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Teulet A, Camuel A, Perret X, Giraud E. The Versatile Roles of Type III Secretion Systems in Rhizobia-Legume Symbioses. Annu Rev Microbiol 2022; 76:45-65. [PMID: 35395168 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-041020-032624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To suppress plant immunity and promote the intracellular infection required for fixing nitrogen for the benefit of their legume hosts, many rhizobia use type III secretion systems (T3SSs) that deliver effector proteins (T3Es) inside host cells. As reported for interactions between pathogens and host plants, the immune system of legume hosts and the cocktail of T3Es secreted by rhizobia determine the symbiotic outcome. If they remain undetected, T3Es may reduce plant immunity and thus promote infection of legumes by rhizobia. If one or more of the secreted T3Es are recognized by the cognate plant receptors, defense responses are triggered and rhizobial infection may abort. However, some rhizobial T3Es can also circumvent the need for nodulation (Nod) factors to trigger nodule formation. Here we review the multifaceted roles played by rhizobial T3Es during symbiotic interactions with legumes. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 76 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albin Teulet
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), IRD, Institut Agro, INRAE, Université de Montpellier, and CIRAD, Montpellier, France;
| | - Alicia Camuel
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), IRD, Institut Agro, INRAE, Université de Montpellier, and CIRAD, Montpellier, France; .,PHIM Plant Health Institute, IRD, Institut Agro, INRAE, Université de Montpellier, and CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Xavier Perret
- Laboratory of Microbial Genetics, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Giraud
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), IRD, Institut Agro, INRAE, Université de Montpellier, and CIRAD, Montpellier, France; .,PHIM Plant Health Institute, IRD, Institut Agro, INRAE, Université de Montpellier, and CIRAD, Montpellier, France
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Yuan S, Li R, Chen S, Chen H, Zhang C, Chen L, Hao Q, Shan Z, Yang Z, Qiu D, Zhang X, Zhou X. RNA-Seq Analysis of Differential Gene Expression Responding to Different Rhizobium Strains in Soybean (Glycine max) Roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:721. [PMID: 27303417 PMCID: PMC4885319 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The root nodule symbiosis (RNS) between legume plants and rhizobia is the most efficient and productive source of nitrogen fixation, and has critical importance in agriculture and mesology. Soybean (Glycine max), one of the most important legume crops in the world, establishes a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with different types of rhizobia, and the efficiency of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in soybean greatly depends on the symbiotic host-specificity. Although, it has been reported that rhizobia use surface polysaccharides, secretion proteins of the type-three secretion systems and nod factors to modulate host range, the host control of nodulation specificity remains poorly understood. In this report, the soybean roots of two symbiotic systems (Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain 113-2-soybean and Sinorhizobium fredii USDA205-soybean)with notable different nodulation phenotypes and the control were studied at five different post-inoculation time points (0.5, 7-24 h, 5, 16, and 21 day) by RNA-seq (Quantification). The results of qPCR analysis of 11 randomly-selected genes agreed with transcriptional profile data for 136 out of 165 (82.42%) data points and quality assessment showed that the sequencing library is of quality and reliable. Three comparisons (control vs. 113-2, control vs. USDA205 and USDA205 vs. 113-2) were made and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between them were analyzed. The number of DEGs at 16 days post-inoculation (dpi) was the highest in the three comparisons, and most of the DEGs in USDA205 vs. 113-2 were found at 16 dpi and 21 dpi. 44 go function terms in USDA205 vs. 113-2 were analyzed to evaluate the potential functions of the DEGs, and 10 important KEGG pathway enrichment terms were analyzed in the three comparisons. Some important genes induced in response to different strains (113-2 and USDA205) were identified and analyzed, and these genes primarily encoded soybean resistance proteins, NF-related proteins, nodulins and immunity defense proteins, as well as proteins involving flavonoids/flavone/flavonol biosynthesis and plant-pathogen interaction. Besides, 189 candidate genes are largely expressed in roots and\or nodules. The DEGs uncovered in this study provides molecular candidates for better understanding the mechanisms of symbiotic host-specificity and explaining the different symbiotic effects between soybean roots inoculated with different strains (113-2 and USDA205).
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Affiliation(s)
- Songli Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology, Ministry of AgricultureWuhan, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Rong Li
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology, Ministry of AgricultureWuhan, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Shuilian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology, Ministry of AgricultureWuhan, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Haifeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology, Ministry of AgricultureWuhan, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Chanjuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology, Ministry of AgricultureWuhan, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Limiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology, Ministry of AgricultureWuhan, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Qingnan Hao
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology, Ministry of AgricultureWuhan, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Zhihui Shan
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology, Ministry of AgricultureWuhan, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Zhonglu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology, Ministry of AgricultureWuhan, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Dezhen Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology, Ministry of AgricultureWuhan, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology, Ministry of AgricultureWuhan, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Xinan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology, Ministry of AgricultureWuhan, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture SciencesWuhan, China
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Abstract
Rhizobia are nitrogen-fixing bacteria that establish a nodule symbiosis with legumes. Nodule formation depends on signals and surface determinants produced by both symbiotic partners. Among them, rhizobial Nops (nodulation outer proteins) play a crucial symbiotic role in many strain-host combinations. Nops are defined as proteins secreted via a rhizobial T3SS (type III secretion system). Functional T3SSs have been characterized in many rhizobial strains. Nops have been identified using various genetic, biochemical, proteomic, genomic and experimental approaches. Certain Nops represent extracellular components of the T3SS, which are visible in electron micrographs as bacterial surface appendages called T3 (type III) pili. Other Nops are T3 effector proteins that can be translocated into plant cells. Rhizobial T3 effectors manipulate cellular processes in host cells to suppress plant defence responses against rhizobia and to promote symbiosis-related processes. Accordingly, mutant strains deficient in synthesis or secretion of T3 effectors show reduced symbiotic properties on certain host plants. On the other hand, direct or indirect recognition of T3 effectors by plant cells expressing specific R (resistance) proteins can result in effector triggered defence responses that negatively affect rhizobial infection. Hence Nops are double-edged swords that may promote establishment of symbiosis with one legume (symbiotic factors) and impair symbiotic processes when bacteria are inoculated on another legume species (asymbiotic factors). In the present review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of Nops. We summarize their symbiotic effects, their biochemical properties and their possible modes of action. Finally, we discuss future perspectives in the field of T3 effector research.
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Kim WS, Krishnan HB. A nopA deletion mutant of Sinorhizobium fredii USDA257, a soybean symbiont, is impaired in nodulation. Curr Microbiol 2014; 68:239-46. [PMID: 24121614 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-013-0469-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sinorhizobium fredii USDA257 employs type III secretion system (T3SS) to deliver effector proteins into the host cells through pili. The nopA protein is the major component of USDA257 pili. The promoter region of USDA257 nopA possesses a well conserved tts box. Serial deletion analysis revealed that the tts box is absolutely essential for flavonoid induction of nopA. Deletion of nopA drastically lowered the number of nodules formed by USDA257 on cowpea and soybean cultivar Peking. In contrast to the parental strain, the USDA257 nopA mutant was able to form few nodules on soybean cultivars McCall and Williams 82. Light and transmission electron microscopy examination of these nodules revealed numerous starch grains both in the infected and uninfected cells.
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Guo HJ, Wang ET, Zhang XX, Li QQ, Zhang YM, Tian CF, Chen WX. Replicon-dependent differentiation of symbiosis-related genes in Sinorhizobium strains nodulating Glycine max. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:1245-55. [PMID: 24317084 PMCID: PMC3911071 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03037-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the genetic differentiation of Sinorhizobium strains nodulating Glycine max and related microevolutionary mechanisms, three housekeeping genes (SMc00019, truA, and thrA) and 16 symbiosis-related genes on the chromosome (7 genes), pSymA (6 genes), and pSymB (3 genes) were analyzed. Five distinct species were identified among the test strains by calculating the average nucleotide identity (ANI) of SMc00019-truA-thrA: Sinorhizobium fredii, Sinorhizobium sojae, Sinorhizobium sp. I, Sinorhizobium sp. II, and Sinorhizobium sp. III. These species assignments were also supported by population genetics and phylogenetic analyses of housekeeping genes and symbiosis-related genes on the chromosome and pSymB. Different levels of genetic differentiation were observed among these species or different replicons. S. sojae was the most divergent from the other test species and was characterized by its low intraspecies diversity and limited geographic distribution. Intergenic recombination dominated the evolution of 19 genes from different replicons. Intraspecies recombination happened frequently in housekeeping genes and symbiosis-related genes on the chromosome and pSymB, whereas pSymA genes showed a clear pattern of lateral-transfer events between different species. Moreover, pSymA genes were characterized by a lower level of polymorphism and recombination than those on the chromosome and pSymB. Taken together, genes from different replicons of rhizobia might be involved in the establishment of symbiosis with legumes, but these symbiosis-related genes might have evolved differently according to their corresponding replicons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Juan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - En Tao Wang
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - Xing Xing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Qin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Fu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Tampakaki AP. Commonalities and differences of T3SSs in rhizobia and plant pathogenic bacteria. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:114. [PMID: 24723933 PMCID: PMC3973906 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic bacteria and rhizobia infect higher plants albeit the interactions with their hosts are principally distinct and lead to completely different phenotypic outcomes, either pathogenic or mutualistic, respectively. Bacterial protein delivery to plant host plays an essential role in determining the phenotypic outcome of plant-bacteria interactions. The involvement of type III secretion systems (T3SSs) in mediating animal- and plant-pathogen interactions was discovered in the mid-80's and is now recognized as a multiprotein nanomachine dedicated to trans-kingdom movement of effector proteins. The discovery of T3SS in bacteria with symbiotic lifestyles broadened its role beyond virulence. In most T3SS-positive bacterial pathogens, virulence is largely dependent on functional T3SSs, while in rhizobia the system is dispensable for nodulation and can affect positively or negatively the mutualistic associations with their hosts. This review focuses on recent comparative genome analyses in plant pathogens and rhizobia that uncovered similarities and variations among T3SSs in their genetic organization, regulatory networks and type III secreted proteins and discusses the evolutionary adaptations of T3SSs and type III secreted proteins that might account for the distinguishable phenotypes and host range characteristics of plant pathogens and symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia P. Tampakaki
- *Correspondence: Anastasia P. Tampakaki, Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Votanikos, 11855, Athens, Greece e-mail:
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Strodtman KN, Franck S, Tindall R, Jensen C, Sarma AD, Emerich DW. Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteroid appendages expressed in senescing and argon-treated soybean nodules. Symbiosis 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-011-0132-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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