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Jin Y, Liu H, Chu L, Yang J, Li X, Zhou H, Jiang H, Shi L, Weeks J, Rainbolt J, Yang C, Xue T, Pan H, Deng Z, Xie C, Cui X, Ren Y. Initial therapeutic evidence of a borosilicate bioactive glass (BSG) and Fe 3O 4 magnetic nanoparticle scaffold on implant-associated Staphylococcal aureus bone infection. Bioact Mater 2024; 40:148-167. [PMID: 38962659 PMCID: PMC11220464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Implant-associated Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) osteomyelitis is a severe challenge in orthopedics. While antibiotic-loaded bone cement is a standardized therapeutic approach for S. aureus osteomyelitis, it falls short in eradicating Staphylococcus abscess communities (SACs) and bacteria within osteocyte-lacuna canalicular network (OLCN) and repairing bone defects. To address limitations, we developed a borosilicate bioactive glass (BSG) combined with ferroferric oxide (Fe3O4) magnetic scaffold to enhance antibacterial efficacy and bone repair capabilities. We conducted comprehensive assessments of the osteoinductive, immunomodulatory, antibacterial properties, and thermal response of this scaffold, with or without an alternating magnetic field (AMF). Utilizing a well-established implant-related S. aureus tibial infection rabbit model, we evaluated its antibacterial performance in vivo. RNA transcriptome sequencing demonstrated that BSG + 5%Fe3O4 enhanced the immune response to bacteria and promoted osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of MSCs. Notably, BSG + 5%Fe3O4 upregulated gene expression of NOD-like receptor and TNF pathway in MSCs, alongside increased the expression of osteogenic factors (RUNX2, ALP and OCN) in vitro. Flow cytometry on macrophage exhibited a polarization effect towards M2, accompanied by upregulation of anti-inflammatory genes (TGF-β1 and IL-1Ra) and downregulation of pro-inflammatory genes (IL-6 and IL-1β) among macrophages. In vivo CT imaging revealed the absence of osteolysis and periosteal response in rabbits treated with BSG + 5%Fe3O4 + AMF at 42 days. Histological analysis indicated complete controls of SACs and bacteria within OLCN by day 42, along with new bone formation, signifying effective control of S. aureus osteomyelitis. Further investigations will focus on the in vivo biosafety and biological mechanism of this scaffold within infectious microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong Distinct, Chongqing, 400010, PR China
| | - Hang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong Distinct, Chongqing, 400010, PR China
| | - Lei Chu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong Distinct, Chongqing, 400010, PR China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Xiuyang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong Distinct, Chongqing, 400010, PR China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Seventh People's Hospital of Chongqing, The Central Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, PR China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong Distinct, Chongqing, 400010, PR China
| | - Haitao Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong Distinct, Chongqing, 400010, PR China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong Distinct, Chongqing, 400010, PR China
| | - Jason Weeks
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics & Physical Performance Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Joshua Rainbolt
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics & Physical Performance Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Changjiang Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biomedical Materials, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Science and System, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Thomas Xue
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics & Physical Performance Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Haobo Pan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biomedical Materials, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Science and System, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Zhongliang Deng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong Distinct, Chongqing, 400010, PR China
| | - Chao Xie
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics & Physical Performance Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Xu Cui
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biomedical Materials, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Science and System, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Youliang Ren
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 76 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong Distinct, Chongqing, 400010, PR China
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Abdulrehman T, Qadri S, Haik Y, Sultan A, Skariah S, Kumar S, Mendoza Z, Yadav KK, Titus A, Khader S. Advances in the targeted theragnostics of osteomyelitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:288. [PMID: 38834761 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-04015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Bone infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus may lead to an inflammatory condition called osteomyelitis, which results in progressive bone loss. Biofilm formation, intracellular survival, and the ability of S. aureus to evade the immune response result in recurrent and persistent infections that present significant challenges in treating osteomyelitis. Moreover, people with diabetes are prone to osteomyelitis due to their compromised immune system, and in life-threatening cases, this may lead to amputation of the affected limbs. In most cases, bone infections are localized; thus, early detection and targeted therapy may prove fruitful in treating S. aureus-related bone infections and preventing the spread of the infection. Specific S. aureus components or overexpressed tissue biomarkers in bone infections could be targeted to deliver active therapeutics, thereby reducing drug dosage and systemic toxicity. Compounds like peptides and antibodies can specifically bind to S. aureus or overexpressed disease markers and combining these with therapeutics or imaging agents can facilitate targeted delivery to the site of infection. The effectiveness of photodynamic therapy and hyperthermia therapy can be increased by the addition of targeting molecules to these therapies enabling site-specific therapy delivery. Strategies like host-directed therapy focus on modulating the host immune mechanisms or signaling pathways utilized by S. aureus for therapeutic efficacy. Targeted therapeutic strategies in conjunction with standard surgical care could be potential treatment strategies for S. aureus-associated osteomyelitis to overcome antibiotic resistance and disease recurrence. This review paper presents information about the targeting strategies and agents for the therapy and diagnostic imaging of S. aureus bone infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Abdulrehman
- eHealth Program, DeGroote School of Business, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Health Policy, Management and Informatics, Allied Health, Credit Valley Hospital, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Shahnaz Qadri
- School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, USA.
| | - Yousef Haik
- Department of Mechanical & Nuclear Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE.
| | - Ali Sultan
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sini Skariah
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shourya Kumar
- School of Engineering Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zachary Mendoza
- School of Engineering Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kamlesh K Yadav
- School of Engineering Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anoop Titus
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shameer Khader
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Chen C, Chen H, Wang P, Wang X, Wang X, Chen C. Ca 2+ Overload Decreased Cellular Viability in Magnetic Hyperthermia without a Macroscopic Temperature Rise. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:2995-3005. [PMID: 38654432 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Magnetic hyperthermia is a crucial medical engineering technique for treating diseases, which usually uses alternating magnetic fields (AMF) to interplay with magnetic substances to generate heat. Recently, it has been found that in some cases, there is no detectable temperature increment after applying an AMF, which caused corresponding effects surprisingly. The mechanisms involved in this phenomenon are not yet fully understood. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of Ca2+ overload in the magnetic hyperthermia effect without a perceptible temperature rise. A cellular system expressing the fusion proteins TRPV1 and ferritin was prepared. The application of an AMF (518 kHz, 16 kA/m) could induce the fusion protein to release a large amount of iron ions, which then participates in the production of massive reactive oxygen radicals (ROS). Both ROS and its induced lipid oxidation enticed the opening of ion channels, causing intracellular Ca2+ overload, which further led to decreased cellular viability. Taken together, Ca2+ overload triggered by elevated ROS and the induced oxidation of lipids contributes to the magnetic hyperthermia effect without a perceptible temperature rise. These findings would be beneficial for expanding the application of temperature-free magnetic hyperthermia, such as in cellular and neural regulation, design of new cancer treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyou Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- France-China International Laboratory of Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Haitao Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- France-China International Laboratory of Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Pingping Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- France-China International Laboratory of Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- France-China International Laboratory of Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms, Beijing 100190, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuting Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- France-China International Laboratory of Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms, Beijing 100190, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chuanfang Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- France-China International Laboratory of Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms, Beijing 100190, China
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Huelsboemer L, Knoedler L, Kochen A, Yu CT, Hosseini H, Hollmann KS, Choi AE, Stögner VA, Knoedler S, Hsia HC, Pomahac B, Kauke-Navarro M. Cellular therapeutics and immunotherapies in wound healing - on the pulse of time? Mil Med Res 2024; 11:23. [PMID: 38637905 PMCID: PMC11025282 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-024-00528-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic, non-healing wounds represent a significant challenge for healthcare systems worldwide, often requiring significant human and financial resources. Chronic wounds arise from the complex interplay of underlying comorbidities, such as diabetes or vascular diseases, lifestyle factors, and genetic risk profiles which may predispose extremities to local ischemia. Injuries are further exacerbated by bacterial colonization and the formation of biofilms. Infection, consequently, perpetuates a chronic inflammatory microenvironment, preventing the progression and completion of normal wound healing. The current standard of care (SOC) for chronic wounds involves surgical debridement along with localized wound irrigation, which requires inpatient care under general anesthesia. This could be followed by, if necessary, defect coverage via a reconstructive ladder utilizing wound debridement along with skin graft, local, or free flap techniques once the wound conditions are stabilized and adequate blood supply is restored. To promote physiological wound healing, a variety of approaches have been subjected to translational research. Beyond conventional wound healing drugs and devices that currently supplement treatments, cellular and immunotherapies have emerged as promising therapeutics that can behave as tailored therapies with cell- or molecule-specific wound healing properties. However, in contrast to the clinical omnipresence of chronic wound healing disorders, there remains a shortage of studies condensing the current body of evidence on cellular therapies and immunotherapies for chronic wounds. This review provides a comprehensive exploration of current therapies, experimental approaches, and translational studies, offering insights into their efficacy and limitations. Ultimately, we hope this line of research may serve as an evidence-based foundation to guide further experimental and translational approaches and optimize patient care long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lioba Huelsboemer
- Division of Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Leonard Knoedler
- Division of Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alejandro Kochen
- Division of Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Regenerative Wound Healing Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Catherine T Yu
- Division of Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Helia Hosseini
- Division of Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Katharina S Hollmann
- School of Medicine, University of Wuerzburg, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Ashley E Choi
- California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, CA, 92324, USA
| | - Viola A Stögner
- Division of Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Samuel Knoedler
- School of Medicine, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Henry C Hsia
- Division of Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Regenerative Wound Healing Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Bohdan Pomahac
- Division of Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Martin Kauke-Navarro
- Division of Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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Xia Q, Jiang H, Liu X, Yin L, Wang X. Advances in Engineered Nano-Biosensors for Bacteria Diagnosis and Multidrug Resistance Inhibition. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:59. [PMID: 38391978 PMCID: PMC10887026 DOI: 10.3390/bios14020059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial infections continue to pose a significant global health challenge, with the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria and biofilms further complicating treatment options. The rise of pan-resistant bacteria, coupled with the slow development of new antibiotics, highlights the urgent need for new therapeutic strategies. Nanotechnology-based biosensors offer fast, specific, sensitive, and selective methods for detecting and treating bacteria; hence, it is a promising approach for the diagnosis and treatment of MDR bacteria. Through mechanisms, such as destructive bacterial cell membranes, suppression of efflux pumps, and generation of reactive oxygen species, nanotechnology effectively combats bacterial resistance and biofilms. Nano-biosensors and related technology have demonstrated their importance in bacteria diagnosis and treatment, providing innovative ideas for MDR inhibition. This review focuses on multiple nanotechnology approaches in targeting MDR bacteria and eliminating antimicrobial biofilms, highlighting nano-biosensors via photodynamics-based biosensors, eletrochemistry biosensors, acoustic-dynamics sensors, and so on. Furthermore, the major challenges, opportunities of multi-physical-field biometrics-based biosensors, and relevant nanotechnology in MDR bacterial theranostics are also discussed. Overall, this review provides insights and scientific references to harness the comprehensive and diverse capabilities of nano-biosensors for precise bacteria theranostics and MDR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxiu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China;
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China (X.L.)
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China (X.L.)
| | - Lihong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China;
| | - Xuemei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China (X.L.)
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Roslan MAM, Omar MN, Sharif NAM, Raston NHA, Arzmi MH, Neoh HM, Ramzi AB. Recent advances in single-cell engineered live biotherapeutic products research for skin repair and disease treatment. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2023; 9:95. [PMID: 38065982 PMCID: PMC10709320 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-023-00463-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The human microbiome has emerged as a key player in maintaining skin health, and dysbiosis has been linked to various skin disorders. Amidst growing concerns regarding the side effects of antibiotic treatments, the potential of live biotherapeutic products (LBPs) in restoring a healthy microbiome has garnered significant attention. This review aims to evaluate the current state of the art of the genetically or metabolically engineered LBPs, termed single-cell engineered LBPs (eLBPs), for skin repair and disease treatment. While some studies demonstrate promising outcomes, the translation of eLBPs into clinical applications remains a significant hurdle. Substantial concerns arise regarding the practical implementation and scalability of eLBPs, despite the evident potential they hold in targeting specific cells and delivering therapeutic agents. This review underscores the need for further research, robust clinical trials, and the exploration of current advances in eLBP-based bioengineered bacterial chassis and new outlooks to substantiate the viability and effectiveness of eLBPs as a transformative approach in skin repair and disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohd Norfikri Omar
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Azlina Mohd Sharif
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Hanun Ahmad Raston
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hafiz Arzmi
- Department of Fundamental Dental & Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, 3053, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hui-Min Neoh
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Bazli Ramzi
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Palau M, Muñoz E, Gusta MF, Larrosa N, Gomis X, Gilabert J, Almirante B, Puntes V, Texidó R, Gavaldà J. In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Conjugated with Amikacin and Combined with Hyperthermia against Drug-Resistant and Biofilm-Producing Strains. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0028023. [PMID: 37078875 PMCID: PMC10269648 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00280-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In view of the current increase and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), there is an urgent need to find new strategies to combat it. This study had two aims. First, we synthesized highly monodispersed silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of approximately 17 nm, and we functionalized them with mercaptopoly(ethylene glycol) carboxylic acid (mPEG-COOH) and amikacin (AK). Second, we evaluated the antibacterial activity of this treatment (AgNPs_mPEG_AK) alone and in combination with hyperthermia against planktonic and biofilm-growing strains. AgNPs, AgNPs_mPEG, and AgNPs_mPEG_AK were characterized using a suite of spectroscopy and microscopy methods. Susceptibility to these treatments and AK was determined after 24 h and over time against 12 clinical multidrug-resistant (MDR)/extensively drug-resistant (XDR) isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The efficacy of the treatments alone and in combination with hyperthermia (1, 2, and 3 pulses at 41°C to 42°C for 15 min) was tested against the same planktonic strains using quantitative culture and against one P. aeruginosa strain growing on silicone disks using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The susceptibility studies showed that AgNPs_mPEG_AK was 10-fold more effective than AK alone, and bactericidal efficacy after 4, 8, 24, or 48 h was observed against 100% of the tested strains. The combination of AgNPs_mPEG_AK and hyperthermia eradicated 75% of the planktonic strains and exhibited significant reductions in biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa in comparison with the other treatments tested, except for AgNPs_mPEG_AK without hyperthermia. In conclusion, the combination of AgNPs_mPEG_AK and hyperthermia may be a promising therapy against MDR/XDR and biofilm-producing strains. IMPORTANCE Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the greatest public health challenges, accounting for 1.27 million deaths worldwide in 2019. Biofilms, a complex microbial community, directly contribute to increased AMR. Therefore, new strategies are urgently required to combat infections caused by AMR and biofilm-producing strains. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) exhibit antimicrobial activity and can be functionalized with antibiotics. Although AgNPs are very promising, their effectiveness in complex biological environments still falls below the concentrations at which AgNPs are stable in terms of aggregation. Thus, improving the antibacterial effectiveness of AgNPs by functionalizing them with antibiotics may be a significant change to consolidate AgNPs as an alternative to antibiotics. It has been reported that hyperthermia has a large effect on the growth of planktonic and biofilm-producing strains. Therefore, we propose a new strategy based on AgNPs functionalized with amikacin and combined with hyperthermia (41°C to 42°C) to treat AMR and biofilm-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Palau
- Antibiotic Resistance Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD19/0016), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII-CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Muñoz
- Antibiotic Resistance Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Muriel F. Gusta
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), CSIC, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nieves Larrosa
- Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD19/0016), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII-CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Microbiology Department, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Gomis
- Antibiotic Resistance Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII-CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Benito Almirante
- Antibiotic Resistance Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD19/0016), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII-CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Puntes
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), CSIC, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert Texidó
- Grup d’Enginyeria de Materials (GEMAT), Universitat Ramón Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Gavaldà
- Antibiotic Resistance Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD19/0016), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII-CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Gandarias L, Jefremovas EM, Gandia D, Marcano L, Martínez-Martínez V, Ramos-Cabrer P, Chevrier DM, Valencia S, Fernández Barquín L, Fdez-Gubieda ML, Alonso J, García-Prieto A, Muela A. Incorporation of Tb and Gd improves the diagnostic functionality of magnetotactic bacteria. Mater Today Bio 2023; 20:100680. [PMID: 37304575 PMCID: PMC10250929 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria are envisaged as potential theranostic agents. Their internal magnetic compass, chemical environment specificity and natural motility enable these microorganisms to behave as nanorobots, as they can be tracked and guided towards specific regions in the body and activated to generate a therapeutic response. Here we provide additional diagnostic functionalities to magnetotactic bacteria Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense MSR-1 while retaining their intrinsic capabilities. These additional functionalities are achieved by incorporating Tb or Gd in the bacteria by culturing them in Tb/Gd supplemented media. The incorporation of Tb provides luminescence properties, enabling potential applications of bacteria as biomarkers. The incorporation of Gd turns bacteria into dual contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging, since Gd adds T1 contrast to the existing T2 contrast of unmodified bacteria. Given their potential clinical applications, the diagnostic ability of the modified MSR-1 has been successfully tested in vitro in two cell models, confirming their suitability as fluorescent markers (Tb-MSR-1) and dual contrast agents for MRI (Gd-MSR-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Gandarias
- Dpto. Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Elizabeth M. Jefremovas
- CITIMAC, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39005, Spain
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - David Gandia
- BCMaterials, Bld. Martina Casiano 3rd Floor, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Lourdes Marcano
- Dpto. Electricidad y Electrónica, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940, Spain
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-str. 15, Berlin, 12489, Germany
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, 33007, Spain
| | | | - Pedro Ramos-Cabrer
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
| | - Daniel M. Chevrier
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), UMR7265, Bioscience and biotechnology institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, 13108, France
| | - Sergio Valencia
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-str. 15, Berlin, 12489, Germany
| | | | - M. Luisa Fdez-Gubieda
- BCMaterials, Bld. Martina Casiano 3rd Floor, Leioa, 48940, Spain
- Dpto. Electricidad y Electrónica, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Javier Alonso
- CITIMAC, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39005, Spain
| | - Ana García-Prieto
- Dpto. Física Aplicada, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, 48013, Spain
| | - Alicia Muela
- Dpto. Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940, Spain
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9
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Large-Scale Cultivation of Magnetotactic Bacteria and the Optimism for Sustainable and Cheap Approaches in Nanotechnology. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21020060. [PMID: 36827100 PMCID: PMC9961000 DOI: 10.3390/md21020060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB), a diverse group of marine and freshwater microorganisms, have attracted the scientific community's attention since their discovery. These bacteria biomineralize ferrimagnetic nanocrystals, the magnetosomes, or biological magnetic nanoparticles (BMNs), in a single or multiple chain(s) within the cell. As a result, cells experience an optimized magnetic dipolar moment responsible for a passive alignment along the lines of the geomagnetic field. Advances in MTB cultivation and BMN isolation have contributed to the expansion of the biotechnological potential of MTB in recent decades. Several studies with mass-cultured MTB expanded the possibilities of using purified nanocrystals and whole cells in nano- and biotechnology. Freshwater MTB were primarily investigated in scaling up processes for the production of BMNs. However, marine MTB have the potential to overcome freshwater species applications due to the putative high efficiency of their BMNs in capturing molecules. Regarding the use of MTB or BMNs in different approaches, the application of BMNs in biomedicine remains the focus of most studies, but their application is not restricted to this field. In recent years, environment monitoring and recovery, engineering applications, wastewater treatment, and industrial processes have benefited from MTB-based biotechnologies. This review explores the advances in MTB large-scale cultivation and the consequent development of innovative tools or processes.
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10
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Yang MC, Hardiansyah A, Cheng YW, Liao HL, Wang KS, Randy A, Harito C, Chen JS, Jeng RJ, Liu TY. Reduced graphene oxide nanosheets decorated with core-shell of Fe 3O 4-Au nanoparticles for rapid SERS detection and hyperthermia treatment of bacteria. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 281:121578. [PMID: 35797953 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the core-shell of Fe3O4-Au nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by seeding AuNPs onto Fe3O4 NPs modified with poly-ethylenimine (PEI). Later, Fe3O4-Au NPs were attached to cationic poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) (PDDA)-modified graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets through in situ self-assembly behaviors, termed as Fe3O4-Au@RGO nanocomposites, for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection and hyperthermia treatment of bacteria. The resulting Fe3O4-Au@RGO nanocomposites were evaluated systematically by transmission electron microscope, zeta potential, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer. It revealed that the core-shell structured Fe3O4-Au NPs were dispersed homogeneously on the surface of the GO nanosheets. Furthermore, the rapid SERS detection for small biomolecules and bacteria was conducted by Raman spectroscopy. The results showed that the greatest SERS intensity was fne tuned at the weight ratio of Fe3O4-Au/RGO nanosheets was 20/1, displaying the optimal interparticle gap of AuNPs to induce the huge hot-spots effect. The magnetic inductive heating capability of Fe3O4-Au@RGO nanocomposites was produced under high frequency magnetic field exposure and can kill high than 90% of the bacteria at 10 min. Hence, the newly developed Fe3O4-Au@RGO nanocomposites were demonstrated to be viable for SERS detection of biomolecules and microbes and potential applications for magnetically capturing and hyperthermia treatment of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chien Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106335, Taiwan
| | - Andri Hardiansyah
- Research Center for Advanced Materials, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Tangerang Selatan 15314, Banten, Indonesia
| | - Yu-Wei Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243303, Taiwan.
| | - Hung-Liang Liao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106335, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Syun Wang
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243303, Taiwan; Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ahmad Randy
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Tangerang Selatan, Banten 15314, Indonesia
| | - Christian Harito
- Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Bina Nusantara University, 11480 Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Jeng-Shiung Chen
- Yottadeft Optoelectronics Technology Co., Ltd., Taipei 10460, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Jong Jeng
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Ting-Yu Liu
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243303, Taiwan.
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11
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Contemporary Tools for the Cure against Pernicious Microorganisms: Micro-/Nanorobots. PROSTHESIS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/prosthesis4030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
One of the most pressing concerns to global public health is the emergence of drug-resistant pathogenic microorganisms due to increased unconscious antibiotic usage. With the rising antibiotic resistance, existing antimicrobial agents lose their effectiveness over time. This indicates that newer and more effective antimicrobial agents and methods should be investigated. Many studies have shown that micro-/nanorobots exhibit promise in the treatment of microbial infections with their great properties, such as the intrinsic antimicrobial activities owing to their oxidative stress induction and metal ion release capabilities, and effective and autonomous delivery of antibiotics to the target area. In addition, they have multiple simultaneous mechanisms of action against microbes, which makes them remarkable in antimicrobial activity. This review focuses on the antimicrobial micro-/nanorobots and their strategies to impede biofilm formation, following a brief introduction of the latest advancements in micro-/nanorobots, and their implementations against various bacteria, and other microorganisms.
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12
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Chen C, Wang P, Chen H, Wang X, Halgamuge MN, Chen C, Song T. Smart Magnetotactic Bacteria Enable the Inhibition of Neuroblastoma under an Alternating Magnetic Field. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:14049-14058. [PMID: 35311270 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria are ubiquitous microorganisms in nature that synthesize intracellular magnetic nanoparticles called magnetosomes in a gene-controlled way and arrange them in chains. From in vitro to in vivo, we demonstrate that the intact body of Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 has potential as a natural magnetic hyperthermia material for cancer therapy. Compared to chains of magnetosomes and individual magnetosomes, the entire AMB-1 cell exhibits superior heating capability under an alternating magnetic field. When incubating with tumor cells, the intact AMB-1 cells disperse better than the other two types of magnetosomes, decreasing cellular viability under the control of an alternating magnetic field. Furthermore, in vivo experiments in nude mice with neuroblastoma found that intact AMB-1 cells had the best antitumor activity with magnetic hyperthermia therapy compared to other treatment groups. These findings suggest that the intact body of magnetotactic bacteria has enormous promise as a natural material for tumor magnetic hyperthermia. In biomedical applications, intact and living magnetotactic bacteria play an increasingly essential function as a targeting robot due to their magnetotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyou Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- France-China International Laboratory of Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Pingping Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- France-China International Laboratory of Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Haitao Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- France-China International Laboratory of Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- France-China International Laboratory of Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms, Beijing 100190, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Malka N Halgamuge
- Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Chuanfang Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- France-China International Laboratory of Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Tao Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- France-China International Laboratory of Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic Multicellular Organisms, Beijing 100190, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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13
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Zhang Z, Wang L, Chan TKF, Chen Z, Ip M, Chan PKS, Sung JJY, Zhang L. Micro-/Nanorobots in Antimicrobial Applications: Recent Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101991. [PMID: 34907671 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria remains one of the most urgent threats to public health worldwide. Even worse, the bacterial cells commonly form biofilms through aggregation and adhesion, preventing antibiotic penetration and resisting environmental stress. Moreover, biofilms tend to grow in some hard-to-reach regions, bringing difficulty for antibiotic delivery at the infected site. The drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria and intractable biofilm give rise to chronic and recurrent infections, exacerbating the challenge in combating bacterial infections. Micro/nanorobots (MNRs) are capable of active cargo delivery, targeted treatment with high precision, and motion-assisted mechanical force, which enable transport and enhance penetration of antibacterial agents into the targeted site, thus showing great promise in emerging as an attractive alternative to conventional antibacterial therapies. This review summarizes the recent advances in micro-/nanorobots for antibacterial applications, with emphasis on those novel strategies for drug-resistance bacterium and stubborn biofilm infections. Insights on the future development of MNRs with good functionality and biosafety offer promising approaches to address infections in the clinic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifeng Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
| | - Tony K. F. Chan
- Chow Yuk Ho Technology Center for Innovative Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
| | - Zigui Chen
- Department of Microbiology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
| | - Margaret Ip
- Department of Microbiology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
| | - Paul K. S. Chan
- Department of Microbiology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases Faculty of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
| | - Joseph J. Y. Sung
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Singapore 636921 Singapore
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
- Chow Yuk Ho Technology Center for Innovative Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
- CUHK T Stone Robotics Institute The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
- Department of Surgery The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR 999077 China
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14
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Kaushik S, Thomas J, Panwar V, Murugesan P, Chopra V, Salaria N, Singh R, Roy HS, Kumar R, Gautam V, Ghosh D. A drug-free strategy to combat bacterial infections with magnetic nanoparticles biosynthesized in bacterial pathogens. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:1713-1722. [PMID: 35072191 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07435k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The extensive and indiscriminate use of antibiotics in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic might significantly contribute to the growing number of multiple drug resistant (MDR) bacteria. With the dwindling pipeline of new and effective antibiotics, we might soon end up in a post-antibiotic era, in which even common bacterial infections would be a challenge to control. To prevent this, an antibiotic-free strategy would be highly desirable. Magnetic nanoparticle (MNP)-mediated hyperthermia-induced antimicrobial therapy is an attractive option as it is considered safe for human use. Given that iron and zinc are critical for bacterial virulence, we evaluated the response of multiple pathogenic bacteria to these elements. Treatment with 1 mM iron and zinc precursors resulted in the intracellular biosynthesis of MNPs in multiple Gram-positive and Gram-negative disease-causing bacteria. The superparamagnetic nanoparticles in the treated bacteria/biofilms, generated heat upon exposure to an alternating magnetic field (AMF), which resulted in an increase in the temperature (5-6 °C) of the milieu with a subsequent decrease in bacterial viability. Furthermore, we observed for the first time that virulent bacteria derived from infected samples harbour MNPs, suggesting that the bacteria had biosynthesised the MNPs using the metal ions acquired from the host. AMF treatment of the bacterial isolates from the infected specimens resulted in a strong reduction in viability (3-4 logs) as compared to vancomycin/ciprofloxacin treatment. The therapeutic efficacy of the MNPs to induce bacterial death with AMF alone was confirmed ex vivo using infected tissues. Our proposed antibiotic-free approach for killing bacteria using intracellular MNPs is likely to evolve as a promising strategy to combat a wide range of bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Kaushik
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
| | - Jijo Thomas
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
| | - Vineeta Panwar
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
| | - Preethi Murugesan
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
| | - Vianni Chopra
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
| | - Navita Salaria
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
| | - Rupali Singh
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
| | - Himadri Shekar Roy
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Vikas Gautam
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Deepa Ghosh
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
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15
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Brooks SM, Alper HS. Applications, challenges, and needs for employing synthetic biology beyond the lab. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1390. [PMID: 33654085 PMCID: PMC7925609 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21740-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic biology holds great promise for addressing global needs. However, most current developments are not immediately translatable to 'outside-the-lab' scenarios that differ from controlled laboratory settings. Challenges include enabling long-term storage stability as well as operating in resource-limited and off-the-grid scenarios using autonomous function. Here we analyze recent advances in developing synthetic biological platforms for outside-the-lab scenarios with a focus on three major application spaces: bioproduction, biosensing, and closed-loop therapeutic and probiotic delivery. Across the Perspective, we highlight recent advances, areas for further development, possibilities for future applications, and the needs for innovation at the interface of other disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra M Brooks
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Hal S Alper
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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16
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Etemadi H, Plieger PG. Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia Based on Magnetic Nanoparticles: Physical Characteristics, Historical Perspective, Clinical Trials, Technological Challenges, and Recent Advances. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Etemadi
- School of Fundamental Sciences Massey University Palmerston North 4474 New Zealand
| | - Paul G. Plieger
- School of Fundamental Sciences Massey University Palmerston North 4474 New Zealand
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17
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Yañez-Macías R, Muñoz-Bonilla A, De Jesús-Tellez MA, Maldonado-Textle H, Guerrero-Sánchez C, Schubert US, Guerrero-Santos R. Combinations of Antimicrobial Polymers with Nanomaterials and Bioactives to Improve Biocidal Therapies. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1789. [PMID: 31683853 PMCID: PMC6918310 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms has become a critical issue in recent years and has promoted substantial research efforts directed to the development of more effective antimicrobial therapies utilizing different bactericidal mechanisms to neutralize infectious diseases. Modern approaches employ at least two mixed bioactive agents to enhance bactericidal effects. However, the combinations of drugs may not always show a synergistic effect, and further, could also produce adverse effects or stimulate negative outcomes. Therefore, investigations providing insights into the effective utilization of combinations of biocidal agents are of great interest. Sometimes, combination therapy is needed to avoid resistance development in difficult-to-treat infections or biofilm-associated infections treated with common biocides. Thus, this contribution reviews the literature reports discussing the usage of antimicrobial polymers along with nanomaterials or other inhibitors for the development of more potent biocidal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Yañez-Macías
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA), Boulevard Enrique Reyna No. 140, 25294 Saltillo, Mexico.
| | - Alexandra Muñoz-Bonilla
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marco A De Jesús-Tellez
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV) Unidad Mérida, A.P. 73, Cordemex, 97310 Mérida, México.
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Hortensia Maldonado-Textle
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA), Boulevard Enrique Reyna No. 140, 25294 Saltillo, Mexico.
| | - Carlos Guerrero-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Ramiro Guerrero-Santos
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA), Boulevard Enrique Reyna No. 140, 25294 Saltillo, Mexico.
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18
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Gandia D, Gandarias L, Rodrigo I, Robles-García J, Das R, Garaio E, García JÁ, Phan MH, Srikanth H, Orue I, Alonso J, Muela A, Fdez-Gubieda ML. Unlocking the Potential of Magnetotactic Bacteria as Magnetic Hyperthermia Agents. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1902626. [PMID: 31454160 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria are aquatic microorganisms that internally biomineralize chains of magnetic nanoparticles (called magnetosomes) and use them as a compass. Here it is shown that magnetotactic bacteria of the strain Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense present high potential as magnetic hyperthermia agents for cancer treatment. Their heating efficiency or specific absorption rate is determined using both calorimetric and AC magnetometry methods at different magnetic field amplitudes and frequencies. In addition, the effect of the alignment of the bacteria in the direction of the field during the hyperthermia experiments is also investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the biological structure of the magnetosome chain of magnetotactic bacteria is perfect to enhance the hyperthermia efficiency. Furthermore, fluorescence and electron microscopy images show that these bacteria can be internalized by human lung carcinoma cells A549, and cytotoxicity studies reveal that they do not affect the viability or growth of the cancer cells. A preliminary in vitro hyperthermia study, working on clinical conditions, reveals that cancer cell proliferation is strongly affected by the hyperthermia treatment, making these bacteria promising candidates for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gandia
- Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures (BCMaterials), UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Lucía Gandarias
- Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Irati Rodrigo
- Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures (BCMaterials), UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Joshua Robles-García
- Materials Institute, Department of Physics, University of South Florida (USF), Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Raja Das
- Materials Institute, Department of Physics, University of South Florida (USF), Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Eneko Garaio
- Departamento de Física Aplicada II, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPN), Pamplona, 31006, Spain
| | - José Ángel García
- Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures (BCMaterials), UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, 48940, Spain
- Departamento de Física Aplicada II, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Manh-Huong Phan
- Materials Institute, Department of Physics, University of South Florida (USF), Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Hariharan Srikanth
- Materials Institute, Department of Physics, University of South Florida (USF), Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Iñaki Orue
- SGIker Medidas Magnéticas, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Javier Alonso
- Departamento CITIMAC, Universidad de Cantabria (UC), Santander, 39005, Spain
| | - Alicia Muela
- Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures (BCMaterials), UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, 48940, Spain
- Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - M Luisa Fdez-Gubieda
- Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures (BCMaterials), UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, 48940, Spain
- Departamento de Electricidad y Electrónica, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940, Spain
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19
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Marynchenko L, Nizhelska A, Shirinyan A, Makara V. Prospects of Using Biological Test-Systems for Evaluation of Effects of Electromagnetic Fields. INNOVATIVE BIOSYSTEMS AND BIOENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.20535/ibb.2019.3.2.169259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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20
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Abenojar EC, Wickramasinghe S, Ju M, Uppaluri S, Klika A, George J, Barsoum W, Frangiamore SJ, Higuera-Rueda CA, Samia ACS. Magnetic Glycol Chitin-Based Hydrogel Nanocomposite for Combined Thermal and d-Amino-Acid-Assisted Biofilm Disruption. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:1246-1256. [PMID: 29775283 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are highly antibiotic resistant microbial cell associations that lead to chronic infections. Unlike free-floating planktonic bacterial cells, the biofilms are encapsulated in a hardly penetrable extracellular polymeric matrix and, thus, demand innovative approaches for treatment. Recent advancements on the development of gel-nanocomposite systems with tailored therapeutic properties provide promising routes to develop novel antimicrobial agents that can be designed to disrupt and completely eradicate preformed biofilms. In our study, we developed a unique thermoresponsive magnetic glycol chitin-based nanocomposite containing d-amino acids and iron oxide nanoparticles, which can be delivered and undergoes transformation from a solution to a gel state at physiological temperature for sustained release of d-amino acids and magnetic field actuated thermal treatment of targeted infection sites. The d-amino acids in the hydrogel nanocomposite have been previously reported to inhibit biofilm formation and also disrupt existing biofilms. In addition, loading the hydrogel nanocomposite with magnetic nanoparticles allows for combination thermal treatment following magnetic field (magnetic hyperthermia) stimulation. Using this novel two-step approach to utilize an externally actuated gel-nanocomposite system for thermal treatment, following initial disruption with d-amino acids, we were able to demonstrate in vitro the total eradication of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms, which were resistant to conventional antibiotics and were not completely eradicated by separate d-amino acid or magnetic hyperthermia treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Abenojar
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Sameera Wickramasinghe
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Minseon Ju
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Sarika Uppaluri
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Alison Klika
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United States
| | - Jaiben George
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United States
| | - Wael Barsoum
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United States
| | - Salvatore J. Frangiamore
- Summa Health Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, 1 Park West Boulevard, Akron, Ohio 44320, United States
| | - Carlos A. Higuera-Rueda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United States
| | - Anna Cristina S. Samia
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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Accumulation and Dissolution of Magnetite Crystals in a Magnetically Responsive Ciliate. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.02865-17. [PMID: 29439993 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02865-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) represent a group of microorganisms that are widespread in aquatic habitats and thrive at oxic-anoxic interfaces. They are able to scavenge high concentrations of iron thanks to the biomineralization of magnetic crystals in their unique organelles, the so-called magnetosome chains. Although their biodiversity has been intensively studied, their ecology and impact on iron cycling remain largely unexplored. Predation by protozoa was suggested as one of the ecological processes that could be involved in the release of iron back into the ecosystem. Magnetic protozoa were previously observed in aquatic environments, but their diversity and the fate of particulate iron during grazing are poorly documented. In this study, we report the morphological and molecular characterizations of a magnetically responsive MTB-grazing protozoan able to ingest high quantities of MTB. This protozoan is tentatively identified as Uronema marinum, a ciliate known to be a predator of bacteria. Using light and electron microscopy, we investigated in detail the vacuoles in which the lysis of phagocytized prokaryotes occurs. We carried out high-resolution observations of aligned magnetosome chains and ongoing dissolution of crystals. Particulate iron in the ciliate represented approximately 0.01% of its total volume. We show the ubiquity of this interaction in other types of environments and describe different grazing strategies. These data contribute to the mounting evidence that the interactions between MTB and protozoa might play a significant role in iron turnover in microaerophilic habitats.IMPORTANCE Identifying participants of each biogeochemical cycle is a prerequisite to our understanding of ecosystem functioning. Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) participate in iron cycling by concentrating large amounts of biomineralized iron minerals in their cells, which impacts their chemical environment at, or below, the oxic-anoxic transition zone in aquatic habitats. It was shown that some protozoa inhabiting this niche could become magnetic by the ingestion of magnetic crystals biomineralized by grazed MTB. In this study, we show that magnetic MTB grazers are commonly observed in marine and freshwater sediments and can sometimes accumulate very large amounts of particulate iron. We describe here different phagocytosis strategies, determined using magnetic particles from MTB as tracers after their ingestion by the protozoa. This study paves the way for potential scientific or medical applications using MTB grazers as magnetosome hyperaccumulators.
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Gazel D, Yılmaz M. Are infectious diseases and microbiology new fields for thermal therapy research? Int J Hyperthermia 2018; 34:918-924. [PMID: 29448846 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2018.1440015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial chemotherapy and surgery are classical methods for treating infectious diseases. However, there is a need for alternative methods to cure infections caused by antibiotic-resistant pathogens, recurrent or chronic infections, and unreachable local infections in which the use of drugs or surgery is anatomically and physically restricted. Several micro-organisms are known to be sensitive to mild hyperthermia, and this sensitivity is one of the potential benefits proposed for the host during an episode of fever. Additionally, some immunological or biophysical changes occur during hyperthermia. These changes may be useful for eliminating thermo-susceptible microbial pathogens using local heat therapy. There are several experimental studies proposing the use of hyperthermia to treat local infections. The infected organs or tissues may be heated up to a temperature that can inhibit invading microorganisms. Here, it is hypothesised that local heat therapy may become an alternative or adjuvant method for curing local infections. Here, we highlight the potential for local hyperthermia in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by thermo-susceptible pathogens in a systematic plan. If the proposed thermal-microbiology concepts and local thermal therapies can be adapted to clinical microbiology and infectiology, new medical fields, such as thermo-microbiology and thermo-infectiology, may be created in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Gazel
- a Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine , Gaziantep University , Gaziantep , Turkey
| | - Mehmet Yılmaz
- b Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Sanko University , Gaziantep , Turkey
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Ceylan H, Giltinan J, Kozielski K, Sitti M. Mobile microrobots for bioengineering applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:1705-1724. [PMID: 28480466 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00064b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Untethered micron-scale mobile robots can navigate and non-invasively perform specific tasks inside unprecedented and hard-to-reach inner human body sites and inside enclosed organ-on-a-chip microfluidic devices with live cells. They are aimed to operate robustly and safely in complex physiological environments where they will have a transforming impact in bioengineering and healthcare. Research along this line has already demonstrated significant progress, increasing attention, and high promise over the past several years. The first-generation microrobots, which could deliver therapeutics and other cargo to targeted specific body sites, have just been started to be tested inside small animals toward clinical use. Here, we review frontline advances in design, fabrication, and testing of untethered mobile microrobots for bioengineering applications. We convey the most impactful and recent strategies in actuation, mobility, sensing, and other functional capabilities of mobile microrobots, and discuss their potential advantages and drawbacks to operate inside complex, enclosed and physiologically relevant environments. We lastly draw an outlook to provide directions in the veins of more sophisticated designs and applications, considering biodegradability, immunogenicity, mobility, sensing, and possible medical interventions in complex microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Ceylan
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Chen C, Chen L, Wang P, Wu LF, Song T. Magnetically-induced elimination of Staphylococcus aureus by magnetotactic bacteria under a swing magnetic field. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 13:363-370. [PMID: 27562212 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to explore a therapeutic tool that kills pathogens by using mechanical force other than temperature. We fabricated a device that generates a swing magnetic field (sMF) with low-heat production and then evaluated the killing effect of magnetotactic bacteria MO-1 on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) under the sMF. S. aureus was only killed under the sMF when attached to MO-1 cells. The killing efficiency increased with increasing attachment ratio of MO-1 cells to S. aureus. Treatment with antibody-coated MO-1 cells under the sMF improved the healing of S. aureus-infected wound. The theoretical analysis demonstrated that MO-1 cells generated a mechanical force of approximately 8kPa under the sMF, thereby exerting on S. aureus and inducing cell death. The proposed platform, which uses magnetotactic bacteria under the sMF to generate mechanical force, provides a basis for development of therapeutic tools to treat infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyou Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 6 Bei'er Tiao Zhongguancun HaiDian, Beijing, 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquanlu, Beijing, 100049, China; France-China Bio-Mineralization and Nano-Structures Laboratory, No. 6 Bei'er Tiao Zhongguancun HaiDian, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Linjie Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 6 Bei'er Tiao Zhongguancun HaiDian, Beijing, 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquanlu, Beijing, 100049, China; France-China Bio-Mineralization and Nano-Structures Laboratory, No. 6 Bei'er Tiao Zhongguancun HaiDian, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Pingping Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 6 Bei'er Tiao Zhongguancun HaiDian, Beijing, 100190, China; France-China Bio-Mineralization and Nano-Structures Laboratory, No. 6 Bei'er Tiao Zhongguancun HaiDian, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Long-Fei Wu
- France-China Bio-Mineralization and Nano-Structures Laboratory, No. 6 Bei'er Tiao Zhongguancun HaiDian, Beijing, 100190, China; Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, UMR7283, Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, CNRS, Marseille, France.
| | - Tao Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 6 Bei'er Tiao Zhongguancun HaiDian, Beijing, 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquanlu, Beijing, 100049, China; France-China Bio-Mineralization and Nano-Structures Laboratory, No. 6 Bei'er Tiao Zhongguancun HaiDian, Beijing, 100190, China.
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