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Todorović I, Moënne-Loccoz Y, Raičević V, Jovičić-Petrović J, Muller D. Microbial diversity in soils suppressive to Fusarium diseases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1228749. [PMID: 38111879 PMCID: PMC10726057 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1228749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium species are cosmopolitan soil phytopathogens from the division Ascomycota, which produce mycotoxins and cause significant economic losses of crop plants. However, soils suppressive to Fusarium diseases are known to occur, and recent knowledge on microbial diversity in these soils has shed new lights on phytoprotection effects. In this review, we synthesize current knowledge on soils suppressive to Fusarium diseases and the role of their rhizosphere microbiota in phytoprotection. This is an important issue, as disease does not develop significantly in suppressive soils even though pathogenic Fusarium and susceptible host plant are present, and weather conditions are suitable for disease. Soils suppressive to Fusarium diseases are documented in different regions of the world. They contain biocontrol microorganisms, which act by inducing plants' resistance to the pathogen, competing with or inhibiting the pathogen, or parasitizing the pathogen. In particular, some of the Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Paenibacillus and Streptomyces species are involved in plant protection from Fusarium diseases. Besides specific bacterial populations involved in disease suppression, next-generation sequencing and ecological networks have largely contributed to the understanding of microbial communities in soils suppressive or not to Fusarium diseases, revealing different microbial community patterns and differences for a notable number of taxa, according to the Fusarium pathosystem, the host plant and the origin of the soil. Agricultural practices can significantly influence soil suppressiveness to Fusarium diseases by influencing soil microbiota ecology. Research on microbial modes of action and diversity in suppressive soils should help guide the development of effective farming practices for Fusarium disease management in sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Todorović
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR5557 Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Yvan Moënne-Loccoz
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR5557 Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Vera Raičević
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Daniel Muller
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR5557 Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
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Buffi M, Cailleau G, Kuhn T, Li Richter XY, Stanley CE, Wick LY, Chain PS, Bindschedler S, Junier P. Fungal drops: a novel approach for macro- and microscopic analyses of fungal mycelial growth. MICROLIFE 2023; 4:uqad042. [PMID: 37965130 PMCID: PMC10642649 DOI: 10.1093/femsml/uqad042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
This study presents an inexpensive approach for the macro- and microscopic observation of fungal mycelial growth. The 'fungal drops' method allows to investigate the development of a mycelial network in filamentous microorganisms at the colony and hyphal scales. A heterogeneous environment is created by depositing 15-20 µl drops on a hydrophobic surface at a fixed distance. This system is akin to a two-dimensional (2D) soil-like structure in which aqueous-pockets are intermixed with air-filled pores. The fungus (spores or mycelia) is inoculated into one of the drops, from which hyphal growth and exploration take place. Hyphal structures are assessed at different scales using stereoscopic and microscopic imaging. The former allows to evaluate the local response of regions within the colony (modular behaviour), while the latter can be used for fractal dimension analyses to describe the hyphal network architecture. The method was tested with several species to underpin the transferability to multiple species. In addition, two sets of experiments were carried out to demonstrate its use in fungal biology. First, mycelial reorganization of Fusarium oxysporum was assessed as a response to patches containing different nutrient concentrations. Second, the effect of interactions with the soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida on habitat colonization by the same fungus was assessed. This method appeared as fast and accessible, allowed for a high level of replication, and complements more complex experimental platforms. Coupled with image analysis, the fungal drops method provides new insights into the study of fungal modularity both macroscopically and at a single-hypha level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Buffi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Cailleau
- Laboratory of Microbiology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Kuhn
- Laboratory of Microbiology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Eco-Ethology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Xiang-Yi Li Richter
- Laboratory of Microbiology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Eco-Ethology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Claire E Stanley
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, B304, Bessemer Building, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lukas Y Wick
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick S Chain
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, P.O. Box 1663, NM 87545, United States
| | - Saskia Bindschedler
- Laboratory of Microbiology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Pilar Junier
- Laboratory of Microbiology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Yu YY, Zhang YY, Wang T, Huang TX, Tang SY, Jin Y, Mi DD, Zheng Y, Niu DD, Guo JH, Jiang CH. Kurstakin Triggers Multicellular Behaviors in Bacillus cereus AR156 and Enhances Disease Control Efficacy Against Rice Sheath Blight. PLANT DISEASE 2023:PDIS01220078RE. [PMID: 36205689 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-22-0078-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Kurstakin is the latest discovered family of lipopeptides secreted by Bacillus spp. In this study, the effects of kurstakin on the direct antagonism, multicellularity, and disease control ability of Bacillus cereus AR156 were explored. An insertion mutation in the nonribosomal peptide synthase responsible for kurstakin synthesis led to a significant reduction of antagonistic ability of AR156 against the plant-pathogenic fungi Rhizoctonia solani, Ascochyta citrullina, Fusarium graminearum, and F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense. The loss of kurstakin synthesis ability significantly impaired the swarming motility of AR156 and reduced biofilm formation and amyloid protein accumulation. Although the loss of kurstakin synthesis ability did not reduce the competitiveness of AR156 under laboratory conditions, the colonization and environmental adaptability of the mutant was significantly weaker than that of wild-type AR156 on rice leaves. The cell surface of wild-type AR156 colonizing the leaf surface was covered by a thick biofilm matrix under a scanning electron microscope, but not the mutant. The colonization ability on rice roots and control efficacy against rice sheath blight disease of the mutant were also impaired. Thus, kurstakin participates in the control of plant diseases by B. cereus AR156 through directly inhibiting the growth of pathogenic fungi and improving long-term environmental adaptability and colonization of AR156 on the host surface by triggering multicellularity. This study explored the multiple functions of kurstakin in plant disease control by B. cereus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yang Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture; and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yi-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture; and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture; and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tao-Xiang Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture; and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shu-Ya Tang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture; and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yu Jin
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture; and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dan-Dan Mi
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture; and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture; and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dong-Dong Niu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture; and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jian-Hua Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture; and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chun-Hao Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture; and Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
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Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR): Current and Future Prospects for Crop Improvement. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-6949-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Pseudomonas fluorescens: A Potential Biocontrol Agent for Management of Fungal Diseases of Crop Plants. Fungal Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1188-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Katsuwon J, Anderson AJ. Catalase and superoxide dismutase of root-colonizing saprophytic fluorescent pseudomonads. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 56:3576-82. [PMID: 16348360 PMCID: PMC185025 DOI: 10.1128/aem.56.11.3576-3582.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-colonizing, saprophytic fluorescent pseudomonads of the Pseudomonas putida-P. fluorescens group express similar levels of catalase and superoxide dismutase activities during growth on a sucrose- and amino acid-rich medium. Increased specific activities of catalase but not superoxide dismutase were observed during growth of these bacteria on components washed from root surfaces. The specific activities of both enzymes were also regulated during contact of these bacteria with intact bean roots. Increased superoxide dismutase and decreased catalase activities were observed rapidly, by 10 min upon inoculation of cells onto intact bean roots. Catalase specific activity increased with time to peak at 12 h before declining. By 48 h, the cells displayed this low catalase but maintained high superoxide dismutase specific activities. Catalase with a low specific activity and a high superoxide dismutase activity also were present in extracts of cells obtained from 7-day-old roots colonized from inoculum applied to seed. This specific activity of superoxide dismutase of root-contacted cells was about fourfold-higher in comparison to cells grown on rich medium, whereas the specific activity for catalase was reduced about fivefold. A single catalase isozyme, isozyme A, and one isozyme of superoxide dismutase, isozyme 1, were detected during growth of the bacteria on root surface components and during exposure of cells to intact bean roots for 1 h. An additional catalase, isozyme B, was detected from bacteria after exposure to the intact bean roots for 12 h. Catalase isozyme A and superoxide dismutase isozyme 1 were located in the cytoplasm and catalase band B was located in the membrane of P. putida.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Katsuwon
- Biology Department, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-5305
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Miller CD, Kim YC, Anderson AJ. Competitiveness in root colonization by Pseudomonas putida requires the rpoS gene. Can J Microbiol 2004; 47:41-8. [PMID: 15049448 DOI: 10.1139/w00-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The rpoS gene in Pseudomonas putida was essential for plant root colonization under competitive conditions from other microbes. The RpoS- mutant survived less well than the wild-type strain in culture medium, and unlike the wild-type, failed to colonize the roots in a peat matrix containing an established diverse microflora. The RpoS-deficient P. putida isolate was generated by insertion of a glucuronidase-npt cassette into the rpoS gene. The RpoS mutant had dose-dependent increased sensitivity to oxidative stress and produced Mn-superoxide dismutase activity earlier than the parent. While extracts from wild-type P. putida stationary-phase cells contained three isozymes of catalase (CatA, CatB, and CatC), the sigma38-deficient P. putida lacked CatB. These results are consistent with previous findings that CatB is induced in stationary-phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Miller
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84522-5305, USA
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Anderson AJ, Miller CD. Catalase activity and the survival of Pseudomonas putida, a root colonizer, upon treatment with peracetic acid. Can J Microbiol 2001; 47:222-8. [PMID: 11315113 DOI: 10.1139/w01-002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peracetic acid is used as a sterilant in several industrial settings. Cells of a plant-colonizing bacterium, Pseudomonas putida in liquid suspension, were more sensitive to killing by peracetic acid when they lacked a major catalase activity, catalase A. Low doses of peracetic acid induced promoter activity of the gene encoding catalase A and increased total catalase specific activity in cell extracts. Microbes present in native agricultural soils rapidly degraded the active oxygen species present in peracetic acid. The simultaneous release of oxygen was consistent with a role for catalase in degrading the hydrogen peroxide that is part of the peracetic acid-equilibrium mixture. Amendment of sterilized soils with wild-type P. putida restored the rate of degradation of peracetic acid to a higher level than was observed in the soils amended with the catalase A-deficient mutant. The association of the bacteria with the plant roots resulted in protection of the wild-type as well as the catalase-deficient mutant from killing by peracetic acid. No differential recovery of the wild-type and catalase A mutant of P. putida was observed from roots after the growth matrix containing the plants was flushed with peracetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Anderson
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan 84322-5305, USA.
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Miller CD, Kim YC, Anderson AJ. Cloning and mutational analysis of the gene for the stationary-phase inducible catalase (catC) from Pseudomonas putida. J Bacteriol 1997; 179:5241-5. [PMID: 9260972 PMCID: PMC179388 DOI: 10.1128/jb.179.16.5241-5245.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas putida, a bacterium that colonizes plant roots and enhances plant growth, produces three isozymes of catalase (A, B, and C) in stationary-phase cells. A catalase probe, generated by PCR analysis of P. putida genomic DNA with oligomers based on typical catalase sequences, hybridized to a genomic clone that expressed catalase C in Escherichia coli. The catC gene from this clone had a 2,133-bp open reading frame with a high level of identity to the stationary-phase-specific E. coli katE. Chromosomal mutants of P. putida deficient in catalase C, obtained by gene interruption with a luxAB-npt cassette, demonstrated enhanced catC transcription in stationary-phase cells and, upon exposure to phenol, in logarithmic-phase cells. The catalase C-deficient cells were not impaired in their ability to colonize roots of bean or wheat plants grown under sterile conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Miller
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan 84322-5305, USA
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Hasnain S, Yasmin S, Yasmin A. The effects of lead-resistant pseudomonads on the growth of Triticum Aestivum seedlings under lead stress. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1993; 81:179-184. [PMID: 15091828 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(93)90084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/1991] [Accepted: 06/03/1992] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Five Pseudomonad strains, SPb-1, SPb-2, SPb-3, (from a water sample), SPb-4, and SPb-5 (from rhizosphere), which could tolerate lead acetate up to 1000 microm ml(-1), were isolated from an industrially polluted area around Kasoor, Pakistan. Only SPb-5 harbours a lead-resistant plasmid. Triticum aestivum seeds inoculated with strains SPb-4 and SPb-5 were germinated and grown under different concentrations (0, 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mM) of lead acetate for ten days. Germination and seedling growth were adversely affected. Poor growth was associated with increased lead content of seedlings. With bacterial inoculation, germination and seedling growth were improved, as compared with non-inoculated treatments. Stimulation in the growth of seedlings was accompanied by a decrease in lead content, as compared with non-inoculated treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hasnain
- Botany Department, Punjab University, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore-54590, Pakistan
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O'Sullivan DJ, O'Gara F. Traits of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. involved in suppression of plant root pathogens. Microbiol Rev 1992; 56:662-76. [PMID: 1480114 PMCID: PMC372893 DOI: 10.1128/mr.56.4.662-676.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Certain members of the fluorescent pseudomonad group have been shown to be potential agents for the biocontrol of plant root diseases. The major problems with the commercialization of these beneficial strains are that few wild-type strains contain all the desired characteristics for this process and the performance of strains in different soil and climatic conditions is not reproducible. Consequently, prior to selection and/or improvement of suitable strains for biocontrol purposes, it is necessary to understand the important traits required for this purpose. The production of fluorescent siderophores (iron-binding compounds) and antibiotic compounds has been recognized as important for the inhibition of plant root pathogens. Efficient root colonization is also a prerequisite for successful biocontrol strains. This review discusses some of the characteristics of fluorescent pseudomonads that have been suggested to be important for biocontrol. The genetic organization and regulation of these processes is also examined. This information is necessary for attempts aimed at the improvement of strains based on deregulating pathways or introducing traits from one strain to another. The release of genetically engineered organisms into the environment is governed by regulations, and this aspect is summarized. The commercialization of fluorescent pseudomonads for the biological control of plant root diseases remains an exciting possibility. The understanding of the relevant characteristics will facilitate this process by enabling the direct selection and/or construction of strains which will perform under a variety of environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J O'Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, University College, Cork, Ireland
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Secondary Metabolites of Pseudomonas Fluorescens Strain CHA0 Involved in the Suppression of Root Diseases. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR GENETICS OF PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS VOL. 1 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-7934-6_68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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