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Le Gratiet T, Poezevara T, Rouxel S, Houard E, Mazuet C, Chemaly M, Le Maréchal C. Development of An Innovative and Quick Method for the Isolation of Clostridium botulinum Strains Involved in Avian Botulism Outbreaks. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E42. [PMID: 31936866 PMCID: PMC7020472 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian botulism is a serious neuroparalytic disease mainly caused by a type C/D botulinum neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum group III, one of the entwined bacterial species from the Clostridiumnovyisensulato genospecies. Its isolation is very challenging due to the absence of selective media and the instability of the phage carrying the gene encoding for the neurotoxin. The present study describes the development of an original method for isolating C. botulinum group III strains. Briefly, this method consists of streaking the InstaGene matrix extraction pellet on Egg Yolk Agar plates and then collecting the colonies with lipase and lecithinase activities. Using this approach, it was possible to isolate 21 C. novyi sensu lato strains from 22 enrichment broths of avian livers, including 14 toxic strains. This method was successfully used to re-isolate type C, D, C/D, and D/C strains from liver samples spiked with five spores per gram. This method is cheap, user-friendly, and reliable. It can be used to quickly isolate toxic strains involved in avian botulism with a 64% success rate and C. novyi sensu lato with a 95% rate. This opens up new perspectives for C. botulinum genomic research, which will shed light on the epidemiology of avian botulism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Le Gratiet
- Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; (T.L.G.)
- UFR of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Rennes 1, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Typhaine Poezevara
- Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; (T.L.G.)
| | - Sandra Rouxel
- Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; (T.L.G.)
| | - Emmanuelle Houard
- Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; (T.L.G.)
| | - Christelle Mazuet
- National Reference Center for Anaerobic Bacteria and Botulism, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Marianne Chemaly
- Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; (T.L.G.)
| | - Caroline Le Maréchal
- Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; (T.L.G.)
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Prisilla A, Deena Remin M, Roja B, Chellapandi P. A human-food web-animal interface on the prevalence of food-borne pathogens (Clostridia and Enterococcus) in mixed veterinary farms. Food Sci Biotechnol 2019; 28:1583-1591. [PMID: 31695959 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-019-00595-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, we addressed the impact of a human-food web-animal interface on the prevalence of food-borne pathogens in mixed farms of Tamil Nadu, India. We have isolated and identified six strains of Clostridium sp. and five strains of Enterococcus sp. from food and animal sources disposed near to the veterinary and poultry farms. Phylogenetic relationships of these strains were inferred from their homologies in 16S rDNA sequences and rRNA secondary structures. The strain PCP07 was taxonomically equivalent to C. botulinum confirmed by neurotoxin-specific PCR primers, followed by mouse bioassay. Other Clostridial and Enterococcal isolates have shown a phylogenetic similarity to the C. bifermentans and E. durans isolated from veterinary farms, respectively. Results of our study revealed that a human-food web-animal interface has influenced the disease incidence and prevalence of these isolates in the poultry to veterinary farms, where human food acted as a likely transmittance vehicle for their infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Prisilla
- Molecular Systems Engineering Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620 024 India
| | - M Deena Remin
- Molecular Systems Engineering Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620 024 India
| | - B Roja
- Molecular Systems Engineering Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620 024 India
| | - P Chellapandi
- Molecular Systems Engineering Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620 024 India
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Nojima S, Myoda T, Toeda K, Niwa K, Watanabe T, Sagane Y. Data on volatile compounds produced by serotype D Clostridium botulinum. Data Brief 2018; 19:393-397. [PMID: 29900335 PMCID: PMC5997912 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the volatile compounds produced by serotype D Clostridium botulinum (D-CB16) in trypticase peptone/yeast extract/glucose (TYG) medium using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The volatile compounds were captured by solid-phase microextraction and applied to GC/MS for separation and identification of the compounds in TYG medium with or without the cultivation of C. botulinum D-CB16. Thirty-five and 34 volatile compounds were identified in media without and with D-CB16 cultivation, respectively. Of the compounds identified in the medium with the strain, twenty-one were not detected in the original medium, indicating that these were produced by C. botulinum D-CB16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nojima
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri Hokkaido 099-2493, Japan
| | - Takao Myoda
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri Hokkaido 099-2493, Japan
| | - Kazuki Toeda
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri Hokkaido 099-2493, Japan
| | - Koichi Niwa
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri Hokkaido 099-2493, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Watanabe
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri Hokkaido 099-2493, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Sagane
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri Hokkaido 099-2493, Japan
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Sakaguchi Y, Suzuki T, Yamamoto Y, Nishikawa A, Oguma K. Genomics of Clostridium botulinum group III strains. Res Microbiol 2015; 166:318-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Molecular gene profiling of Clostridium botulinum group III and its detection in naturally contaminated samples originating from various European countries. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:2495-505. [PMID: 25636839 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03915-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the development of real-time PCR assays for genotyping Clostridium botulinum group III targeting the newly defined C. novyi sensu lato group; the nontoxic nonhemagglutinin (NTNH)-encoding gene ntnh; the botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT)-encoding genes bont/C, bont/C/D, bont/D, and bont/D/C; and the flagellin (fliC) gene. The genetic diversity of fliC among C. botulinum group III strains resulted in the definition of five major subgroups named fliC-I to fliC-V. Investigation of fliC subtypes in 560 samples, with various European origins, showed that fliC-I was predominant and found exclusively in samples contaminated by C. botulinum type C/D, fliC-II was rarely detected, no sample was recorded as fliC-III or fliC-V, and only C. botulinum type D/C samples tested positive for fliC-IV. The lack of genetic diversity of the flagellin gene of C. botulinum type C/D would support a clonal spread of type C/D strains in different geographical areas. fliC-I to fliC-III are genetically related (87% to 92% sequence identity), whereas fliC-IV from C. botulinum type D/C is more genetically distant from the other fliC types (with only 50% sequence identity). These findings suggest fliC-I to fliC-III have evolved in a common environment and support a different genetic evolution for fliC-IV. A combination of the C. novyi sensu lato, ntnh, bont, and fliC PCR assays developed in this study allowed better characterization of C. botulinum group III and showed the group to be less genetically diverse than C. botulinum groups I and II, supporting a slow genetic evolution of the strains belonging to C. botulinum group III.
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Yokota K, Fujinaga Y, Inoue K, Shimazaki S, Seo G, Takeshi K, Nagamachi E, Oguma K. Classification of Clostridium butyricum based on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Anaerobe 2006; 4:177-81. [PMID: 16887639 DOI: 10.1006/anae.1998.0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/1998] [Accepted: 07/16/1998] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Eleven strains of Clostridium butyricum collected from different sources were analysed by both sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The strains could be classified into four groups based on their banding profiles of the proteins extracted from the cells on SDS-PAGE. Group I consisted of seven strains, and these strains were further divided into five subgroups by PFGE. The strains belonging to groups II, III, and IV on SDS-PAGE were also classified into the same II to IV groups by PFGE. These data indicate that grouping of the strains of C. butyricum can be performed by employing both SDS-PAGE and PFGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yokota
- Department of Bacteriology, Okayama University Medical School, Okayama, 700, Japan
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Franciosa G, Fenicia L, Caldiani C, Aureli P. PCR for detection of Clostridium botulinum type C in avian and environmental samples. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34:882-5. [PMID: 8815101 PMCID: PMC228910 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.34.4.882-885.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A PCR was developed and applied for the detection of Clostridium botulinum type C in 18 avian and environmental samples collected during an outbreak of avian botulism, and the results were compared with those obtained by conventional methodologies based on the mouse bioassay. PCR and mouse bioassay results compared well (100%) after the enrichment of samples, but PCR results directly indicated the presence of this microorganism in six samples, while only one of these contained the type C botulinal neurotoxin before enrichment. The PCR assay was sensitive (limit of detection between 15 and 15 x 10(3) spores per PCR), specific (no amplification products were obtained with other clostridia), and rapid, since sonicated and heated samples provided enough template for amplification without any DNA purification. Eleven isolates of C. botulinum type C were recovered from mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), grey herons (Ardea cinerea), and mud during investigation of this outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Franciosa
- Laboratorio Alimenti, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Popoff
- Unité des Toxines Microbiennes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Moriishi K, Syuto B, Saito M, Oguma K, Fujii N, Abe N, Naiki M. Two different types of ADP-ribosyltransferase C3 from Clostridium botulinum type D lysogenized organisms. Infect Immun 1993; 61:5309-14. [PMID: 8225604 PMCID: PMC281316 DOI: 10.1128/iai.61.12.5309-5314.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined production of ADP-ribosyltransferase C3 in 11 strains of Clostridium botulinum type C and D and their nontoxigenic derivatives. Antisera to C3 proteins of type C organisms divided C3 proteins roughly into at least two groups, bearing no relation to their bacterial types. The C3 gene of type D strain South African was isolated from a toxigenic phage library, and the complete sequence of the C3 gene was determined. The C3 protein of type D strain South African had 98% homology to the C3 protein of type C strain 003-9 and 66% homology to that of type D strain 1873. These results indicate that there are two types of C3 protein in type D organisms, as there are in type C organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Moriishi
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan
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Oguma K, Yokota K, Hayashi S, Takeshi K, Kumagai M, Itoh N, Tachi N, Chiba S. Infant botulism due to Clostridium botulinum type C toxin. Lancet 1990; 336:1449-50. [PMID: 1978909 DOI: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)93157-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Functional modification of a 21-kilodalton G protein when ADP-ribosylated by exoenzyme C3 of Clostridium botulinum. Mol Cell Biol 1988. [PMID: 3122025 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.8.1.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exoenzyme C3 from Clostridium botulinum types C and D specifically ADP-ribosylated a 21-kilodalton cellular protein, p21.bot. Guanyl nucleotides protected the substrate against denaturation, which implies that p21.bot is a G protein. When introduced into the interior of cells, purified exoenzyme C3 ADP-ribosylated intracellular p21.bot and changed its function. NIH 3T3, PC12, and other cells rapidly underwent temporary morphological alterations that were in certain respects similar to those seen after microinjection of cloned ras proteins. When injected into Xenopus oocytes, C3 induced migration of germinal vesicles and potentiated the cholera toxin-sensitive augmentation of germinal vesicle breakdown by progesterone, also as caused by ras proteins. Nevertheless, p21.bot was immunologically distinct from p21ras.
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Rubin EJ, Gill DM, Boquet P, Popoff MR. Functional modification of a 21-kilodalton G protein when ADP-ribosylated by exoenzyme C3 of Clostridium botulinum. Mol Cell Biol 1988; 8:418-26. [PMID: 3122025 PMCID: PMC363141 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.8.1.418-426.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Exoenzyme C3 from Clostridium botulinum types C and D specifically ADP-ribosylated a 21-kilodalton cellular protein, p21.bot. Guanyl nucleotides protected the substrate against denaturation, which implies that p21.bot is a G protein. When introduced into the interior of cells, purified exoenzyme C3 ADP-ribosylated intracellular p21.bot and changed its function. NIH 3T3, PC12, and other cells rapidly underwent temporary morphological alterations that were in certain respects similar to those seen after microinjection of cloned ras proteins. When injected into Xenopus oocytes, C3 induced migration of germinal vesicles and potentiated the cholera toxin-sensitive augmentation of germinal vesicle breakdown by progesterone, also as caused by ras proteins. Nevertheless, p21.bot was immunologically distinct from p21ras.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Rubin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
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