis and Potential Ecological Functions of Members of the Genus Ensifer from Subsurface Environments and Description of Ensifer oleiphilus sp. nov. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2314. [PMID: 37764159 PMCID: PMC10538136 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The current work deals with genomic analysis, possible ecological functions, and biotechnological potential of two bacterial strains, HO-A22T and SHC 2-14, isolated from unique subsurface environments, the Cheremukhovskoe oil field (Tatarstan, Russia) and nitrate- and radionuclide-contaminated groundwater (Tomsk region, Russia), respectively. New isolates were characterized using polyphasic taxonomy approaches and genomic analysis. The genomes of the strains HO-A22T and SHC 2-14 contain the genes involved in nitrate reduction, hydrocarbon degradation, extracellular polysaccharide synthesis, and heavy metal detoxification, confirming the potential for their application in various environmental biotechnologies. Genomic data were confirmed by cultivation studies. Both strains were found to be neutrophilic, chemoorganotrophic, facultatively anaerobic bacteria, growing at 15-33 °C and 0-1.6% NaCl (w/v). The 16S rRNA gene sequences of the strains were similar to those of the type strains of the genus Ensifer (99.0-100.0%). Nevertheless, genomic characteristics of strain HO-A22T were below the thresholds for species delineation: the calculated average nucleotide identity (ANI) values were 83.7-92.4% (<95%), and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values were within the range of 25.4-45.9% (<70%), which supported our conclusion that HO-A22T (=VKM B-3646T = KCTC 92427T) represented a novel species of the genus Ensifer, with the proposed name Ensifer oleiphilus sp. nov. Strain SHC 2-14 was assigned to the species 'Ensifer canadensis', which has not been validly published. This study expanded the knowledge about the phenotypic diversity among members of the genus Ensifer and its potential for the biotechnologies of oil recovery and radionuclide pollution treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey P. Ershov
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.P.E.); (T.L.B.); (D.S.S.); (E.M.S.); (E.A.I.)
| | - Tamara L. Babich
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.P.E.); (T.L.B.); (D.S.S.); (E.M.S.); (E.A.I.)
| | | | - Diyana S. Sokolova
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.P.E.); (T.L.B.); (D.S.S.); (E.M.S.); (E.A.I.)
| | - Ekaterina M. Semenova
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.P.E.); (T.L.B.); (D.S.S.); (E.M.S.); (E.A.I.)
| | - Alexander N. Avtukh
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia;
| | - Andrey B. Poltaraus
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Elena A. Ianutsevich
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.P.E.); (T.L.B.); (D.S.S.); (E.M.S.); (E.A.I.)
| | - Tamara N. Nazina
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.P.E.); (T.L.B.); (D.S.S.); (E.M.S.); (E.A.I.)
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Prakash V, Madhavan A, Veedu AP, Babu P, Jothish A, Nair SS, Suhail A, Prabhakar M, Sain T, Rajan R, Somanathan P, Abhinand K, Nair BG, Pal S. Harnessing the probiotic properties and immunomodulatory effects of fermented food-derived Limosilactobacillus fermentum strains: implications for environmental enteropathy. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1200926. [PMID: 37342549 PMCID: PMC10277634 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1200926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Environmental enteropathy (EE), a chronic small intestine disease characterized by gut inflammation, is widely prevalent in low-income countries and is hypothesized to be caused by continuous exposure to fecal contamination. Targeted nutritional interventions using potential probiotic strains from fermented foods can be an effective strategy to inhibit enteric pathogens and prevent chronic gut inflammation. Methods We isolated potential strains from fermented rice water and lemon pickle and investigated their cell surface properties, antagonistic properties, adhesion to HT-29 cells, and inhibition of pathogen adherence to HT-29 cells. Bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS) were purified, and in vivo, survival studies in Caenorhabditis elegans infected with Salmonella enterica MW116733 were performed. We further checked the expression pattern of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL8, and IL-10) in HT-29 cells supplemented with strains. Results The strains isolated from rice water (RS) and lemon pickle (T1) were identified as Limosilactobacillus fermentum MN410703 and MN410702, respectively. Strains showed probiotic properties like tolerance to low pH (pH 3.0), bile salts up to 0.5%, simulated gastric juice at low pH, and binding to extracellular matrix molecules. Auto-aggregation of T1 was in the range of 85% and significantly co-aggregated with Klebsiella pneumoniae, S. enterica, and Escherichia coli at 48, 79, and 65%, respectively. Both strains had a higher binding affinity to gelatin and heparin compared to Bacillus clausii. Susceptibility to most aminoglycoside, cephalosporin, and macrolide classes of antibiotics was also observed. RS showed BLIS activity against K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, and S. enterica at 60, 48, and 30%, respectively, and the protective effects of BLIS from RS in the C. elegans infection model demonstrated a 70% survival rate of the worms infected with S. enterica. RS and T1 demonstrated binding efficiency to HT-29 cell lines in the 38-46% range, and both strains inhibited the adhesion of E. coli MDR and S. enterica. Upregulation of IL-6 and IL-10 and the downregulation of IL-8 were observed when HT-29 cells were treated with RS, indicating the immunomodulatory effects of the strain. Discussion The potential strains identified could effectively inhibit enteric pathogens and prevent environmental enteropathy.
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Christophe G, Hou X, Petit E, Traikia M, Le Cerf D, Rihouey C, Gardarin C, Delattre C, Michaud P, Pierre G, Dubessay P. Description of the Wild Strain Rhizobium rosettiformans DSM26376, Reclassified under Peteryoungia rosettiformans comb.nov., for Producing Glucuronan. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092177. [PMID: 37177323 PMCID: PMC10180729 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucuronan is a polysaccharide composed of β-(1,4)-linked d-glucuronic acids having intrinsic properties and biological activities recoverable in many fields of application. Currently, the description of Sinorhyzobium meliloti M5N1CS mutant bacterial strain as the sole source of glucuronan makes it relevant to the exploration of new microorganisms producing glucuronan. In this study, the Peteryoungia rosettifformans strain (Rhizobia), was identified as a wild producer of an exopolysaccharide (RhrBR46) related to glucuronan. Structural and biochemical features, using colorimetric assays, Fourier infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, high pressure size exclusion chromatography coupled to multi-angle light laser scattering, and enzymatic assays allowed the characterization of a polyglucuronic acid, having a molecular mass (Mw¯) of 1.85 × 105 Da, and being partially O-acetylated at C-2 and/or C-3 positions. The concentration of Mg2+ ions in the cultivation medium has been shown to impact the structure of RhrBR46, by reducing drastically its Mw¯ (73%) and increasing its DA (10%). Comparative structural analyses between RhrBR46 and the glucuronan from Sinorhyzobium meliloti M5N1CS strain revealed differences in terms of molecular weight, degree of acetylation (DA), and the distribution of acetylation pattern. These structural divergences of RhrBR46 might contribute to singular properties or biological activities of RhrBR46, offering new perspectives of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendoline Christophe
- Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Xiaoyang Hou
- Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Emmanuel Petit
- UMRT INRAe 1158 BioEcoAgro, Laboratoire BIOPI, Institut Universitaire et Technologique, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, F-80025 Amiens, France
| | - Mounir Traikia
- CNRS, ICCF, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Didier Le Cerf
- Polymères Biopolymères Surfaces, Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, UMR6270, F-76821 Mont Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Christophe Rihouey
- Polymères Biopolymères Surfaces, Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, UMR6270, F-76821 Mont Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Christine Gardarin
- Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cédric Delattre
- Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 rue Descartes, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Michaud
- Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Guillaume Pierre
- Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pascal Dubessay
- Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Puertas AI, Llamas-Arriba MG, Etxebeste O, Berregi I, Pardo MÁ, Prieto A, López P, Dueñas MT. Characterization of the heteropolysaccharides produced by Liquorilactobacillus sicerae CUPV261 and Secundilactobacillus collinoides CUPV237 isolated from cider. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 397:110199. [PMID: 37086527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Some lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains isolated from alcoholic beverages are able to produce exopolysaccharides (EPS). The present work focuses on the physico-chemical characterization of the heteropolysaccharides (HePS) produced by Liquorilactobacillus sicerae CUPV261T (formerly known as Lactobacillus sicerae) and Secundilactobacillus collinoides CUPV237 (formerly known as Lactobacillus collinoides) strains isolated from cider. Genome sequencing and assembly enabled the identification of at least four putative HePS gene clusters in each strain, which correlated with the ability of both strains to secrete EPS. The crude EPS preparation from CUPV261T contained glucose, galactose and rhamnose, and that of CUPV237 was composed of glucose, galactose and N-acetylglucosamine. Both EPS were mixtures of HePS of different composition, with two major soluble components of average molecular weights (Mw) in the range of 106 and 104 g.mol-1. These HePS were resistant to gastric stress conditions in an in vitro model, and they significantly reduced zebrafish larvae mortality in an in vivo model of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Puertas
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Mª Goretti Llamas-Arriba
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Oier Etxebeste
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Iñaki Berregi
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Pardo
- Food Research Unit, Food and Marine Research Technology Centre AZTI, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Astondo Bidea, Building 609, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Alicia Prieto
- Margarita Salas Biological Research Centre, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma López
- Margarita Salas Biological Research Centre, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mª Teresa Dueñas
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain.
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Davray D, Bawane H, Kulkarni R. Non-redundant nature of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum plasmidome revealed by comparative genomic analysis of 105 strains. Food Microbiol 2023; 109:104153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Meng F, Lyu Y, Zhao H, Lyu F, Bie X, Lu Y, Zhao M, Chen Y, Lu Z. LsrR-like protein responds to stress tolerance by regulating polysaccharide biosynthesis in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 225:1193-1203. [PMID: 36436601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In addition to their biological functions, polysaccharides assist Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in resisting harsh conditions. To enhance the polysaccharide biosynthesis and increase the survival of L. plantarum in gut environment. We analyzed the transcriptional regulators that regulated the polysaccharide biosynthesis. A new transcriptional inhibitor, LsrR (UniProtKB: Q88YH7), had been identified, which repressed polysaccharide synthesis by binding to the polysaccharide synthesis promoter cps4A-J (Pcps4A-J). The EPSs and CPSs production of L. plantarum 163 was reduced by 42 % and 36 % (p < 0.05), respectively, when lsrR was overexpressed. Furthermore, alkaline shock proteins Asp2 and Asp1, heat shock protein Hsp3, and an autoinducer-2 (AI-2) related quorum-sensing regulator Rrp6 recovered the synthesis of polysaccharides to 50, 33, 55, and 60 %, respectively, by inhibiting the LsrR activity. This suggested that LsrR regulates polysaccharide synthesis in response to external stress signals such as pH, temperature, and AI-2 concentration. Finally, we showed that polysaccharides increased the survival rate of L. plantarum (Lp163-ΔlsrR) by 2.1 times during lyophilization and enhanced its tolerance to pH 2.0 and 0.2 % bile salts by 15.3 and 60 times due to increased capsular thickness and enhanced the autoaggregation. We provide critical data regarding Lactobacillus survival during preservative lyophilization and under gastrointestinal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanqiang Meng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yunbin Lyu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hongyuan Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fengxia Lyu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaomei Bie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yingjian Lu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, 3 Wenyuan Road, Xianlin University Town, Nanjing 21003, China
| | - Mingwen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yihua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhaoxin Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Technological role and metabolic profile of two probiotic EPS-producing strains with potential application in yoghurt: impact on rheology and release of bioactive peptides. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2022.105533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Nishiwaki T. Development of Food Processing Technology Using LacticAcid bacteria Isolated from Local Foods in Niigata. J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.69.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Taj R, Masud T, Sohail A, Sammi S, Naz R, Sharma Khanal BK, Nawaz MA. In vitro screening of EPS-producing Streptococcus thermophilus strains for their probiotic potential from Dahi. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:2347-2359. [PMID: 35844909 PMCID: PMC9281939 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dahi is a very common and traditional fermented dairy product in Pakistan and its neighboring countries, it represents a rich source for the isolation of many new strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The major objective of this study was to evaluate the probiotic potential of novel exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing strains of S. thermophilus isolated from Dahi, sold in the local markets of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan. In this study, 32 isolates of S. thermophilus were initially isolated from Dahi and out of these, 10 identified strains were further screened for their EPS-producing ability. Maximum EPS production was estimated for RIY strain (133.0 ± 0.06), followed by RIH4 strain (103.83 ± 0.76) and RIRT2 strain (95.77 ± 0.22), respectively. Thereafter, in vitro studies revealed that these newly identified EPS-producing strains of S. thermophilus fulfilled the basic requirements for probiotic functions; including resistance to harsh conditions of GIT, good cell surface hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation, and co-aggregation, especially against L. monocytogenes. Finally, the safety assessment displayed that these strains were also sensitive to clinical antibiotics, including vancomycin. Thus, these selected EPS strains of S. thermophilus act as potential candidates for biostabilizers in the preparation of consumer-friendly fermented probiotic milk products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robina Taj
- Institute of Food and Nutritional SciencesPMAS Arid Agricultural University RawalpindiRawalpindiPakistan
| | - Tariq Masud
- Institute of Food and Nutritional SciencesPMAS Arid Agricultural University RawalpindiRawalpindiPakistan
| | - Asma Sohail
- Institute of Food and Nutritional SciencesPMAS Arid Agricultural University RawalpindiRawalpindiPakistan
| | - Shehla Sammi
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyThe University of HaripurKhyber PakhtunkhwaPakistan
| | - Rooma Naz
- Abbasyn University Islamabad CampusIslamabadPakistan
| | - Bal Kumari Sharma Khanal
- Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock DevelopmentGovernment of NepalSinghadurbar, KathmanduNepal
| | - Malik Adil Nawaz
- Agriculture and FoodCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationWerribeeVictoriaAustralia
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Yongsawas R, Inta A, Kampuansai J, Pandith H, Suwannarach N, Lamyong S, Chantawannakul P, Chitov T, Disayathanoowat T. Bacterial Communities in Lanna Phak-Gard-Dong (Pickled Mustard Green) from Three Different Ethnolinguistic Groups in Northern Thailand. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11010150. [PMID: 35053147 PMCID: PMC8772952 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The Lanna region, the main part of northern Thailand, is a place of ethnic diversity. In this study, we investigated phak-gard-dong (PGD), or pickled mustard green (Brassica juncea L. Czern.), for its beneficial bacteria content and to analyse the variations in bacterial compositions among the PGD of three different ethnolinguistic groups, the Karen, Lawa, and Shan. DNA was extracted from the PGD pickled brine, and 16S rRNA gene Illumina sequencing was performed. Metagenomic data were analysed and the results demonstrated that the dominant bacterial species were Weissella (54.2%, 65.0%, and 10.0%) and Lactobacillus (17.5%, 5.6%, and 79.1%) in the PGD of the Karen, Lawa, and Shan, respectively. Pediococcus was found only in the PGD of the Karen and Shan. Bacterial communities in PGD of the Lawa were distinctive from the other ethnic groups, both in the alpha and beta diversity, as well as the predicted functions of the bacterial communities. In addition, overall network analysis results were correlated to bacterial proportions in every ethnic PGD. We suggest that all ethnic PGDs have the potential to be a good source of beneficial bacteria, warranting its conservation and further development into health food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujipas Yongsawas
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (R.Y.); (A.I.); (J.K.); (H.P.); (N.S.); (S.L.); (P.C.); (T.C.)
| | - Angkana Inta
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (R.Y.); (A.I.); (J.K.); (H.P.); (N.S.); (S.L.); (P.C.); (T.C.)
| | - Jatupol Kampuansai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (R.Y.); (A.I.); (J.K.); (H.P.); (N.S.); (S.L.); (P.C.); (T.C.)
| | - Hataichanok Pandith
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (R.Y.); (A.I.); (J.K.); (H.P.); (N.S.); (S.L.); (P.C.); (T.C.)
- Research Center in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nakarin Suwannarach
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (R.Y.); (A.I.); (J.K.); (H.P.); (N.S.); (S.L.); (P.C.); (T.C.)
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Saisamorn Lamyong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (R.Y.); (A.I.); (J.K.); (H.P.); (N.S.); (S.L.); (P.C.); (T.C.)
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Panuwan Chantawannakul
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (R.Y.); (A.I.); (J.K.); (H.P.); (N.S.); (S.L.); (P.C.); (T.C.)
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Thararat Chitov
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (R.Y.); (A.I.); (J.K.); (H.P.); (N.S.); (S.L.); (P.C.); (T.C.)
| | - Terd Disayathanoowat
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (R.Y.); (A.I.); (J.K.); (H.P.); (N.S.); (S.L.); (P.C.); (T.C.)
- Research Center in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-81-7249624
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Sharma H, Ozogul F, Bartkiene E, Rocha JM. Impact of lactic acid bacteria and their metabolites on the techno-functional properties and health benefits of fermented dairy products. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-23. [PMID: 34845955 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2007844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
After conversion of lactose to lactic acid, several biochemical changes occur such as enhanced protein digestibility, fatty acids release, and production of bioactive compounds etc. during the fermentation process that brings nutritional and quality improvement in the fermented dairy products (FDP). A diverse range of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is being utilized for the development of FDP with specific desirable techno-functional attributes. This review contributes to the knowledge of basic pathways and changes during fermentation process and the current research on techniques used for identification and quantification of metabolites. The focus of this article is mainly on the metabolites responsible for maintaining the desired attributes and health benefits of FDP as well as their characterization from raw milk. LAB genera including Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus and Lactococcus are involved in the fermentation of milk and milk products. LAB species accrue these benefits and desirable properties of FDP producing the bioactive compounds and metabolites using homo-fermentative and heterofermentative pathways. Generation of metabolites vary with incubation and other processing conditions and are analyzed and quantified using highly advanced and sophisticated instrumentation including nuclear magnetic resonance, mass-spectrometry based techniques. Health benefits of FDP are mainly possible due to the biological roles of such metabolites that also cause technological improvements desired by dairy manufacturers and consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena Sharma
- Food Technology Lab, Dairy Technology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Fatih Ozogul
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, University of Cukurova, Adana, Turkey
| | - Elena Bartkiene
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - João Miguel Rocha
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Department of Chemical Engineering (DEQ), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto FEUP), Porto, Portugal
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Effects of an EPS Biosynthesis Gene Cluster of Paenibacillus polymyxa WLY78 on Biofilm Formation and Nitrogen Fixation under Aerobic Conditions. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020289. [PMID: 33573330 PMCID: PMC7911366 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exopolysaccharides (EPS) are of high significance in bacterial biofilm formation. However, the effects of EPS cluster(s) on biofilm formation in Paenibacillus species are little known. In this study, we have shown that Paenibacillus polymyxa WLY78, a N2-fixing bacterium, can form biofilm. EPS is the major component of the extracellular matrix. The genome of P. polymyxa WLY78 contains two putative gene clusters (designated pep-1 cluster and pep-2 cluster). The pep-1 cluster is composed of 12 putative genes (pepO-lytR) co-located in a 13 kb region. The pep-2 cluster contains 17 putative genes (pepA-pepN) organized as an operon in a 20 kb region. Mutation analysis reveals that the pep-2 cluster is involved in EPS biosynthesis and biofilm formation. Disruption of the pep-2 cluster also leads to the enhancement of motility and change of the colony morphology. In contrast, disruption of the pep-1 cluster does not affect EPS synthesis or biofilm formation. More importantly, the biofilm allowed P. polymyxa WLY78 to fix nitrogen in aerobic conditions, suggesting that biofilm may provide a microaerobic environment for nitrogenase synthesis and activity.
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Bachtarzi N, Speciale I, Kharroub K, De Castro C, Ruiz L, Ruas-Madiedo P. Selection of Exopolysaccharide-Producing Lactobacillus Plantarum ( Lactiplantibacillus Plantarum) Isolated from Algerian Fermented Foods for the Manufacture of Skim-Milk Fermented Products. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1101. [PMID: 32717902 PMCID: PMC7465087 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing Lactobacillus plantarum (renamed as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum) LBIO1, LBIO14 and LBIO28 strains, isolated from fermented dairy products typical from Algeria, were characterized to evaluate the impact of the polymers in milk fermentations. Their genomes revealed the presence of two complete eps clusters of the four described for the reference strain WCFS1. Besides, the three strains presented identical sequences of eps3 and eps4 clusters, but LBIO1 and LBIO28 harbour three genes belonging to eps2 which are absent in the LBIO14 genome. The EPS purified from fermented skim-milks manufactured with the strains showed identical nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and size exclusion chromatography coupled with a multiangle laser light scattering detector (SEC-MALLS) profiles for polymers LBIO1 and LBIO28, whereas LBIO14 EPS was different due to the lack of the high-molecular weight (HMW)-EPS and the absence of specific monosaccharide's peaks in the anomeric region of its proton NMR spectrum. The presence of the HMW-EPS correlated with optimal sensorial-physical characteristics of the fermented skim-milks (ropy phenotype). Their microstructures, studied by confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM), also showed differences in the organization of the casein-network and the distribution of the bacteria inside this matrix. Therefore, the strain LBIO1 can be proposed for the manufacture of dairy products that require high whey retention capability, whereas LBIO28 could be applied to increase the viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Bachtarzi
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain; (N.B.); (L.R.)
- Laboratoire de Recherche Biotechnologie et Qualité des Aliments (BIOQUAL), Institut de la Nutrition, de l’Alimentation et des Technologies Agro Alimentaires (INATAA), Université Frères Mentouri Constantine 1 (UFMC1), Constantine 25017, Algeria;
| | - Immacolata Speciale
- Department of Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Karima Kharroub
- Laboratoire de Recherche Biotechnologie et Qualité des Aliments (BIOQUAL), Institut de la Nutrition, de l’Alimentation et des Technologies Agro Alimentaires (INATAA), Université Frères Mentouri Constantine 1 (UFMC1), Constantine 25017, Algeria;
| | - Cristina De Castro
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Lorena Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain; (N.B.); (L.R.)
- Group Functionality and Ecology of Beneficial Microbes, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Patricia Ruas-Madiedo
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain; (N.B.); (L.R.)
- Group Functionality and Ecology of Beneficial Microbes, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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Wu X, Zhou H, Li L, Wang E, Zhou X, Gu Y, Wu X, Shen L, Zeng W. Whole Genome Sequencing and Comparative Genomic Analyses of Lysinibacillus pakistanensis LZH-9, a Halotolerant Strain with Excellent COD Removal Capability. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050716. [PMID: 32408484 PMCID: PMC7284689 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Halotolerant microorganisms are promising in bio-treatment of hypersaline industrial wastewater. Four halotolerant bacteria strains were isolated from wastewater treatment plant, of which a strain LZH-9 could grow in the presence of up to 14% (w/v) NaCl, and it removed 81.9% chemical oxygen demand (COD) at 96 h after optimization. Whole genome sequencing of Lysinibacillus pakistanensis LZH-9 and comparative genomic analysis revealed metabolic versatility of different species of Lysinibacillus, and abundant genes involved in xenobiotics biodegradation, resistance to toxic compound, and salinity were found in all tested species of Lysinibacillus, in which Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) contributed to the acquisition of many important properties of Lysinibacillus spp. such as toxic compound resistance and osmotic stress resistance as revealed by phylogenetic analyses. Besides, genome wide positive selection analyses revealed seven genes that contained adaptive mutations in Lysinibacillus spp., most of which were multifunctional. Further expression assessment with Codon Adaption Index (CAI) also reflected the high metabolic rate of L. pakistanensis to digest potential carbon or nitrogen sources in organic contaminants, which was closely linked with efficient COD removal ability of strain LZH-9. The high COD removal efficiency and halotolerance as well as genomic evidences suggested that L. pakistanensis LZH-9 was promising in treating hypersaline industrial wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Wu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.W.); (H.Z.); (L.L.); (E.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.G.); (X.W.); (L.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Han Zhou
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.W.); (H.Z.); (L.L.); (E.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.G.); (X.W.); (L.S.)
| | - Liangzhi Li
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.W.); (H.Z.); (L.L.); (E.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.G.); (X.W.); (L.S.)
| | - Enhui Wang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.W.); (H.Z.); (L.L.); (E.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.G.); (X.W.); (L.S.)
| | - Xiangyu Zhou
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.W.); (H.Z.); (L.L.); (E.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.G.); (X.W.); (L.S.)
| | - Yichao Gu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.W.); (H.Z.); (L.L.); (E.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.G.); (X.W.); (L.S.)
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.W.); (H.Z.); (L.L.); (E.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.G.); (X.W.); (L.S.)
| | - Li Shen
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.W.); (H.Z.); (L.L.); (E.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.G.); (X.W.); (L.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Weimin Zeng
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (X.W.); (H.Z.); (L.L.); (E.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.G.); (X.W.); (L.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0731-88877472
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17
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Mıdık F, Tokatlı M, Bağder Elmacı S, Özçelik F. Influence of different culture conditions on exopolysaccharide production by indigenous lactic acid bacteria isolated from pickles. Arch Microbiol 2020; 202:875-885. [PMID: 31894393 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-019-01799-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the effects of some culture conditions [temperature (20, 30, 37 °C), incubation time (48, 72, 120 h), pH (5.0, 6.0, 7.0), NaCl concentration (0, 3, 6%), carbon (glucose, fructose, lactose), nitrogen (sodium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, bacto-peptone), and mineral sources (calcium carbonate, ferric chloride)] on the exopolysaccharide (EPS) production by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains (belonging to Lactobacillus (L.) plantarum, L. namurensis, and Pediococcus (P.) ethanolidurans species) isolated from naturally fermented pickles. The maximum EPS production was determined at 30 °C and pH 6.0. The highest amount of EPS was obtained after 120 h of incubation, with glucose as carbon source, bacto-peptone as nitrogen source and calcium carbonate as mineral source for most of the tested strains. The EPS formation was not stimulated by NaCl, indicating that EPS formation of the tested strains was not a stress response. L. plantarum MF460 produced the highest amount of EPS at 30 °C after 48 h of incubation, which was 515.48 mg/L. One of the most pronounced results of this study was that the EPS production of L. plantarum MF556 strain was increased up to 512.81 mg/L with the addition of calcium carbonate to MRS medium. The effect of different culture conditions, particularly of incubation time, carbon, nitrogen, and mineral sources, on the EPS production often vary depending on the strain. Therefore, these apparent strain specific results demonstrated that the optimum culture conditions for the enhanced EPS production should be specifically determined for each LAB strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazilet Mıdık
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 50.Yıl Campus, Bahçelievler Street, Gölbaşı, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Tokatlı
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Simel Bağder Elmacı
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 50.Yıl Campus, Bahçelievler Street, Gölbaşı, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Filiz Özçelik
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 50.Yıl Campus, Bahçelievler Street, Gölbaşı, Ankara, Turkey
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18
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Wei Y, Li F, Li L, Huang L, Li Q. Genetic and Biochemical Characterization of an Exopolysaccharide With in vitro Antitumoral Activity Produced by Lactobacillus fermentum YL-11. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2898. [PMID: 31921073 PMCID: PMC6929415 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the whole genome sequence of Lactobacillus fermentum YL-11, a novel exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strain isolated from fermented milk, was determined. Genetic information and the synthetic mechanism of the EPS in L. fermentum YL-11 were identified based on bioinformatic analysis of the complete genome. The purified EPS of YL-11 mainly comprised galactose (48.0%), glucose (30.3%), mannose (11.8%), and arabinose (6.0%). In vitro, the EPS from YL-11 exhibited inhibition activity against HT-29 and Caco-2 colon cancer cells, suggesting that EPS from strain YL-11 might be used as an antitumoral agent. EPS at 600 and 800 μg/mL achieved inhibition rates of 46.5 ± 3.5% and 45.6 ± 6.1% to HT-29 cells, respectively. The genomic information about L. fermentum YL-11 and the antitumoral activity of YL-11 EPS provide a theoretical foundation for the future application of EPS in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlu Wei
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Beijing, China
| | - Le Li
- Department of Environmental and Quality Inspection, Chongqing Chemical Industry Vocational College, Chongqing, China
| | - Linlin Huang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Beijing, China
| | - Quanhong Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Beijing, China
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Deo D, Davray D, Kulkarni R. A Diverse Repertoire of Exopolysaccharide Biosynthesis Gene Clusters in Lactobacillus Revealed by Comparative Analysis in 106 Sequenced Genomes. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E444. [PMID: 31614693 PMCID: PMC6843789 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7100444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of exopolysaccharides (EPS) is one of the unique features of Lactobacillus genus. EPS not only have many physiological roles such as in stress tolerance, quorum sensing and biofilm formation, but also have numerous applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, we identified and compared EPS biosynthesis gene clusters in 106 sequenced Lactobacillus genomes representing 27 species. Of the 146 identified clusters, only 41 showed the typical generic organization of genes as reported earlier. Hierarchical clustering showed highly varied nature of the clusters in terms of the gene composition; nonetheless, habitat-wise grouping was observed for the gene clusters from host-adapted and nomadic strains. Of the core genes required for EPS biosynthesis, epsA, B, C, D and E showed higher conservation, whereas gt, wzx and wzy showed high variability in terms of the number and composition of the protein families. Analysis of the distribution pattern of the protein families indicated a higher proportion of mutually exclusive families in clusters from host-adapted and nomadic strains, whereas those from the free-living group had very few unique families. Taken together, this analysis highlights high variability in the EPS gene clusters amongst Lactobacillus with some of their properties correlated to the habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipti Deo
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, Pune 412 115, India.
| | - Dimple Davray
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, Pune 412 115, India.
| | - Ram Kulkarni
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, Pune 412 115, India.
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20
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Bancalari E, D'Incecco P, Savo Sardaro ML, Neviani E, Pellegrino L, Gatti M. Impedance microbiology to speed up the screening of lactic acid bacteria exopolysaccharide production. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 306:108268. [PMID: 31352303 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial production of exopolysaccharides (EPS) is of increasing interest near food manufacturers, biotechnology industries and nutritionists because of their different roles. Several analytical methods are available for recovery, quantification and characterization of EPS from lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in food. However, direct screening method for production of EPS is still based on the visual observation of filamentous texture of the colonies developed on supplemented solid growth media. To overcome weaknesses of many currently used screening methods, we propose adopting impedance microbiology to evaluate the EPS production from LAB in milk. In this work we have proven that the peculiar shape of capacitance curve of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus 2214, measured in milk by means of a BacTrac 4300® system, is due to production of EPS. Besides the pH measurement, the amounts of EPS evaluated after 0, 8, 13 and 55 h of incubation in milk, were in agreement with the evaluation of gene expression and confirmed by the observations by confocal laser scanning microscopy and by transmission electron microscopy. With the aim to verify the applicability of the proposed method, the drop entity of the capacitance curve (ΔE%) of 22 EPS-producing (EPS+) LAB strains and one negative (EPS-) control was evaluated both in broth medium and in milk. The positive ΔE% value found for all of the strains cultivated in the clear broth medium allowed to confirm the EPS production, simply observing a strain-dependent amount of EPS on surface of the measurement electrodes of the device. When the same EPS+ strains were cultivated in milk, the obtained ΔE% values showed that only a few of them were able to produce EPS in this environment, supporting their diversified ability to utilize lactose for this purpose. Results obtained by this multidisciplinary study demonstrate that impedance microbiology represents a suitable method to overcome the limits of the most commonly used methods to screen LAB for EPS production in milk. Moreover, these results also open a door to the application to other food and beverages, in which the EPS produced in situ could be of great interest for food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bancalari
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo D'Incecco
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | | | - Erasmo Neviani
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Luisa Pellegrino
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Gatti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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21
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Siciliano RA, Pannella G, Lippolis R, Ricciardi A, Mazzeo MF, Zotta T. Impact of aerobic and respirative life-style on Lactobacillus casei N87 proteome. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 298:51-62. [PMID: 30925356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are used as starter, adjunct and/or probiotic cultures in fermented foods. Several species are recognized as oxygen-tolerant anaerobes, and aerobic and respiratory cultivations may provide them with physiological and technological benefits. In this light, mechanisms involved in the adaptation to aerobic and respiratory (supplementation with heme and menaquinone) growth conditions of the O2-tolerant strain Lactobacillus casei N87 were investigated by proteomics. In fact, in this bacterial strain, respiration induced an increase in biomass yield and robustness to oxidative, long-term starvation and freeze-drying stresses, while high concentrations of dissolved O2 (dO2 60%) negatively affected its growth and cell survival. Proteomic results well paralleled with physiological and metabolic features and clearly showed that aerobic life-style led to a higher abundance of several proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism and stress response mechanisms and, concurrently, impaired the biosynthesis of proteins involved in nucleic acid formation and translation processes, thus providing evidence at molecular level of the significant damage to L.casei N87 fitness. On the contrary, the activation of respiratory pathways due to heme and menaquinone supplementation, led to a decreased amount of chaperones and other stress related proteins. These findings confirmed that respiration reduced oxidative stress condition, allowing to positively modulate the central carbohydrate and energy metabolism and improve growth and stress tolerance features. Results of this study could be potentially functional to develop competitive adjunct and probiotic cultures effectively focused on the improvement of quality of fermented foods and the promotion of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Anna Siciliano
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISA), Avellino, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Pannella
- School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Rosa Lippolis
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council (CNR-IBIOM), Bari, Italy
| | - Annamaria Ricciardi
- School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | | | - Teresa Zotta
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISA), Avellino, Italy
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Ispirli H, Demirbaş F, Yüzer MO, Dertli E. Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Spontaneous Rye Sourdough and Determination of Their Functional Characteristics. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/08905436.2018.1507913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hümeyra Ispirli
- Department of Food Engineering, Bayburt University, Bayburt, Turkey
| | | | - Mustafa O. Yüzer
- Department of Food Engineering, Bayburt University, Bayburt, Turkey
| | - Enes Dertli
- Department of Food Engineering, Bayburt University, Bayburt, Turkey
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23
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A functional and genetic overview of exopolysaccharides produced by Lactobacillus plantarum. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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24
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Sengupta D, Datta S, Biswas D. Towards a better production of bacterial exopolysaccharides by controlling genetic as well as physico-chemical parameters. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:1587-1598. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8745-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Dinić M, Pecikoza U, Djokić J, Stepanović-Petrović R, Milenković M, Stevanović M, Filipović N, Begović J, Golić N, Lukić J. Exopolysaccharide Produced by Probiotic Strain Lactobacillus paraplantarum BGCG11 Reduces Inflammatory Hyperalgesia in Rats. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1. [PMID: 29387012 PMCID: PMC5776101 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the potential of high molecular weight exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by the putative probiotic strain Lactobacillus paraplantarum BGCG11 (EPS CG11) to alleviate inflammatory pain in Wistar rats. The EPS CG11 was isolated from bacterial surface and was subjected to Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermal analysis. FTIR spectra confirmed the polysaccharide structure of isolated sample, while the thermal methods revealed good thermal properties of the polymer. The antihyperalgesic and antiedematous effects of the EPS CG11 were examined in the rat model of inflammation induced by carrageenan injection in hind paw. The results showed that the intraperitoneal administration of EPS CG11 produced a significant decrease in pain sensations (mechanical hyperalgesia) and a paw swelling in a dose-dependent manner as it was measured using Von Frey anesthesiometer and plethysmometer, respectively. These effects were followed by a decreased expression of IL-1β and iNOS mRNAs in rat's paw tissue suggesting that the antihyperalgesic and antiedematous effects of the EPS CG11 are related to the suppression of inflammatory response. Additionally, we demonstrated that EPS CG11 exhibits immunosuppressive properties in the peritonitis model induced by carrageenan. Expression levels of pro-inflammatory mediators IL-1β, TNF-α and iNOS were decreased, together with the enhanced secretion of anti-inflammatory IL-10 and IL-6 cytokines, while neutrophil infiltration was not changed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study which reports an antihyperalgesic effect as the novel property of bacterial EPSs. Given the high demands of pharmaceutical industry for the replacement of commonly used analgesics due to numerous side effects, this study describes a promising natural compound for the future pharmacological testing in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Dinić
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Uroš Pecikoza
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Djokić
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Marina Milenković
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Magdalena Stevanović
- Institute of Technical Sciences of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nenad Filipović
- Institute of Technical Sciences of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Begović
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Golić
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovanka Lukić
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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26
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Fis is a global regulator critical for modulation of virulence factor production and pathogenicity of Dickeya zeae. Sci Rep 2018; 8:341. [PMID: 29321600 PMCID: PMC5762655 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18578-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dickeya zeae is the causal agent of rice foot rot disease, which has recently become a great threat to rice planting countries and regions. The pathogen produces a family of phytotoxins named zeamines that is critical for bacterial virulence, but little is known about the signaling pathways and regulatory mechanisms that govern zeamine production. In this study, we showed that a conserved transcriptional regulator Fis is involved in the regulation of zeamine production in D. zeae strain EC1. Deletion mutants were markedly attenuated in the virulence against rice seed germination. Transcriptome and phenotype analyses showed that Fis is a potent global transcriptional regulator modulating various virulence traits, including production of extracellular enzymes and exopolysaccharides, swimming and swarming motility, biofilm formation and cell aggregation. DNA gel retardation analysis showed that Fis directly regulates the transcription of key virulence genes and the genes encoding Vfm quorum sensing system through DNA/protein interaction. Our findings unveil a key regulator associated with the virulence of D. zeae EC1, and present useful clues for further elucidation of the regulatory complex and signaling pathways which govern the virulence of this important pathogen.
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27
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Modulation of calcium carbonate precipitation by exopolysaccharide in Bacillus sp. JH7. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8372-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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28
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Zeidan AA, Poulsen VK, Janzen T, Buldo P, Derkx PMF, Øregaard G, Neves AR. Polysaccharide production by lactic acid bacteria: from genes to industrial applications. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2017; 41:S168-S200. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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29
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Petkau K, Fast D, Duggal A, Foley E. Comparative evaluation of the genomes of three common Drosophila-associated bacteria. Biol Open 2016; 5:1305-16. [PMID: 27493201 PMCID: PMC5051641 DOI: 10.1242/bio.017673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent model to explore the molecular exchanges that occur between an animal intestine and associated microbes. Previous studies in Drosophila uncovered a sophisticated web of host responses to intestinal bacteria. The outcomes of these responses define critical events in the host, such as the establishment of immune responses, access to nutrients, and the rate of larval development. Despite our steady march towards illuminating the host machinery that responds to bacterial presence in the gut, there are significant gaps in our understanding of the microbial products that influence bacterial association with a fly host. We sequenced and characterized the genomes of three common Drosophila-associated microbes: Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis and Acetobacter pasteurianus. For each species, we compared the genomes of Drosophila-associated strains to the genomes of strains isolated from alternative sources. We found that environmental Lactobacillus strains readily associated with adult Drosophila and were similar to fly isolates in terms of genome organization. In contrast, we identified a strain of A. pasteurianus that apparently fails to associate with adult Drosophila due to an inability to grow on fly nutrient food. Comparisons between association competent and incompetent A. pasteurianus strains identified a short list of candidate genes that may contribute to survival on fly medium. Many of the gene products unique to fly-associated strains have established roles in the stabilization of host-microbe interactions. These data add to a growing body of literature that examines the microbial perspective of host-microbe relationships. Summary: We examined the genomes of Drosophila-associated bacteria to identify factors that allow survival within the host. These preliminary studies may point at bacterial products that influence host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Petkau
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - David Fast
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Aashna Duggal
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Edan Foley
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, T6G 2E1 Canada
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Capability of exopolysaccharide-producing Lactobacillus paraplantarum BGCG11 and its non-producing isogenic strain NB1, to counteract the effect of enteropathogens upon the epithelial cell line HT29-MTX. Food Res Int 2015; 74:199-207. [PMID: 28411984 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The putative protective role of the exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing Lactobacillus paraplantarum BGCG11, and its non-EPS-producing isogenic strain NB1, was tested upon HT29-MTX monolayers challenged with seven opportunistic pathogens. The probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus LMG18243 (GG) was used as a reference bacterium. Tested lactobacilli were able to efficiently reduce the attachment to HT29-MTX of most pathogens. Lb. paraplantarum NB1 and Lb. rhamnosus GG were more efficient reducing the adhesion of Clostridium difficile or Yersinia enterocolitica than Lb. paraplantarum BGCG11, while strain BGCG11 reduced, to a greater extent, the adhesion of Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes. The detachment and cell lysis of HT29-MTX monolayers in the presence of pathogens alone and co-incubated with lactobacilli or purified EPS was followed. L. monocytogenes induced the strongest cell detachment among the seven tested pathogens and this effect was prevented by addition of purified EPS-CG11. The results suggest that this EPS could be an effective macromolecule in protection of HT29-MTX cells from the pathogen-induced lysis. Regarding innate intestinal barrier, the presence of C. difficile induced the highest IL-8 production in HT29-MTX cells and this capability was reinforced by the co-incubation with Lb. paraplantarum NB1 and Lb. rhamnosus GG. However, the increase in IL-8 production was not noticed when C. difficile was co-incubated with EPS-producing Lb. paraplantarum BGCG11 strain or its purified EPS-CG11 polymer, thus indicating that the polymer could hinder the contact of bacteria with the intestinal epithelium. The measurement of mucus secreted by HT29-MTX and the expression of muc1, muc2, muc3B and muc5AC genes in the presence of pathogens and lactobacilli suggested that all lactobacilli strains are weak "co-adjuvants" helping some pathogens to slightly increase the secretion of mucus by HT29-MTX, while purified EPS-CG11 did not induce mucus secretion. Taking altogether, Lb. paraplantarum BGCG11 could act towards the reinforcement of the innate mucosal barrier through the synthesis of a physical-protective EPS layer which could make difficult the contact of the pathogens with the epithelial cells.
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