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Burall LS, Simpson AC, Datta AR. Evaluation of a serotyping scheme using a combination of an antibody-based serogrouping method and a multiplex PCR assay for identifying the major serotypes of Listeria monocytogenes. J Food Prot 2011; 74:403-9. [PMID: 21375876 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate a simplified serotyping scheme, we used a combination of an antibody-based serogrouping assay that identified only type 1 and type 4 strains and a multiplex PCR-based serogrouping assay to analyze 362 L. monocytogenes isolates collected over more than 20 years. The multiplex PCR assay also incorporated a set of primers specific for L. monocytogenes hlyA gene to verify the species identification of these isolates. A subset (n = 120) of these isolates were also serotyped with the Denka Seiken serotyping scheme, which is often considered the "gold standard" for serotyping of L. monocytogenes. The results indicate that the multiplex PCR-based assay, in combination with an antibody-based serogrouping assay, correctly identified serotypes of 96% of the previously serotyped isolates. Compared with the Denka Seiken method, the combination method also performed better in identifying serotypes of 120 previously unserotyped L. monocytogenes isolates. Thus, the combination scheme appears to be a simple and rapid way to identify serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b, 1/2c, 3a, 3b, 3c, and 4b isolates, which are the predominant L. monocytogenes serotypes found in food, environmental, and clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel S Burall
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
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Klontz KC, McCarthy PV, Datta AR, Lee JO, Acheson DWK, Brackett RE. Role of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in the regulatory management of human listeriosis in the United States. J Food Prot 2008; 71:1277-86. [PMID: 18592761 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.6.1277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
From 1986 to 2006, the incidence of listeriosis in the United States dropped from approximately seven to three cases per million population, a reduction that most likely reflects the joint efforts of industry, government, consumers, and academia. Herein, we describe the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) strategy over the past three decades to combat listeriosis. Specifically, we discuss early actions taken to address outbreaks during the 1980s, policy decisions regarding the presence of Listeria monocytogenes in FDA-regulated foods, FDA compliance programs with L. monocytogenes components, enforcement actions to remove L. monocytogenes-contaminated products from the market (i.e., recalls) or to prevent entry of such products into the market (i.e., import detentions and refusals), research milestones, outreach and education efforts, and selected special projects. Evolving demographic trends in the United States may pose a challenge to further reduction of the incidence of listeriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl C Klontz
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA.
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Fach P, Perelle S, Dilasser F, Grout J. Comparison between a PCR-ELISA test and the vero cell assay for detecting Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in dairy products and characterization of virulence traits of the isolated strains. J Appl Microbiol 2001; 90:809-18. [PMID: 11348443 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This paper provides information on a PCR-ELISA method for detecting Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), and on their prevalence in dairy products. METHODS AND RESULTS The sensitivity and specificity of the test was evaluated using pure cultures, spiked and naturally-contaminated samples. A comparative study with vero cytotoxicity testing was conducted, and STEC isolated from naturally-contaminated samples were characterized. The PCR-ELISA test was highly specific and sensitive, and detected 14% more positive samples than the vero cell assay. The prevalence of STEC in raw milk and unpasteurized cheese was 21.5% and 30.5%, respectively, while samples from the 'dairy environment' and from pasteurized cheese were less contaminated. The 34 strains of STEC isolated from natural samples showed that some of them carried virulence genes. CONCLUSION No conclusion can be drawn at the moment concerning the potential risk to consumers. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These data show the necessity of valuable screening methods to appreciate the virulence of STEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Fach
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches sur l'Hygiène et la Qualité des Aliments, Unité: Atelier de Biotechnologie, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Carroll SA, Carr LE, Mallinson ET, Lamichanne C, Rice BE, Rollins DM, Joseph SW. Development and evaluation of a 24-hour method for the detection and quantification of Listeria monocytogenes in meat products. J Food Prot 2000; 63:347-53. [PMID: 10716564 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-63.3.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 24-h filter monitor-based test, Listeria-SELeCT, has been developed to quantify Listeria monocytogenes organisms in meat samples with a sensitivity of < or = 1.0 CFU/g. The technique comprises a filter monitor-based system and a colony lift immunoassay to identify and enumerate the target organism. Meat homogenates were centrifuged and the eluate was filtered to trap and immobilize the microorganisms on the filter. Fraser broth was then added to the filter apparatus to allow the organisms to become established overnight and to inhibit contaminants, after which the filters were transferred onto Modified Oxford medium agar, a selective medium for L. monocytogenes. After 10 to 12 h, a colony lift immunoassay was used to confirm and enumerate suspect colonies on the filter. A correlation study between the Listeria-SELeCT method and the most probable number technique showed the Listeria-SELeCT to be considerably more accurate than the most probable number for quantitatively determining the number of viable organisms in meat samples. Because of ease and speed of testing, the Listeria-SELeCT system also provided major advantages over the most probable number technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Carroll
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park 20742, USA
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Pimenta FC, Furlanetto SMP, Mayer LW, Timenetsky J, Santos MAAD. Molecular characterization of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from foods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37141999000400011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A total of 30 strains of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from different foods (16 of differents kinds of sausage, 14 cheese,) purchased at groceries of São Paulo City were ribotyped and analysed for the presence and expression of hemolysin gene and production of phosphatidylinositol-specific phosphalipase C - PI-PLC enzyme. The L. monocytogenes strains were differentiated into six ribotype classes. A total of 13 (43.3%) from these strains belong to the same ribotype (ribotype I), and was coincident to the ribotype of the standard L. monocytogenes prototype strain (ATCC-15313). The hemolytic activity was observed in 29 (96.7%) strains when incubated at 37oC, but not at 4oC. The direct colony hybridization method for hemolysin gene detection showed a positive reaction whit all the 30 L. monocytogenes strains, while showed negative reaction with other Listeria spp. The PI-PLC was produced by 27 (90%) of the strains analysed. There was no correlation between the six identified ribotypes and the virulence factors (hemolysin and PI-PLC) studied.
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6
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Erdenlig S, Ainsworth AJ, Austin FW. Production of monoclonal antibodies to Listeria monocytogenes and their application to determine the virulence of isolates from channel catfish. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:2827-32. [PMID: 10388671 PMCID: PMC91424 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.7.2827-2832.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/1998] [Accepted: 04/14/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We produced monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the extracellular proteins of Listeria monocytogenes EGD grown in Chelex-treated improved minimal medium. Ten of the positive hybridomas generated were chosen for further characterization. Seven of the MAbs reacted with a protein having a molecular mass of 60 kDa. These MAbs inhibited listeriolysin (LLO)-mediated hemolysis, and two of them were specific for LLO and none of the other thiol-activated toxins tested. In an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot analysis, five of the anti-LLO MAbs reacted with ivanolysin from Listeria ivanovii. Three of the 10 MAbs reacted with a 29-kDa protein on Western blots and neutralized the phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC) activity of L. monocytogenes. These three anti-PC-PLC MAbs did not react with phospholipases from five different gram-positive bacteria. However, the anti-PC-PLC MAbs recognized a 27-kDa extracellular protein from L. ivanovii and neutralized sphingomyelinase activity in a hemolysis test that demonstrates the antigenic relatedness of listerial phospholipases. These data indicate that listerial thiol-activated toxins possess species-specific epitopes and share group-specific epitopes. This is the first description of MAbs that neutralize listerial PC-PLC, and the data suggest that there is antigenic similarity between L. monocytogenes PC-PLC and L. ivanovii sphingomyelinase. The reactions of the MAbs with catfish isolates of L. monocytogenes suggested that some of the isolates examined lack the LLO and/or PC-PLC required for pathogenicity. The MAbs described here differentiated some catfish isolates from previously described type strain-pathogenic isolates and could be useful for detecting and determining the virulence of L. monocytogenes in food and clinical samples and for detecting L. ivanovii in veterinary clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Erdenlig
- Veterinary Medical Research Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
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7
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A rapid PCR-based hybridization assay for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes in channel catfish. Food Microbiol 1999. [DOI: 10.1006/fmic.1998.0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Paziak-Domańska B, Bogusławska E, Wieckowska-Szakiel M, Kotłowski R, Rózalska B, Chmiela M, Kur J, Dabrowski W, Rudnicka W. Evaluation of the API test, phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C activity and PCR method in identification of Listeria monocytogenes in meat foods. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1999; 171:209-14. [PMID: 10077846 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to compare the possibility of identifying Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from meat and sausage on the basis of the API-Listeria test, production of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for a DNA fragment of the hlyA gene encoding listeriolysin O. Forty-six strains were isolated and examined. The lethality of some Listeria isolates for BALB/c mice was also determined. In this study, all isolates identified as L. monocytogenes in the API test gave a positive signal in the PCR. Listeriae identified as L. innocua or L. welshimeri in the API test were negative in the PCR conducted with the primers for listeriolysin O. All strains identified as L. monocytogenes on the basis of the API test and the PCR produced PI-PLC. However, this activity was not limited to the bacteria of this species. Four out of 17 L. innocua and three out of 10 L. welshimeri isolates were PI-PLC-positive. None of the L. innocua or L. welshimeri isolates (neither PI-PLC+ or PI-PLC-) showed lethality for BALB/c mice. In contrast, two L. monocytogenes isolates as well as a reference L. monocytogenes strain killed all mice used for the experiment.
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Meghrous J, Fliss I, Bouksaim M, Lacroix C. Digoxigenin-labeled probe for rapid identification of nisinogenic Lactococcus lactis strains. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1999; 171:43-8. [PMID: 9987840 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
From the nisZ gene sequence, a non-radioactive digoxigenin-labeled DNA probe, was tested for detection of nisin-producing strains using polymerase chain reaction amplification. The digoxigenin-labeled DNA probe clearly discriminated between nisin-producing and non-producing strains with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity. By agarose gel electrophoresis, 1.4 ng of nisin DNA was detected using the digoxigenin-labeled DNA probe compared with 11 ng using direct polymerase chain reaction amplification. A colony hybridization method using digoxigenin-labeled DNA to selectively detect nisinogenic bacteria showed that the nis-probe was specific and did not react with any other non-bacteriocinogenic and non-nisinogenic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Meghrous
- Centre de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies du Lait (STELA), Université Laval, Sainte-Foy, Que., Canada
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Klein PG, Juneja VK. Sensitive detection of viable Listeria monocytogenes by reverse transcription-PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:4441-8. [PMID: 9361430 PMCID: PMC168763 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.11.4441-4448.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection of pathogens in contaminated food products by PCR can result in false-positive data due to the amplification of DNA from nonviable cells. A new method based on reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) amplification of mRNA for the specific detection of viable Listeria monocytogenes was developed. The expression of three L. monocytogenes genes, iap, hly, and prfA, was examined to determine a suitable target for amplification of RT-PCR. Total RNA from L. monocytogenes was isolated, and following DNase treatment, the RNA was amplified by both RT-PCR and PCR with primers specific for the three genes. Amplicon detection was accomplished by Southern hybridization to digoxigenin-labeled gene probes. The levels of expression of these three genes differed markedly, and the results indicated that the iap gene would provide a good target for development of a specific method for detection of viable L. monocytogenes based on RT-PCR amplification. After a 1-h enrichment, the 371-bp iap-specific product was detected with a sensitivity of ca. 10 to 15 CFU/ml from pure culture. Detection of the 713-bp hly-specific amplicon was ca. 4,000 times less sensitive after 1 h, whereas detection of the 508-bp prfA product showed the lowest level of sensitivity, with detection not observed until after a 5-h enrichment period. The amplification of the iap mRNA was specific for L. monocytogenes. Overall, the assay could be completed in ca. 54 h. The use of RT-PCR amplification for the detection of viable L. monocytogenes was validated in artificially contaminated cooked ground beef. Following a 2-h enrichment incubation, the iap-specific amplification product could be detected in a cooked meat sample that was originally inoculated with ca. 3 CFU/g. These results support the usefulness of RT-PCR amplification of mRNA as a sensitive method for the specific detection of viable L. monocytogenes and indicate that this method may prove useful in the detection of this pathogen in ready-to-eat, refrigerated meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Klein
- Microbial Food Safety Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, USA
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11
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Bansal NS, McDonell FH, Smith A, Arnold G, Ibrahim GF. Multiplex PCR assay for the routine detection of Listeria in food. Int J Food Microbiol 1996; 33:293-300. [PMID: 8930713 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(96)01161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The development and validation of a multiplex PCR assay for the detection of Listeria that can be employed in routine investigation of food samples are described. The assay, which employs a short culture enrichment step followed by isolation of bacterial cells and detection by multiplex PCR reaction, is highly sensitive and specific for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes and all other Listeria species. Over 350 food samples were tested in parallel by standard cultural procedures and the PCR assay, with no false-positive or false-negative results obtained with the PCR assay. Compared to the standard cultural methods the PCR assay is highly sensitive, cost effective and extremely rapid with results obtained within 48 h from sample receipt.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Bansal
- Division of Analytical Laboratories, NSW Health Department, Lidcombe, Australia
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12
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Lachica RV. Hemolytic activity reevaluation of putative nonpathogenic Listeria monocytogenes strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62:4293-5. [PMID: 8984907 PMCID: PMC168254 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.11.4293-4295.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of 12 strains originally characterized as nonpathogenic Listeria monocytogenes was reassured following the evaluation of their hemolytic capability with a newly developed horse blood agar plate. Seven of the strains were observed consistently to be hemolytic and confirmed as L. monocytogenes with the use of two commercial systems: the Gene-Trak L. monocytogenes-specific colorimetric DNA hybridization assay and the API Listeria system. Except for one strain that formed typical smooth colonies, these hemolytic strains formed rough colonies on a selective medium, lithium chloride-ceftazidime agar. The rest of the strains were nonhemolytic and did not hybridize with the DNA probe; they were identified as Listeria innocua on the basis of their API Listeria system biochemical profile. All but one of these nonhemolytic strains formed smooth colonies on lithium chloride-ceftazidime agar.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Lachica
- U.S. Army Solider Systems Command, Natick Research, Development, and Engineering Center, Massachusetts 01760, USA
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13
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Olsen JE, Aabo S, Hill W, Notermans S, Wernars K, Granum PE, Popovic T, Rasmussen HN, Olsvik O. Probes and polymerase chain reaction for detection of food-borne bacterial pathogens. Int J Food Microbiol 1995; 28:1-78. [PMID: 8751091 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(94)00159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
DNA-hybridization and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are techniques commonly used to detect pathogenic bacteria. In this paper, the use of these techniques for detection of Salmonella, E. coli, V. cholerae, non-O1 Vibrio, Yersinia enterocolitica, Campylobacter, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, and C. botulinum is reviewed with emphasis on application in food microbiology. In food control, DNA-techniques have most often been used in a 'culture confirmation' fashion, i.e. bacteria are enriched and sometimes even purified by traditional culture procedures and thereafter identified by the use of DNA-based methods. The most desirable approach is, however, to detect organisms directly in the food, but major problems remain to be solved before this can be routinely performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Olsen
- KVL - Centre for Food Research, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
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14
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Patel JR, Beuchat LR. Enrichment in Fraser broth supplemented with catalase or Oxyrase, combined with the microcolony immunoblot technique, for detecting heat-injured Listeria monocytogenes in foods. Int J Food Microbiol 1995; 26:165-76. [PMID: 7577355 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(94)00104-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The microcolony immunoblot technique using monoclonal antibodies to Listeria monocytogenes was evaluated for its suitability to detect heat-injured cells. Pasteurized milk and filtrates of homogenized raw ground beef slurry and cabbage were inoculated with L. monocytogenes Scott A, heated, diluted, inoculated into Fraser broth (FB) supplemented with 400 micrograms of catalase ml-1 or 0.01 unit of Oxyrase ml-1, and incubated at 30 degrees C for 6 h. Three inoculum populations (high, medium, and low) were used. The extent of injury was dependent on the heating menstruum. Forty percent of the cells were injured in beef slurry filtrate, whereas 79 and 94% were injured in milk and cabbage filtrate, respectively, when foods were heated at 52 degrees C for 20 min. Populations of viable cells were determined using the immunoblot technique and by surface plating on modified Oxford (mMOX) agar. Recovery of cells from heated foods was enhanced in FB supplemented with catalase or Oxyrase compared to recovery in control broth. Essentially all unheated (control) cells could be detected within about 30 h using enrichment and the immunoblot technique; 54 h were required to easily detect colonies on mMOX. In most cases, the number of cells detected in heated milk or filtrates of homogenized beef after enrichment in FB supplemented with catalase or Oxyrase was significantly higher than populations detected using unsupplemented FB; however, enrichment in FB supplemented with catalase or Oxyrase did not significantly increase cell populations in heated cabbage filtrate. Within each heat treatment and level of inoculum, cell populations detected on mMOX agar after incubating plates for 48 h or on immunoblots after 24 h were not significantly different. Results indicate that the immunoblot technique in conjunction with enrichment in FB containing either catalase or Oxyrase can be successfully used to detect healthy and heat-injured cells of L. monocytogenes in diverse types of foods within 34 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Patel
- Center for Food Safety and Quality Enhancement, University of Georgia, Griffin 30223-1797, USA
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15
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Herman LM, De Block JH, Moermans RJ. Direct detection of Listeria monocytogenes in 25 milliliters of raw milk by a two-step PCR with nested primers. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995; 61:817-9. [PMID: 7574620 PMCID: PMC167343 DOI: 10.1128/aem.61.2.817-819.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A method for direct detection of Listeria monocytogenes in 25 ml of raw milk is presented. The detection limit can be situated between 10 and 5 CFU. The detection method is based on chemical extraction of the milk components and PCR amplification with two nested pairs of primers specific for Listeria monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Herman
- Government Dairy Research Station, Centre of Agricultural Research Ghent, Melle, Belgium
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16
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Powell H, Gooding C, Garrett S, Lund B, Mckee R. Proteinase inhibition of the detection of Listeria monocytogenes in milk using the polymerase chain reaction. Lett Appl Microbiol 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.1994.tb00802.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
The importance of microbiology to the dairy industry has been demonstrated by recent outbreaks of foodborne illness associated with consumption of milk and dairy products that had been contaminated with pathogenic organisms or toxins. Undesirable microorganisms constitute the primary hazard to safety, quality, and wholesomeness of milk and dairy foods. Consequently, increased emphasis has been placed on the microbiological analysis of milk and dairy products designed to evaluate quality and to ensure safety and regulatory compliance. The focus of dairy microbiology, however, remains largely on conventional methods: plate counts, most probable numbers, and dye reduction tests. These methods are slow, tedious, intensive in their requirements for material and labor, and often not suitable for assessing the quality and shelf-life of perishable dairy foods. With the exception of coliforms, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus, isolation and characterization of various organisms occurring in milk and milk products are seldom a part of the routine microbiological analysis in the dairy industry. Recent emphasis on the programs based on HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) for total quality management in the dairy industry and increased demand for microbiological surveillance of products, process, and environment have led to increased interest in rapid methods and automation in microbiology. Several methods for rapid detection, isolation, enumeration, and characterization of microorganisms are being adapted by the dairy industry. This presentation reviews rapid methods and automation in microbiology for microbiological analysis of milk and dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Vasavada
- Animal and Food Science Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls 54022
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18
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Emond E, Fliss I, Pandian S. A ribosomal DNA fragment of Listeria monocytogenes and its use as a genus-specific probe in an aqueous-phase hybridization assay. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993; 59:2690-7. [PMID: 8368854 PMCID: PMC182340 DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.8.2690-2697.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
cDNAs were prepared from the total RNA of Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19118 and used as probes to screen a genomic library of the same strain. Four clones were identified which contained ribosomal DNA fragments. Recombinant DNA from one of them was fractionated and differentially hybridized with the cDNA probes to RNA of L. monocytogenes and Kurthia zopfii. The resulting hybridization pattern revealed an HpaII fragment of 0.8 kb that was specific for the L. monocytogenes strain. The nucleotide sequence of this fragment showed 159 bases of the 3' end of the 16S rRNA gene, 243 bases of the spacer region, and 382 bases of the 5' end of the 23S rRNA gene. In dot blot hybridization assays, the 32P-labeled 784-bp fragment was specific only for Listeria species. Dot blot assays revealed that the 32P-labeled fragment can easily detect > or = 10 pg of total nucleic acids from pure cultures of L. monocytogenes, which corresponds to approximately 300 bacteria. This fragment was also used as a probe in an assay named the heteroduplex nucleic acid (HNA) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In this system, the biotinylated DNA probe is hybridized in the aqueous phase with target RNA molecules and then specific HNAs are captured by HNA-specific antibodies. Captured HNA molecules are revealed with an enzyme conjugate of streptavidin. In a preliminary HNA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the 784-bp fragment maintained its specificity for Listeria spp. and could detect 5 x 10(2) cells in artificially contaminated meat homogenate.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Emond
- Département de Sciences et Technologie des Aliments, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Fluit AC, Torensma R, Visser MJ, Aarsman CJ, Poppelier MJ, Keller BH, Klapwijk P, Verhoef J. Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in cheese with the magnetic immuno-polymerase chain reaction assay. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993; 59:1289-93. [PMID: 8517730 PMCID: PMC182079 DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.5.1289-1293.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A new detection system, the magnetic immuno-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay (MIPA) has been developed to detect Listeria monocytogenes in food. This method separates Listeria cells from PCR-inhibitory factors present in enrichment broths containing food samples by using magnetic beads coated with specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). The separated bacteria were lysed, and the supernatant containing the bacterial DNA was subjected to the PCR. Detection of L. monocytogenes in three naturally contaminated cheese samples with two different MAbs and PCR primers specific for the gene encoding the delayed-hypersensitivity factor showed that with MAb 55 all three samples were positive whereas with MAb A two samples were positive. A further improvement of the method was obtained by using a PCR step based on the listeriolysin O gene. A MIPA employing MAb 55 and the listeriolysin O gene primer set detected L. monocytogenes after 24 h of culture in Listeria Enrichment Broth samples from Port Salut artificially contaminated with 40 CFU/25 g. We could detect 1 CFU of L. monocytogenes per g of cheese after a second enrichment for 24 h in Fraser broth. The analysis time including both enrichments is approximately 55 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Fluit
- Eijkman-Winkler Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Utrecht, The Netherlands
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20
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Wang RF, Cao WW, Wang H, Johnson MG. A 16S rRNA-based DNA probe and PCR method specific for Listeria ivanovii. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1993; 106:85-92. [PMID: 8440468 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb05939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A 16S rRNA-based DNA probe and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was developed for identification and rapid detection of Listeria ivanovii. The probe (R-1) is 5'-GTAGTGACGCATGTCATCAC-3' corresponding to positions 185-204 in the L. ivanovii 16S rRNA sequence. DNA hybridization results indicated that R-1 probe only reacted with L. ivanovii, and not with six other species of Listeria or other bacteria tested. The PCR method using R-1 and a reverse primer, R-2, was positive with all eight strains of L. ivanovii tested but was negative with six other species of Listeria, including nine strains of L. monocytogenes, and 20 other taxonomically related bacteria tested. In our PCR method, starting with whole bacterial cells, only 3 h were required for the PCR assay and 1 h for electrophoresis without any additional time for DNA isolation and DNA hybridization. This PCR method detected as few as 4 cells of L. ivanovii in pure cultures and 4-40 cells of L. ivanovii in inoculated and diluted mouse feed, blood, or faeces samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Wang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72703
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21
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Datta AR, Moore MA, Wentz BA, Lane J. Identification and enumeration of Listeria monocytogenes by nonradioactive DNA probe colony hybridization. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993; 59:144-9. [PMID: 8439145 PMCID: PMC202069 DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.1.144-149.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A plasmid containing the cloned listeriolysin gene of Listeria monocytogenes was used as a probe to identify Listeria strains by DNA colony hybridization. The probe DNA was labeled with horseradish peroxidase in the presence of glutaraldehyde. After the hybridization and wash procedures, the hybrid molecules were detected by luminescence, which resulted from the oxidation of luminol by a horseradish peroxidase-hydrogen peroxide-coupled reaction. Of the 150 Listeria strains and 16 non-Listeria strains examined, the probe hybridized only with L. monocytogenes. The technique was also used to enumerate L. monocytogenes in artificially contaminated foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Datta
- Division of Microbiology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204
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22
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Kandel A, Nybroe O, Rasmussen OF. Survival of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid degrading Alcaligenes eutrophus AE0106(pR0101) in lake water microcosms. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1992; 24:291-303. [PMID: 24193208 DOI: 10.1007/bf00167787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/1992] [Revised: 05/04/1992] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Survival of the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) degrading Alcaligenes eutrophus strain AEO 106 harboring the catabolic plasmid pRO101 was studied in lake water from the eutrophic lake Frederiksborg Slotssø. Survival experiments were performed for periods of 7 days in laboratory microcosms containing filtered (0.2-µm pore size) or natural lake water amended with increasing concentrations of 2,4-D. A. eutrophus AE0106 was detected by combining the fluorescent antibody method with selective and nonselective plating followed by colony blotting and colony hybridization. Comparison of colony blotting and colony hybridization demonstrated that the A. eutrophus AE0106 host organism and the catabolic plasmid pRO101 had similar fates in the model system employed. In all experiments culturable counts of A. eutrophus AE0106 were lower than fluorescent antibody counts and frequently a decline in culturable counts occurred at times when the fluorescent antibody method showed an increasing population size. Amendment with 2,4-D increased survival of A. eutrophus AE0106 both in filtered and in natural lake water. Survival was always poorer in model systems with natural water than in 0.2 µm-filtered water.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kandel
- Department of Microbiology, Water Quality Institute, DK-2970, Hørsholm
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23
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Brooks JL, Kroll RG. Electrical detection of enzyme-labelled oligonucleotide probes to Listeria and Carnobacterium in pure cultures and in foods. J Microbiol Methods 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-7012(92)90032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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24
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Lee C, Chen LH, Liu ML, Su YC. Use of an oligonucleotide probe to detect Vibrio parahaemolyticus in artificially contaminated oysters. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992; 58:3419-22. [PMID: 1444377 PMCID: PMC183116 DOI: 10.1128/aem.58.10.3419-3422.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A 26-mer oligonucleotide specific to Vibrio parahaemolyticus was synthesized from a 1,275-bp thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) gene. This oligonucleotide probe specifically reacted with DNA from 89 of 95 V. parahaemolyticus isolates but not with DNA from other vibrios or other enteric and nonenteric organisms (n = 48). The probe hybridized with Southern blots of 0.5-kb HindIII-restricted chromosomal DNA fragments from all but five V. parahaemolyticus test isolates. The probe could be used to directly identify V. parahaemolyticus in artificially contaminated food without an isolation step.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lee
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Republic of China
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25
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26
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Bubert A, Köhler S, Goebel W. The homologous and heterologous regions within the iap gene allow genus- and species-specific identification of Listeria spp. by polymerase chain reaction. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992; 58:2625-32. [PMID: 1514809 PMCID: PMC195830 DOI: 10.1128/aem.58.8.2625-2632.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The iap gene of Listeria species encodes protein p60. The comparison of iap-related genes from different Listeria species indicated common and variable regions within these genes which appeared to be specific for each Listeria species. On the basis of the iap gene sequences, pairs of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers which allowed the unambiguous identification of all members of the genus Listeria, of groups of related Listeria species, and of L. monocytogenes, exclusively, were selected. The PCR primers specific for L. monocytogenes yielded PCR products which represented essentially the repeat region of the iap gene. The size of these PCR products allowed an estimate of the number of the TN repeat units within the repeat region of the p60 protein of an L. monocytogenes strain. The data indicated that the number of repeat units differed among L. monocytogenes isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bubert
- Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Universität Würzburg, Germany
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27
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Jaton K, Sahli R, Bille J. Development of polymerase chain reaction assays for detection of Listeria monocytogenes in clinical cerebrospinal fluid samples. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30:1931-6. [PMID: 1500495 PMCID: PMC265418 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.30.8.1931-1936.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to improve the diagnosis of Listeria meningitis or meningoencephalitis, especially in patients who have received antibiotics before their cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been examined, two assays for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were evaluated. After a standard PCR, the amplified DNA was detected either by a second round of PCR with internal primers followed by gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining (nested PCR) or by dot blot hybridization to an internal digoxigenin-labeled probe (PCR-dot blot). For PCR, two sets of primers within the invasion-associated protein gene (iap gene) were chosen. They allowed for the highly specific detection of all L. monocytogenes reference strains tested (serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b, 1/2c, 3a, 3b, 3c, 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, and 7). These primers did not detect amplification products from various other gram-positive or gram-negative bacterial DNAs or human DNA. The sensitivities of both assays were assessed on sterile CSF samples that were artificially seeded with serial dilutions of L. monocytogenes serotype 4b cells. By both methods the limit of detection was less than 10 cells in the initial reaction. Since the nested PCR is more prone to contamination because of manipulation of the amplified products, a standard PCR assay followed by dot blot hybridization was applied to 52 CSF samples in a retrospective study. Of 28 CSF samples which were sterile or positive for bacteria other than Listeria species, 24 were PCR negative. In contrast, from 17 patients with culture-proven Listeria meningitis, 14 of 17 initial CSF samples were PCR positive, as were 3 of 7 culture-negative followup CSF samples taken after patients received antibiotics. These results support the usefulness of this approach in the diagnosis of Listeria meningitis, in particular, when antibiotic administration precedes culture of CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jaton
- Centre National des Listeria, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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28
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Fitter S, Heuzenroeder M, Thomas CJ. A combined PCR and selective enrichment method for rapid detection of Listeria monocytogenes. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1992; 73:53-9. [PMID: 1512178 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1992.tb04968.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Development of a routine detection assay for Listeria monocytogenes in foods that uses the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enrichment cultures was investigated. Oligonucleotide primers were chosen to amplify a 3' region of L. monocytogenes hlyA gene spanning a conserved HindIII site. PCR detection sensitivity for L. monocytogenes in dilutions of pure enrichment cultures was between 50 and 500 colony forming units. A short enrichment period before PCR amplification allowed detection of the organisms in a range of complex foods contaminated with 10(4) cfu/g. Detection sensitivity for the assay in the presence of chicken skin and soft cheese was determined at 10-100 cfu/g. Utilization of enrichment cultures and PCR allowed identification of the organism within 24 h or 2 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fitter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Adelaide, Australia
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29
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Use of a hydrophobic grid-membrane filter DNA probe method to detect Listeria monocytogenes in artificially-contaminated foods. Food Microbiol 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0740-0020(92)80022-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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30
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Bhunia AK, Johnson MG. Monoclonal antibody specific for Listeria monocytogenes associated with a 66-kilodalton cell surface antigen. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992; 58:1924-9. [PMID: 1622267 PMCID: PMC195705 DOI: 10.1128/aem.58.6.1924-1929.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody (MAb), EM-7G1, specific for Listeria monocytogenes was developed by using a previously developed MAb, C11E9 (A. K. Bhunia, P. H. Ball, A. T. Fuad, B. W. Kurz, J. W. Emerson, and M. G. Johnson, Infect. Immun. 59:3176-3184, 1991), to mask epitopes shared by L. monocytogenes and Listeria innocua in a 66-kDa cell surface protein. MAb EM-7G1 was an immunoglobulin subclass G1 antibody with kappa light chains. This MAb reacted with all 34 strains of L. monocytogenes tested and showed no cross-reaction with other Listeria spp. or other gram-positive or gram-negative organisms tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, dot blotting, and colony blotting. A second MAb, EM-6E11, reacted with all Listeria spp. tested but no other bacteria. In a Western blot (immunoblot) assay, EM-7G1 reacted with a crude cell surface protein of 66 kDa with a pI value of 6.7, while EM-6E11 reacted with two protein bands of 43 and 94 to 97 kDa with pI values of 4.0 and 4.3, respectively. Results with trypsin or pronase treatments indicated that the cell antigen reacting with EM-7G1 was on the surface of L. monocytogenes V7 and Scott A cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Bhunia
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72703
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31
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Niederhauser C, Candrian U, Höfelein C, Jermini M, Bühler HP, Lüthy J. Use of polymerase chain reaction for detection of Listeria monocytogenes in food. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992; 58:1564-8. [PMID: 1622226 PMCID: PMC195641 DOI: 10.1128/aem.58.5.1564-1568.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A previously described polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay (B. Furrer, U. Candrian, C. Höfelein, and J. Lüthy, J. Appl. Bacteriol. 70:372-379, 1991) was used to analyze food for the presence of Listeria monocytogenes. Food samples were artificially contaminated to develop two procedures to detect the organism following enrichment steps. Procedure A was based on dilution of the enrichment broth followed by lysis of the bacteria and direct analysis of the lysate with PCR. With procedure A and artificially contaminated food samples, it was possible to detect fewer than 10 bacteria per 10 g of food. In procedure B, centrifugation was used to concentrate bacteria before lysis and PCR. With procedure A, 330 naturally contaminated food samples of several types were analyzed. Twenty samples were found to be positive for L. monocytogenes, which was in agreement with the classical culture technique. By using procedure B on a subset of 100 food samples, 14 were found to be positive by PCR whereas the classical culture method detected only 13. Analysis times, including enrichment steps, were 56 and 32 h with procedures A and B, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Niederhauser
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, University of Bern, Switzerland
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32
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Wang RF, Cao WW, Johnson MG. Development of cell surface protein associated gene probe specific for Listeria monocytogenes and detection of the bacteria in food by PCR. Mol Cell Probes 1992; 6:119-29. [PMID: 1513341 DOI: 10.1016/0890-8508(92)90056-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A genomic library of L. monocytogenes was constructed using lambda Zap II-Eco RI and screened with a monoclonal antibody which is specific for a Listeria cell surface protein. Three positive clones each contained a 6.5 kb insert which in E. coli could express the same Listeria protein. The 6.5 kb insert was further digested with Hin dIII and the smaller fragments were subcloned into a plasmid vector (pBluescript) and screened with 32P-labelled genomic DNA from L. monocytogenes or L. innocua. Three clones which were positive with L. monocytogenes and negative with L. innocua were screened and each contained a 2.1 kb insert. The 2.1 kb insert was partly sequenced and some candidate oligomer probes from the sequences were selected and compared with sequences in a Genbank computer search. One such oligomer probe (T7-list) was confirmed to be specific for L. monocytogenes. The probe hybridized with all 28 strains of L. monocytogenes tested, but not with any of six other Listeria species nor 11 other bacteria tested. Using this probe-primer, a PCR method was developed which could detect as few as 2 cfu of L. monocytogenes in pure cultures, and as few as 4-10 cfu of L. monocytogenes when inoculated into foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Wang
- Department of Food Science and Arkansas Biotechnology Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72703
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33
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Bohnert M, Dilasser F, Dalet C, Mengaud J, Cossart P. Use of specific oligonucleotides for direct enumeration of Listeria monocytogenes in food samples by colony hybridization and rapid detection by PCR. Res Microbiol 1992; 143:271-80. [PMID: 1448613 DOI: 10.1016/0923-2508(92)90019-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Two 18-mer oligonucleotides derived from the sequence of hly, the gene coding for listeriolysin O, were shown to be specific for Listeria monocytogenes in the genus Listeria in colony hybridization tests. The oligonucleotides did not hybridize with any of the bacterial species found in food and co-isolated with Listeria on selective media. They were used in colony hybridization tests for enumeration of L. monocytogenes present in food samples after direct plating on selective media plates. In addition, two 24-mer oligonucleotides, each including the sequence of one of the 18-mers, were successfully used for the PCR-based detection of L. monocytogenes bacilli present in food samples after 48-h enrichment period. Using this technique, as little as 10(2) bacteria per ml of enrichment broth can be detected.
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34
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BHUNIA ARUNK, BALL PETERH, JOHNSON MICHAELG. A 20?24 H MICROCOLONY-IMMUNOBLOT TECHNIQUE to DIRECTLY DETECT and ENUMERATE LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES INOCULATED INTO FOODS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4581.1992.tb00071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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35
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WANG RONGFU, SLAVIK MICHAELF, CAO WEIWEN, BLORE P. DEVELOPMENT of DNA PROBES SPECIFIC FOR CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4581.1992.tb00072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Datta AR. L. monocytogenes oligonucleotide probe. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992; 58:777. [PMID: 1610206 PMCID: PMC195327 DOI: 10.1128/aem.58.2.777-.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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37
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Candrian U, Höfelein C, Lüthy J. Polymerase chain reaction with additional primers allows identification of amplified DNA and recognition of specific alleles. Mol Cell Probes 1992; 6:13-9. [PMID: 1545829 DOI: 10.1016/0890-8508(92)90066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The use of additional primers in the standard two primer polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is described. This modification allows detection of a target gene in a single reaction, and identification of the amplification product obtained or recognition of a specific allele. The oligonucleotides used are internal to the original amplification primers and amplification-compatible with one of the original primers. Annealing of an additional primer to the target gene as well as to the primary amplification product will lead to the appearance of an additional smaller amplification fragment upon agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR products. Use of one or more allele-specific oligonucleotides as additional primers, in addition to two gene-specific primers, will allow recognition of different alleles of the target gene in a single PCR without further analysis except gel electrophoresis. The general applicability of the method was determined with several PCR assays for the detection of pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Candrian
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Berne, Switzerland
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38
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Atlas RM. Molecular methods for environmental monitoring and containment of genetically engineered microorganisms. Biodegradation 1992; 3:137-46. [PMID: 1369233 DOI: 10.1007/bf00129079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Plans to introduce genetically engineered microorganisms into the environment has led to concerns over safety and has raised questions about how to detect and to contain such microorganisms. Specific gene sequences, such as lacZ, have been inserted into genetically engineered microorganisms to permit their phenotypic detection. Molecular methods have been developed based upon recovery of DNA from environmental samples and gene probe hybridization to specific diagnostic gene sequences for the specific detection of genetically engineered microorganisms. DNA amplification using the polymerase chain reaction has been applied to enhance detection sensitivity so that single gene targets can be detected. Detection of messenger RNA has permitted the monitoring of gene expression in the environment. The use of reporter genes, such as the lux gene for bioluminescence, likewise has permitted the observation of gene expression. Conditional lethal constructs have been developed as models for containment of genetically engineered microorganisms. Suicide vectors, based upon the hok gene have been developed as model containment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Atlas
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, KY 40292
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39
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40
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41
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Rasmussen OF, Beck T, Olsen JE, Dons L, Rossen L. Listeria monocytogenes isolates can be classified into two major types according to the sequence of the listeriolysin gene. Infect Immun 1991; 59:3945-51. [PMID: 1937753 PMCID: PMC258981 DOI: 10.1128/iai.59.11.3945-3951.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of a 3.5-kb BamHI fragment from Listeria monocytogenes 12067, a human clinical isolate of serotype 4b, has been determined. The DNA fragment harbors the gene for listeriolysin, part of the gene for a phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, and part of the gene for a metalloprotease. Comparison of the sequence with corresponding sequences from two other L. monocytogenes isolates revealed a significant number of nucleotide differences. Several of the differences give rise to amino acid substitutions. The most variable region was the examined part of the mpl gene, whereas the lisA gene showed a relatively high degree of conservation, particularly at the amino acid level. To analyze the pattern of sequence variability in the lisA gene, a 160-bp region covering nine nucleotide differences was sequenced from 36 isolates of different origins. This work showed that the strains can be grouped into two major types according to the nucleotide sequences. Oligonucleotide probing of a larger number of L. monocytogenes isolates showed that the observed differences can be used to subdivide the species. The data suggest a correspondence between the sequence type of the lisA gene and flagellar antigens. Assays based on hybridization or the polymerase chain reaction with type-specific oligonucleotides may provide fast and easy alternative methods for strain typing.
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Affiliation(s)
- O F Rasmussen
- Department of Molecular Food Technology, Biotechnological Institute, Lyngby, Denmark
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42
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Bhunia AK, Ball PH, Fuad AT, Kurz BW, Emerson JW, Johnson MG. Development and characterization of a monoclonal antibody specific for Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria innocua. Infect Immun 1991; 59:3176-84. [PMID: 1715321 PMCID: PMC258150 DOI: 10.1128/iai.59.9.3176-3184.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BALB/c mice were immunized with crude cell surface proteins of Listeria monocytogenes V7. Approximately 1,680 hybridomas were generated after two fusions, and the monoclone C11E9 was selected and used for further characterization. The monoclonal antibody (MAb) produced by C11E9 was immunoglobulin subclass G2b with kappa light chains. Dot and colony blot results indicated that MAb C11E9 was reactive to all the L. monocytogenes (34 of 34) and Listeria innocua (6 of 6) isolates without any cross-reaction to other organisms tested. Western blot (immunoblot) analysis of crude cell surface proteins in native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) indicated that MAb C11E9 reacts with a single band in each species, with a molecular mass of 174 kDa for L. monocytogenes and 182 kDa for L. innocua. The MAb reacted with one major protein band in Western blot from acid-urea PAGE for both L. monocytogenes and L. innocua. Isoelectric focusing results indicated two immunoreactive protein bands with pIs of 8.1 and 7.4 for L. monocytogenes. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-PAGE and Western blot analysis indicated several proteins with molecular masses of 76, 66, 56, and 52 kDa for L. monocytogenes and 66, 56, and 52 kDa for L. innocua. Reaction of MAb C11E9 to washed live cells indicated the possible binding of antibody to cell surface antigen. These cell surface antigens could be removed by 1 N HCl plus 9 M urea, 2% SDS-0.5% beta-mercaptoethanol, or 4 M guanidine-HCl. The epitope of MAb C11E9 binding site was shown to be protein in nature. Periodic acid-Schiff staining and glycoprotein immunoassay indicated that carbohydrate was absent in the epitope. The cellular locations of the MAb C11E9-reactive antigens were calculated to be 76 and 90% outside and 24 and 10% inside the cell membranes of L. monocytogenes and L. innocua, respectively, for 12- to 14-h cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Bhunia
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72703
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43
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Thomas EJ, King RK, Burchak J, Gannon VP. Sensitive and specific detection of Listeria monocytogenes in milk and ground beef with the polymerase chain reaction. Appl Environ Microbiol 1991; 57:2576-80. [PMID: 1768130 PMCID: PMC183622 DOI: 10.1128/aem.57.9.2576-2580.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A sensitive and specific method for detection of Listeria monocytogenes in milk and ground-beef samples is described. It consists of culturing samples in listeria enrichment broth (LEB) and subculturing them from LEB to listeria plating media, followed by DNA extraction and species-specific detection of the organism by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In developing the L. monocytogenes PCR assay, five oligonucleotide primers complementary to the nucleotide sequence of the listeriolysin O gene were synthesized and used in amplification experiments. PCR products of the predicted size, based on nucleotide sequence information, were generated with DNA from all of 72 L. monocytogenes strains with five different primer pairs. DNA from Listeria ivanovii, Listeria innocua, Listeria seeligeri, Listeria welshimeri, Listeria grayi, and Listeia murrayi strains and a panel of 47 bacterial strains representing 17 genera did not generate PCR products with the primer pairs employed. As little as 1 pg of L. monocytogenes DNA could be detected with the assay. To determine the most sensitive culture protocol to use in conjunction with the PCR assay, milk (10 ml) and ground-beef (25 g) samples were inoculated with L. monocytogenes at concentrations ranging from 0 to 10(5) CFU ml-1 or g-1, as appropriate for the sample. PCR assays on DNA extracted from growth on listeria plating media, inoculated with 24-h LEB samples cultures, were most sensitive, allowing detection of as little as 0.1 CFU of L. monocytogenes ml-1 or g-1 of milk and ground beef, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Thomas
- Animal Diseases Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta
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Abstract
The gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is an ubiquitous, intracellular pathogen which has been implicated within the past decade as the causative organism in several outbreaks of foodborne disease. Listeriosis, with a mortality rate of about 24%, is found mainly among pregnant women, their fetuses, and immunocompromised persons, with symptoms of abortion, neonatal death, septicemia, and meningitis. Epidemiological investigations can make use of strain-typing procedures such as DNA restriction enzyme analysis or electrophoretic enzyme typing. The organism has a multifactorial virulence system, with the thiol-activated hemolysin, listeriolysin O, being identified as playing a crucial role in the organism's ability to multiply within host phagocytic cells and to spread from cell to cell. The organism occurs widely in food, with the highest incidences being found in meat, poultry, and seafood products. Improved methods for detecting and enumerating the organism in foodstuffs are now available, including those based on the use of monoclonal antibodies, DNA probes, or the polymerase chain reaction. As knowledge of the molecular and applied biology of L. monocytogenes increases, progress can be made in the prevention and control of human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Farber
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Köhler S, Bubert A, Vogel M, Goebel W. Expression of the iap gene coding for protein p60 of Listeria monocytogenes is controlled on the posttranscriptional level. J Bacteriol 1991; 173:4668-74. [PMID: 1906869 PMCID: PMC208143 DOI: 10.1128/jb.173.15.4668-4674.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the iap gene of Listeria monocytogenes encoding a major extracellular protein (p60) was analyzed. Different start sites for transcription of the iap gene were identified by primer extension analysis in L. monocytogenes and in a recombinant Escherichia coli clone. The mutant RIII of L. monocytogenes represents a member of the frequently occurring L. monocytogenes R mutants, which form cell chains and produce greatly reduced amounts of p60. However, the concentrations of iap-specific mRNA were similar in mutant RIII and the wild-type strain. The introduction of additional copies of the iap gene from wild-type L. monocytogenes led to an equal increase of iap mRNA in both strains, but overexpression of protein p60 was only observed in the wild-type strain. The nucleotide sequences of both iap genes and their 5' noncoding regions were identical in all parts that are essential for efficient transcription of the iap gene, translation of the iap-specific mRNA, and transport of the p60 protein. These data suggest that the expression of the iap gene in L. monocytogenes is controlled on the posttranscriptional level by a specific factor that is defective in mutant RIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Köhler
- Institut für Genetik und Mikrobiologie, Universität Würzburg, Germany
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Kim C, Swaminathan B, Cassaday PK, Mayer LW, Holloway BP. Rapid confirmation of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from foods by a colony blot assay using a digoxigenin-labeled synthetic oligonucleotide probe. Appl Environ Microbiol 1991; 57:1609-14. [PMID: 1908203 PMCID: PMC183440 DOI: 10.1128/aem.57.6.1609-1614.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An oligodeoxyribonucleotide probe based on the sequence of a 321-bp internal fragment of the msp gene encoding a major secreted polypeptide of Listeria monocytogenes was labeled with digoxigenin by using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. The specificity of the digoxigenin-labeled probe was determined by dot blot assays. The probe reacted with all strains of L. monocytogenes tested (12 of 12 strains representing five serotypes). The probe did not react with any other Listeria species or with other gram-positive bacteria (Brochothrix, Erysipelothrix, Corynebacterium, Rhodococcus, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus). The probe was used to develop a colony blot assay for the rapid confirmation of L. monocytogenes on Listeria-selective agars which had been streaked with food enrichment cultures. Forty-eight food samples were tested by conventional culture and DNA colony blot assay. The sensitivity and specificity of the DNA colony blot were 100 and 97%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kim
- Meningitis and Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
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47
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Furrer B, Candrian U, Hoefelein C, Luethy J. Detection and identification of Listeria monocytogenes in cooked sausage products and in milk by in vitro amplification of haemolysin gene fragments. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1991; 70:372-9. [PMID: 1908450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1991.tb02951.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent outbreaks of listeriosis have emphasized the urgent need for rapid and reliable detection methods for Listeria spp., especially in food. Haemolysin production is a major factor in the pathogenesis of listeriosis and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify two specific DNA fragments of the alpha- and the beta-haemolysin genes. The amplification system specifically recognized L. monocytogenes strains. The detection limit determined with pure cultures was 10 bacteria when estimated with alpha-haemolysin primers. In the analysis of 50 samples of cooked sausage products, bacterial colonies suspected to be Listeria spp. were isolated by conventional methods from six samples. PCR analysis identified three of six as L. monocytogenes. Subsequent serotyping showed perfect agreement with the PCR results. Since enrichment is the most time consuming step in conventional methods a PCR procedure which allows the direct detection of L. monocytogenes in milk was developed. Pasteurized milk was artificially contaminated with various levels of L. monocytogenes. The detection limit was determined to be 10 bacteria/10 ml milk and direct detection and identification of L. monocytogenes took less than two working days. These results show that this haemolysin gene amplification system is very rapid and reliable and therefore avoids cumbersome and lengthy cultivation steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Furrer
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Berne, Switzerland
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48
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Abstract
During the 1980s, investigation of several large epidemics of listeriosis confirmed that transmission of L. monocytogenes in food causes human disease. Progress in laboratory detection and subtyping of the organism has enhanced our ability to compare human and environmental isolates of L. monocytogenes. Transmission by foodborne organisms is now recognized as causing both epidemic and sporadic listeriosis. Continued study of dietary risk factors associated with listeriosis is needed in order to develop dietary recommendations for the expanding population at increased risk of disease. Current research application of new molecular methods to the study of L. monocytogenes may improve the ability to diagnose pregnancy-associated disease and permit the rapid detection and control of L. monocytogenes in the food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schuchat
- Meningitis and Special Pathogens Branch, Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
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49
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Deneer HG, Boychuk I. Species-specific detection of Listeria monocytogenes by DNA amplification. Appl Environ Microbiol 1991; 57:606-9. [PMID: 1901713 PMCID: PMC182759 DOI: 10.1128/aem.57.2.606-609.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The polymerase chain reaction was used to detect and specifically identify Listeria monocytogenes. A 174-bp region of the listeriolysin O gene was shown to be specifically amplified in L. monocytogenes but not in other species of Listeria or in a number of other gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Less than 50 organisms could routinely be detected by a procedure involving two rounds of 35 amplification cycles each and without the need for subsequent hybridization with labeled probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Deneer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Border PM, Howard JJ, Plastow GS, Siggens KW. Detection of Listeria species and Listeria monocytogenes using polymerase chain reaction. Lett Appl Microbiol 1991; 11:158-62. [PMID: 1367467 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.1990.tb00149.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Five oligonucleotide sequences are described that were used as primers in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify specific sequences from Listeria DNA. When all five primers were used in combination, three PCR products were possible; a Listeria specific product that occurs with DNA from any Listeria sp., a Listeria monocytogenes specific product that occurs only in the presence of DNA from this organism and a universal product that is found using DNA from any bacterial source. The occurrence of these PCR products was used as a diagnostic test on bacteria isolated from various food samples to detect Listeria sp. and L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Border
- Group Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
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