1
|
Ongkudon CM, Chew JH, Liu B, Danquah MK. Chromatographic Removal of Endotoxins: A Bioprocess Engineer's Perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5402/2012/649746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria are widely used for the production of gene-based products such as DNA vaccines and bio-drugs, where endotoxin contamination can occur at any point within the process and its removal is of great concern. In this article, we review the structures of endotoxin and the effects that it causes in vivo. The endotoxin removal strategies are also discussed in the light of the different interaction mechanisms involved between endotoxins and bioproducts particularly plasmid DNA and proteins. For most cases, endotoxin removal is favoured at a highly ionic or acidic condition. Various removal methods particularly chromatography-based techniques are covered in this article according to the relevant applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clarence M. Ongkudon
- Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Biotechnology Research Institute, University Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Jia Han Chew
- Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Boyin Liu
- Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Michael K. Danquah
- Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Siverio F, Cambra M, Gorris MT, Corzo J, Lopez MM. Lipopolysaccharides as Determinants of Serological Variability in Pseudomonas corrugata. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 59:1805-12. [PMID: 16348957 PMCID: PMC182165 DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.6.1805-1812.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The variation in biochemical and serological features of 128 isolates of Pseudomonas corrugata has been studied with 56 isolates from Spain and 72 isolates from other countries. Isolates were analyzed with common diagnostic tests and with the AP150CHE system. Variability among isolates for some standard tests usually listed as positive or negative for this species, such as arginine dihydrolase and gelatin hydrolysis, lipase and lecithinase activities, pigment production, and wrinkled colony morphology, was observed. Three antisera were raised against the type strain and two Spanish isolates from tomato and pepper plants. Serological reactions were studied by indirect immunofluorescence and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Eighty-three isolates reacted with a single antiserum, 6 reacted with two antisera, and none reacted with three antisera. Thirty-nine isolates did not react with any of the three antisera. These results suggest that serology will not be a useful method for routine diagnosis of P. corrugata unless common antigens can be identified. Electrophoresis and immunoelectrotransfer were used to study the antigens involved. Each antiserum reacted with whole-cell lysates, giving two common bands for P. corrugata isolates and other Pseudomonas species and a ladder-like pattern characteristic of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Common bands were not observed after proteinase K treatment. More than 10 LPS patterns were distinguished in 98 isolates after silver staining of polyacrylamide gels. There was no correlation between the geographical origin or host of the isolates and the LPS patterns. A correlation between LPS groups and serological reaction was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Siverio
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria, 38080 La Laguna, and Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Laguna, 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, and Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Muck A, Ramm M, Hamburger M. Efficient method for preparation of highly purified lipopolysaccharides by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 732:39-46. [PMID: 10517220 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00256-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A method for the efficient preparation of highly purified lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) by hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) has been developed. The procedure can be used for the purification of cell wall bound LPSs after hot phenol-water extraction and for the isolation of extracellular LPSs from the supernatant, respectively. The method described has been tested with artificial mixtures containing LPSs, polysaccharide, protein and RNA and subsequently employed for the preparative purification of two LPSs of different origin, namely the extracellular LPS secreted by Escherichia coli E49 into the culture medium, and the cell wall bound LPS from Pseudomonas aeruginosa VA11465/1. Compared to currently used methods for LPS purification such as enzymatic digestion and ultracentrifugation, the chromatographic separation reported here combines superior purity with minimal loss of LPS, high reproducibility and simple handling. The removal of contaminants such as protein, RNA and polysaccharides and the recovery of LPSs were monitored by appropriate assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Muck
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Institut für Pharmazie, Lehrstuhl Pharmazeutische Biologie, Jena, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Titarenko E, López-Solanilla E, García-Olmedo F, Rodríguez-Palenzuela P. Mutants of Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) solanacearum sensitive to antimicrobial peptides are altered in their lipopolysaccharide structure and are avirulent in tobacco. J Bacteriol 1997; 179:6699-704. [PMID: 9352919 PMCID: PMC179598 DOI: 10.1128/jb.179.21.6699-6704.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum K60 was mutagenized with the transposon Tn5, and two mutants, M2 and M88, were isolated. Both mutants were selected based on their increased sensitivity to thionins, and they had the Tn5 insertion in the same gene, 34 bp apart. Sequence analysis of the interrupted gene showed clear homology with the rfaF gene from Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium (66% similarity), which encodes a heptosyltransferase involved in the synthesis of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core. Mutants M2 and M88 had an altered LPS electrophoretic pattern, consistent with synthesis of incomplete LPS cores. For these reasons, the R. solanacearum gene was designated rfaF. The mutants were also sensitive to purified lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) and to an LTP-enriched, cell wall extract from tobacco leaves. Mutants M2 and M88 died rapidly in planta and failed to produce necrosis when infiltrated in tobacco leaves or to cause wilting when injected in tobacco stems. Complemented strains M2* and M88* were respectively obtained from mutants M2 and M88 by transformation with a DNA fragment harboring gene rfaF. They had a different degree of wild-type reconstituted phenotype. Both strains retained the rough phenotype of the mutants, and their LPS electrophoretic patterns were intermediate between those of the wild type and those of the mutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Titarenko
- Departamento de Biotecnología-UPM, ETS Ingenieros Agrónomos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
The function and regulation of genes required for extracellular polysaccharide synthesis and virulence in Pseudomonas solanacearum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-0746-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
6
|
Bhattacharyya T, Basu S. Primary structure of the polysaccharide chain of virulent Pseudomonas solanacearum biotype II lipopolysaccharide. Carbohydr Res 1993; 250:335-7. [PMID: 8131162 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(93)84012-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Calcutta
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kocharova NA, Knirel YA, Shashkov AS, Kochetkov NK, Varbanets LD. The structure of O-specific polysaccharide from Pseudomonas solanacearum ICMP 4157. Carbohydr Res 1992; 228:315-20. [PMID: 1381280 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)90569-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N A Kocharova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Moscow
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kao CC, Sequeira L. A gene cluster required for coordinated biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide and extracellular polysaccharide also affects virulence of Pseudomonas solanacearum. J Bacteriol 1991; 173:7841-7. [PMID: 1744040 PMCID: PMC212575 DOI: 10.1128/jb.173.24.7841-7847.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cell surface components can be important determinants of virulence. At least three gene clusters important for extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) biosynthesis have been previously identified in the plant pathogen Pseudomonas solanacearum. We have found that one of these gene clusters, named ops, is also required for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis. Mutations in any complementation unit of this cluster decreased EPS production, prevented the binding of an LPS-specific phage, and altered the mobility of purified LPS in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. However, restoration of LPS biosynthesis alone was not sufficient to restore virulence to the wild-type level, suggesting that EPS is important for pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C C Kao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Genetic and biochemical characterization of a Pseudomonas solanacearum gene cluster required for extracellular polysaccharide production and for virulence. J Bacteriol 1991; 173:1654-62. [PMID: 1999385 PMCID: PMC207314 DOI: 10.1128/jb.173.5.1654-1662.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of host plants by Pseudomonas solanacerum results in wilting, which is thought to be due largely to the occlusion of xylem vessels by the P. solanacearum extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) that primarily consists of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc). By means of Tn3 mutagenesis, we identified a 6.5-kb gene cluster that contains five complementation units required for EPS production and virulence in this bacterium. There was positive correlation between the amount of EPS produced in culture and (i) in planta growth and (ii) virulence. Based on analysis of beta-glucuronidase-gene fusions, these genes are expressed both in broth cultures and in planta and may be constitutive. Both wild-type and mutant strains contained similar amounts of UDP-GalNAc, the predicted primary substrate for EPS synthesis. Thus, the EPS mutants we obtained should be useful in the analysis of steps in the assembly of the polysaccharide and how this process is related to virulence.
Collapse
|
10
|
Gross M, Mayer H, Widemann C, Rudolph K. Comparative analysis of the lipopolysaccharides of a rough and a smooth strain of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. Arch Microbiol 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00411658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
11
|
Smith AR, Zamze SE, Munro SM, Carter KJ, Hignett RC. Structure of the sidechain of lipopolysaccharide from Pseudomonas syringae pv. morsprunorum C28. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1985; 149:73-8. [PMID: 3996404 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb08895.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The sidechain of the lipopolysaccharide from the phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. morsprunorum C28 was shown to be composed of D-rhamnose. Using 1H and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, methylation analysis, Smith degradation and optical rotation data, the repeat unit was found to have the structure: ----3)-D-Rhap-(alpha 1----3)-D-Rhap-(alpha 1----2)-D-Rhap-(alpha 1---- and a degree of polymerization of approximately 70. Attention is drawn to the possible prevalence of D-6-deoxyhexoses in the lipopolysaccharides of plant pathogenic bacteria.
Collapse
|
12
|
Drigues P, Demery-Lafforgue D, Trigalet A, Dupin P, Samain D, Asselineau J. Comparative studies of lipopolysaccharide and exopolysaccharide from a virulent strain of Pseudomonas solanacearum and from three avirulent mutants. J Bacteriol 1985; 162:504-9. [PMID: 3988700 PMCID: PMC218876 DOI: 10.1128/jb.162.2.504-509.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The composition of the Pseudomonas solanacearum lipolysaccharide (LPS) was found to be similar to that described for the LPS of enterobacteria. The lipid A contained fatty acids and glucosamine in a molar ratio of 5:2. The LPS fraction contained 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid, L-glycero-D-mannoheptose, hexoses (glucose, rhamnose, and glucosamine), and a pentose (xylose). The LPSs from the wild-type strain (GMI1000), from the spontaneous rough mutant (GMI2000), and from their respective acridine orange-resistant (Acrr) mutants (GMI1178 and GMI2179) contained the same component sugars in their polysaccharide moieties, but the relative amounts of each sugar varied greatly. Spontaneous mutation to the rough type was characterized by a decrease in the ratio of rhamnose to glucose, whereas a reverse effect was seen for the acridine orange resistance mutation from the parent strains (GMI1000 and GMI2000) to the respective mutant strains (GMI1178 and GMI2179). The exopolysaccharide (EPS) from GMI1000 was found to be composed of two fractions: a heteropolysaccharide (galactosamine, glucose, and rhamnose) excluded from Sephadex G-50 and an additional glucan with a lower molecular weight. Strains GMI1000 and GMI1178 produced comparable amounts of EPS, GMI2179 synthesized less EPS, and GMI2000 produced no detectable EPS. High-pressure liquid chromatography and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance analyses revealed some differences between these EPSs. The glucan fraction seemed to be the major component of the EPS from GMI2179, whereas GMI1000 and GMI1178 EPSs contained both fractions and appeared to differ in the structures of their heteropolysaccharide fractions. Viscosity measurements confirmed differences between whole EPSs produced by the three strains.
Collapse
|