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Zulkipli M, Mahbub N, Fatima A, Wan-Lin SL, Khoo TJ, Mahboob T, Rajagopal M, Samudi C, Kathirvalu G, Abdullah NH, Pinho AR, Oliveira SMR, Pereira MDL, Rahmatullah M, Hasan A, Paul AK, Butler MS, Nawaz M, Wilairatana P, Nissapatorn V, Wiart C. Isolation and Characterization of Werneria Chromene and Dihydroxyacidissimol from Burkillanthus malaccensis (Ridl.) Swingle. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1388. [PMID: 35684161 PMCID: PMC9182682 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The secondary metabolites of endemic plants from the Rutaceae family, such as Burkillanthusmalaccensis (Ridl.) Swingle from the rainforest of Malaysia, has not been studied. Burkillanthusmalaccensis (Ridl.) Swingle may produce antibacterial and antibiotic-potentiating secondary metabolites. Hexane, chloroform, and methanol extracts of leaves, bark, wood, pericarps, and endocarps were tested against bacteria by broth microdilution assay and their antibiotic-potentiating activities. Chromatographic separations of hexane extracts of seeds were conducted to investigate effective phytochemicals and their antibacterial activities. Molecular docking studies of werneria chromene and dihydroxyacidissiminol against SARS-CoV-2 virus infection were conducted using AutoDock Vina. The methanol extract of bark inhibited the growth of Staphylococcusaureus, Escherichiacoli, and Pseudomonasaeruginosa with the minimum inhibitory concentration of 250, 500, and 250 µg/mL, respectively. The chloroform extract of endocarps potentiated the activity of imipenem against imipenem-resistant Acinetobacterbaumannii. The hexane extract of seeds increased the sensitivity of P. aeruginosa against ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin. The hexane extract of seeds and chloroform extract of endocarps were chromatographed, yielding werneria chromene and dihydroxyacidissiminol. Werneria chromene was bacteriostatic for P.aeruginosa and P.putida, with MIC/MBC values of 1000 > 1000 µg/mL. Dihydroxyacidissiminol showed the predicted binding energies of −8.1, −7.6, −7.0, and −7.5 kcal/mol with cathepsin L, nsp13 helicase, SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain S-RBD. Burkillanthusmalaccensis (Ridl.) Swingle can be a potential source of natural products with antibiotic-potentiating activity and that are anti-SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masyitah Zulkipli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia; (M.Z.); (N.M.); (S.L.W.-L.); (T.-J.K.)
| | - Nuzum Mahbub
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia; (M.Z.); (N.M.); (S.L.W.-L.); (T.-J.K.)
| | - Ayesha Fatima
- Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey;
| | - Stefanie Lim Wan-Lin
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia; (M.Z.); (N.M.); (S.L.W.-L.); (T.-J.K.)
| | - Teng-Jin Khoo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia; (M.Z.); (N.M.); (S.L.W.-L.); (T.-J.K.)
| | - Tooba Mahboob
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (T.M.); (C.S.); (G.K.)
| | - Mogana Rajagopal
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Chandramathi Samudi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (T.M.); (C.S.); (G.K.)
| | - Gheetanjali Kathirvalu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (T.M.); (C.S.); (G.K.)
| | - Nor Hayati Abdullah
- Natural Product Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong 52109, Malaysia;
| | - Ana Rita Pinho
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.R.P.); (M.d.L.P.)
- Neuroscience and Signaling Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine-IBIMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sonia M. R. Oliveira
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
- Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Maria de Lourdes Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.R.P.); (M.d.L.P.)
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Mohammed Rahmatullah
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Lalmatia, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Anamul Hasan
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Lalmatia, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; (M.R.); (A.H.)
| | - Alok K. Paul
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia;
| | - Mark S. Butler
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Muhammad Nawaz
- Department of Nano-Medicine, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRM), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Veeranoot Nissapatorn
- School of Allied Health Sciences, World Union for Herbal Drug Discovery (WUHeDD), Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products (RECIHP), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Christophe Wiart
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
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Sambyal K, Singh RV. Exploitation of E. coli for the production of penicillin G amidase: a tool for the synthesis of semisynthetic β-lactam antibiotics. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:156. [PMID: 34652570 PMCID: PMC8521562 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00263-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Penicillin G amidase/acylases from microbial sources is a unique enzyme that belongs to the N-terminal nucleophilic hydrolase structural superfamily. It catalyzes the selective hydrolysis of side chain amide/acyl bond of penicillins and cephalosporins whereas the labile amide/acyl bond in the β-lactam ring remains intact. This review summarizes the production aspects of PGA from various microbial sources at optimized conditions. The minimal yield from wild strains has been extensively improved using varying strain improvement techniques like recombination and mutagenesis; further applied for the subsequent synthesis of 6-aminopenicillanic acid, which is an intermediate molecule for synthesis of a wide range of novel β-lactam antibiotics. Immobilization of PGA has also been attempted to enhance the durability of enzyme for the industrial purposes. SHORT CONCLUSION The present review provides an emphasis on exploitation of E. coli to enhance the microbial production of PGA. The latest achievements in the production of recombinant enzymes have also been discussed. Besides E. coli, other potent microbial strains with PGA activity must be explored to enhance the yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishika Sambyal
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab, India
| | - Rahul Vikram Singh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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3
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Lakowitz A, Godard T, Biedendieck R, Krull R. Mini review: Recombinant production of tailored bio-pharmaceuticals in different Bacillus strains and future perspectives. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 126:27-39. [PMID: 28606596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bio-pharmaceuticals like antibodies, hormones and growth factors represent about one-fifth of commercial pharmaceuticals. Host candidates of growing interest for recombinant production of these proteins are strains of the genus Bacillus, long being established for biotechnological production of homologous and heterologous proteins. Bacillus strains benefit from development of efficient expression systems in the last decades and emerge as major industrial workhorses for recombinant proteins due to easy cultivation, non-pathogenicity and their ability to secrete recombinant proteins directly into extracellular medium allowing cost-effective downstream processing. Their broad product portfolio of pharmaceutically relevant recombinant proteins described in research include antibody fragments, growth factors, interferons and interleukins, insulin, penicillin G acylase, streptavidin and different kinases produced in various cultivation systems like microtiter plates, shake flasks and bioreactor systems in batch, fed-batch and continuous mode. To further improve production and secretion performance of Bacillus, bottlenecks and limiting factors concerning proteases, chaperones, secretion machinery or feedback mechanisms can be identified on different cell levels from genomics and transcriptomics via proteomics to metabolomics and fluxomics. For systematical identification of recurring patterns characteristic of given regulatory systems and key genetic targets, systems biology and omics-technology provide suitable and promising approaches, pushing Bacillus further towards industrial application for recombinant pharmaceutical protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Lakowitz
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-List-Straβe 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Braunschweig Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thibault Godard
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-List-Straβe 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Braunschweig Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rebekka Biedendieck
- Braunschweig Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rainer Krull
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-List-Straβe 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Braunschweig Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
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PARAMITHA PUTRI FENTRI, NURHASANAH ASTUTIATI, NURHAYATI NIKNIK, HELIANTI IS, SYAMSU KHASWAR. Medium Optimization for Penicillin Acylase (PAc) Production by Recombinant B. megaterium MS941 Containing pac Gene from B. thuringiensis BGSC BD1 Using Response Surface Methodology. MICROBIOLOGY INDONESIA 2015. [DOI: 10.5454/mi.9.2.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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5
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Avinash VS, Pundle AV, Ramasamy S, Suresh CG. Penicillin acylases revisited: importance beyond their industrial utility. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2014; 36:303-16. [PMID: 25430891 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2014.960359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
It is of great importance to study the physiological roles of enzymes in nature; however, in some cases, it is not easily apparent. Penicillin acylases are pharmaceutically important enzymes that cleave the acyl side chains of penicillins, thus paving the way for production of newer semi-synthetic antibiotics. They are classified according to the type of penicillin (G or V) that they preferentially hydrolyze. Penicillin acylases are also used in the resolution of racemic mixtures and peptide synthesis. However, it is rather unfortunate that the focus on the use of penicillin acylases for industrial applications has stolen the spotlight from the study of the importance of these enzymes in natural metabolism. The penicillin acylases, so far characterized from different organisms, show differences in their structural nature and substrate spectrum. These enzymes are also closely related to the bacterial signalling phenomenon, quorum sensing, as detailed in this review. This review details studies on biochemical and structural characteristics of recently discovered penicillin acylases. We also attempt to organize the available insights into the possible in vivo role of penicillin acylases and related enzymes and emphasize the need to refocus research efforts in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vellore Sunder Avinash
- a Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National , National Chemical Laboratory , Pune , India
| | - Archana Vishnu Pundle
- a Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National , National Chemical Laboratory , Pune , India
| | - Sureshkumar Ramasamy
- a Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National , National Chemical Laboratory , Pune , India
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6
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Rajendran K, Mahadevan S, Rajendhran J, Paramasamy G, Mandal AB. Investigations to Enhance Production of Penicillin G Acylase from RecombinantBacillus badius pacExpressed inEscherichia coliDH5α. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2013.845750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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7
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Expression and characterization of a thermostable penicillin G acylase from an environmental metagenomic library. Biotechnol Lett 2013; 36:617-25. [PMID: 24338159 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-013-1403-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
One clone (ACPGA001) exhibiting penicillin G acylase (PGA) activity was screened from a metagenomic library by using a medium containing penicillin G. A novel PGA gene from the inserted fragment of ACPGA001 was obtained by sequencing. The amino acid sequence of ACPGA001 PGA exhibited <33 % similarity to PGAs retrieved from GenBank. This gene was expressed in Escherichia coli M15 and the recombinant protein was purified and characterized. The ACPGA001 PGA exhibited a maximum activity at 60 °C and showed high activity at pH 4-10 with an optimum pH of 8.0. This enzyme was stable at 40 °C for 70 min with a half-life of 60 min at 55 °C. These beneficial characteristics of ACPGA001 PGA provide some advantages for the potential application of ACPGA001 PGA in industry.
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Grulich M, Štěpánek V, Kyslík P. Perspectives and industrial potential of PGA selectivity and promiscuity. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1458-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Biotechnological advances on penicillin G acylase: pharmaceutical implications, unique expression mechanism and production strategies. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1319-32. [PMID: 23721991 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In light of unrestricted use of first-generation penicillins, these antibiotics are now superseded by their semisynthetic counterparts for augmented antibiosis. Traditional penicillin chemistry involves the use of hazardous chemicals and harsh reaction conditions for the production of semisynthetic derivatives and, therefore, is being displaced by the biosynthetic platform using enzymatic transformations. Penicillin G acylase (PGA) is one of the most relevant and widely used biocatalysts for the industrial production of β-lactam semisynthetic antibiotics. Accordingly, considerable genetic and biochemical engineering strategies have been devoted towards PGA applications. This article provides a state-of-the-art review in recent biotechnological advances associated with PGA, particularly in the production technologies with an emphasis on using the Escherichia coli expression platform.
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10
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Engineering the substrate specificity of a thermophilic penicillin acylase from thermus thermophilus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 79:1555-62. [PMID: 23263966 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03215-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A homologue of the Escherichia coli penicillin acylase is encoded in the genomes of several thermophiles, including in different Thermus thermophilus strains. Although the natural substrate of this enzyme is not known, this acylase shows a marked preference for penicillin K over penicillin G. Three-dimensional models were created in which the catalytic residues and the substrate binding pocket were identified. Through rational redesign, residues were replaced to mimic the aromatic binding site of the E. coli penicillin G acylase. A set of enzyme variants containing between one and four amino acid replacements was generated, with altered catalytic properties in the hydrolyses of penicillins K and G. The introduction of a single phenylalanine residue in position α188, α189, or β24 improved the K(m) for penicillin G between 9- and 12-fold, and the catalytic efficiency of these variants for penicillin G was improved up to 6.6-fold. Structural models, as well as docking analyses, can predict the positioning of penicillins G and K for catalysis and can demonstrate how binding in a productive pose is compromised when more than one bulky phenylalanine residue is introduced into the active site.
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11
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Tishkov V, Savin S, Yasnaya A. Protein engineering of penicillin acylase. Acta Naturae 2010; 2:47-61. [PMID: 22649651 PMCID: PMC3347563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillin acylases (PA) are widely used for the production of semi-synthetic β-lactam antibiotics and chiral compounds. In this review, the latest achievements in the production of recombinant enzymes are discussed, as well as the results of PA type G protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- V.I. Tishkov
- Department of Chemical Enzymology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
- Innovations and High Technologies MSU Ltd
| | - S.S. Savin
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
- Innovations and High Technologies MSU Ltd
| | - A.S. Yasnaya
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
- National Research Center “Kurchatovskii Institute”
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12
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Terreni M, Ubiali D, Bavaro T, Pregnolato M, Fernández-Lafuente R, Guisán JM. Enzymatic synthesis of cephalosporins. The immobilized acylase from Arthrobacter viscosus: A new useful biocatalyst. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 77:579-87. [PMID: 17879093 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1186-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Revised: 08/25/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The acylase from Arthrobacter viscosus was immobilized, studied in the enzymatic synthesis of some cephalosporins by kinetically controlled N-acylation (kcNa) of different cephem nuclei, and compared with the penicillin G acylase (PGA) from Escherichia coli. The reaction outcomes were dependent on the acylase microbial source and on the type of immobilization support. Generally, both enzymes, when immobilized onto hydrophilic resins such as glyoxyl-agarose (activated with aldehyde groups), displayed higher synthetic performances in comparison with hydrophobic acrylic epoxy-supports like Eupergit C. The kcNa of 7-amino cephalosporanic acid catalyzed by A. viscosus immobilized on glyoxyl-agarose afforded a quantitative conversion in 7-[(1-hydroxy-1-phenyl)-acetamido]-3-acetoxymethyl-Delta(3)-cephem-4-carboxylic acid, a useful intermediate for the synthesis of Cefamandole and Cefonicid. Similar results were obtained in the synthesis of these cephalosporins by direct acylation of the corresponding 3'-functionalized nucleus. In these reactions, A. viscosus displayed higher synthetic performances than the PGA from E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Terreni
- Italian Biocatalysis Center, PBL Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica, via Taramelli 12, Università degli Studi, I-27100, Pavia, Italy.
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13
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Rajendhran J, Gunasekaran P. Molecular cloning and characterization of thermostable β-lactam acylase with broad substrate specificity from Bacillus badius. J Biosci Bioeng 2007; 103:457-63. [PMID: 17609162 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.103.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2006] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The gene (pac) encoding beta-lactam acylase from Bacillus badius was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The pac gene was identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using degenerated primers, on the basis of conserved amino acid residues. By using single specific primer PCR (SSP-PCR) and direct genome sequencing, a complete pac gene with its promoter region was obtained. The ORF consisted of 2415 bp and the deduced amino acid sequence indicated that the enzyme is synthesized as a preproenzyme with a signal sequence, an alpha-subunit, a spacer peptide and a beta-subunit. The pac gene was expressed with its own promoter in different E. coli host strains and a maximum recombinant PAC (1820 U l(-1)) was obtained in E. coli DH5alpha. The recombinant PAC was purified by Ni-NTA chromatography and the purified PAC had two subunits with apparent molecular masses of 25 and 62 kDa. This enzyme exhibited a high thermostability with a maximum activity at 50 degrees C. This enzyme showed stability over a wide pH range (pH 6.0-8.5) with a maximum activity at pH 7.0 and activity on a wide beta-lactam substrate range. The K(m) values obtained for the hydrolysis of penicillin G and a chromogenic substrate, 6-nitro-3-phenylacetylamidobenzoic acid, from B. badius PAC were 39 and 41 microM, respectively. The PAC activity was competitively inhibited by PAA (K(i), 108 microM) and noncompetitively by 6-APA (K(i), 17 mM). The constitutive production of B. badius PAC in E. coli and its easier purification together with the advantageous properties, such as thermostability, pH stability and broad substrate specificity, make this as a novel enzyme suitable for beta-lactam industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyaprakash Rajendhran
- Department of Genetics, Centre for Excellence in Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
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Polizzi KM, Chaparro-Riggers JF, Vazquez-Figueroa E, Bommarius AS. Structure-guided consensus approach to create a more thermostable penicillin G acylase. Biotechnol J 2006; 1:531-6. [PMID: 16892288 DOI: 10.1002/biot.200600029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The thermostabilization of penicillin G acylase (PGA) is a difficult problem due to the large size of the protein and its complex maturation process. We developed a data-driven protein design method that requires fewer homologous sequences than the traditional consensus approach and utilizes structural information to limit the number of variants created. Approximately 50% of our 21 single-point mutants were found experimentally to be more thermostable than the wild-type PGA, two had almost threefold longer half-life at 50 degrees C, with very little effect on activity. An analysis of four programs that predict the thermostability conferred by point mutations shows little agreement between the programs and with the experimental data, emphasizing that the chosen stabilizing mutations are very difficult to predict, but that our data-driven design method should prove useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Polizzi
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Atlanta, GA 30332-0363, USA
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15
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Sandu C, Chiribau CB, Sachelaru P, Brandsch R. Plasmids for nicotine-dependent and -independent gene expression in Arthrobacter nicotinovorans and other arthrobacter species. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 71:8920-4. [PMID: 16332890 PMCID: PMC1317448 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.12.8920-8924.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The first inducible Arthrobacter overexpression system, based on the promoter/operator and the repressor of the 6-D-hydroxynicotine oxidase gene of Arthrobacter nicotinovorans, is described here. Nicotine-dependent overproduction and affinity purification of recombinant proteins are presented. The system will allow the production of complex enzymes and genetic complementation studies in Arthrobacter species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristinel Sandu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Freiburg, Hermann Herder Str. 7, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Cheng T, Chen M, Zheng H, Wang J, Yang S, Jiang W. Expression and purification of penicillin G acylase enzymes from four different micro-organisms, and a comparative evaluation of their synthesis/hydrolysis ratios for cephalexin. Protein Expr Purif 2005; 46:107-13. [PMID: 16139515 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2005.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Revised: 07/18/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Several genes for the enzyme penicillin G acylase, as isolated from four different micro-organisms (Alcaligenes facaelis, Escherichia coli, Kluyvera cryocrescens or Providencia rettgeri) were modified at their carboxy-termini to include His-tag fusions, then were expressed from the plasmid pET-24a(+) in E. coli JM109(DE3) cells. All fusion proteins were next purified to homogeneity in a single step by agar-based Co-IDA chromatography, and were then evaluated as catalysts for the synthesis of cephalexin by a kinetically controlled strategy. We find here that the penicillin G acylase enzyme from K. cryocrescens shows a higher intrinsic synthesis/hydrolysis ratio, when compared to three other enzymes from A. facaelis or P. rettgeri, or E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfan Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, PR China
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Rajendhran J, Gunasekaran P. Recent biotechnological interventions for developing improved penicillin G acylases. J Biosci Bioeng 2004; 97:1-13. [PMID: 16233581 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(04)70157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2003] [Accepted: 10/02/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Penicillin G acylase (PAC; EC 3.5.1.11) is the key enzyme used in the industrial production of beta-lactam antibiotics. This enzyme hydrolyzes the side chain of penicillin G and related beta-lactam antibiotics releasing 6-amino penicillanic acid (6-APA), which is the building block in the manufacture of semisynthetic penicillins. PAC from Escherichia coli strain ATCC 11105, Bacillus megaterium strain ATCC 14945 and mutants of these two strains is currently used in industry. Genes encoding for PAC from various bacterial sources have been cloned and overexpressed with significant improvements in transcription, translation and post-translational processing. Recent developments in enzyme engineering have shown that PAC can be modified to gain conformational stability and desired functionality. This review provides an overview of recent advances in the production, stabilization and application of PAC, highlighting the recent biotechnological approaches for the improved catalysis of PAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyaprakash Rajendhran
- Department of Microbial Technology, Centre for Excellence in Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai-625 021, India
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Plhácková K, Becka S, Skrob F, Kyslík P. Isolation and characterization of a new strain of Achromobacter sp. with beta-lactam antibiotic acylase activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2003; 62:507-16. [PMID: 12827318 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-003-1353-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2003] [Accepted: 04/25/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A bacterial strain producing a beta-lactam antibiotic acylase, able to hydrolyze ampicillin to 6-aminopenicillanic acid more efficiently than penicillin G, was isolated from soil and characterized. The isolate was identified as Achromobacter sp. using the phenotypic characteristics, composition of cellular fatty acids and 16S rRNA gene sequence. The enzyme synthesis was fully induced by phenylacetic acid (PAA) at a concentration of 2 g l(-1). PAA at concentrations up to 12 g l(-1) had no negative effect on the specific activity of acylase and biomass production, but slowed down the specific growth rate. Benzoic or 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acids can also induce synthesis of the enzyme. The inducers were metabolized in all cases. Acylase activity in cell-free extracts was determined with various substrates; ampicillin, cephalexin and amoxicillin were hydrolyzed 1.5- and 2-times faster than penicillin G. A high stability of acylase activity was observed over a wide range of pH (5.0-8.5) and at temperatures above 55 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Plhácková
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, VIdenská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Rajendhran J, Krishnakumar V, Gunasekaran P. Optimization of a fermentation medium for the production of Penicillin G acylase from Bacillus sp. Lett Appl Microbiol 2003; 35:523-7. [PMID: 12460437 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2002.01234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Optimization of Penicillin G acylase (PAC) production from a novel isolate of Bacillus sp. METHODS Fermentation medium for PAC production was optimized using a two-level fractional factorial design with seven components. RESULTS A maximum production of 9.5 U ml(-1) of PAC was obtained in an optimized medium containing (g l(-1): K2HPO4, 1.0; MgSO4.7H2O, 0.1; CaCl2.2H2O, 0.1; PAA, 2.0; tryptone, 5.0; yeast extract, 3.0; and sucrose, 50.0. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The two-step medium optimization resulted in a twofold increase in PAC production. Since the strain Bacillus sp. PGS10 produces a high level of PAC, it could be a potential candidate for industrial production of PAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rajendhran
- Department of Microbial Technology, Centre for Advanced Studies in Functional Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
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Parmar A, Kumar H, Marwaha SS, Kennedy JF. Advances in enzymatic transformation of penicillins to 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA). Biotechnol Adv 2000; 18:289-301. [PMID: 14538105 DOI: 10.1016/s0734-9750(00)00039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This article elaborates on the important recent developments in the enzymatic transformation of penicillins to 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA), which is the basic raw material for the industrial production of semisynthetic penicillins such as amoxycillin and ampicillin. Particular emphasis is placed on the improvements in purification, stability, and immobilization of the enzymes, (i.e. penicillin acylases) used for these transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Parmar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
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21
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Panbangred W, Weeradechapon K, Udomvaraphant S, Fujiyama K, Meevootisom V. High expression of the penicillin G acylase gene (pac) from Bacillus megaterium UN1 in its own pac minus mutant. J Appl Microbiol 2000; 89:152-7. [PMID: 10945792 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.01093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
By marker exchange mutagenesis, Bacillus megaterium strain UN-1 (Bm-UN1) was used to prepare a mutant strain B. megaterium UN-cat (Bm-UNcat) lacking the penicillin G acylase gene (pac). The pac gene from Bm-UN1 was subcloned into pTF6 and the resultant plasmid, pBA402, was introduced into Bm-UNcat and Bacillus subtilis. Bm-UNcat harbouring pBA402 produced high penicillin G acylase (PAC) activity of 13.7, 19.5 and 20.4 U ml(-1) at 24, 36 and 48 h of culture, respectively. This was two- to fivefold higher than PAC produced by B. subtilis harbouring pBA402 and about 20-fold higher than PAC produced by the parent strain, Bm-UN1.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Panbangred
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Syu MJ, Chang JB. Recurrent Backpropagation Neural Network Adaptive Control of Penicillin Acylase Fermentation by Arthrobacter viscosus. Ind Eng Chem Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ie9606092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-J. Syu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, 70101, Republic of China
| | - J.-B. Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, 70101, Republic of China
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23
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Jiang L, Wang Y, Yang S. Location of regulatory gene in penicillin G acylase operon (pacR) of E. coli D816. GENETIC ANALYSIS : BIOMOLECULAR ENGINEERING 1997; 14:51-4. [PMID: 9349941 DOI: 10.1016/s1050-3862(97)00011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory gene in Penicillin G Acylase operon (pacR) of E. coli D816 was located in a Taq1-Dra1 fragment within the pac structure gene. Two ORFs were found in this fragment and their transcriptional orientations were opposite with pac. ORF2 was determined as pacR by point mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jiang
- Shanghai Research Center of Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, People's Republic of China
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24
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MartÃn L, Prieto MA, Cortés E, GarcÃa J. Cloning and sequencing of thepacgene encoding the penicillin G acylase ofBacillus megateriumATCC 14945. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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25
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Laczaová A, Pechan T, Stuchlík S, Kormutáková R, Turňa J. Cloning of E. coli penicillin G acylase gene with mini-Mu containing a plasmid replicon. Biotechnol Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00134188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Konstantinović M, Marjanović N, Ljubijankić G, Glisin V. The penicillin amidase of Arthrobacter viscosus (ATCC 15294). Gene 1994; 143:79-83. [PMID: 8200542 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90608-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide (nt) sequence of the gene encoding penicillin G amidase (PA) of Arthrobacter viscosus strain ATCC 15,294 was determined. The sequence contained an open reading frame of 2406 nt with a G+C content of 37%. The deduced amino-acid sequence shows significant homology with other so far identified beta-lactam amidases of Gram- bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Konstantinović
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Belgrade, Yugoslavia
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Michotey V, Leret V, Blanco C. Secretion of a temporally controlled cell-associated protein in Arthrobacter aureus: production of the protein and inactivation of its structural gene. Res Microbiol 1994; 145:287-96. [PMID: 7997642 DOI: 10.1016/0923-2508(94)90184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Arthrobacter aureus secretes 2 proteins of 22 and 100 kDa (P22 and P100, respectively). P22 is a protease, while P100, of unknown function, is associated with the cells before being released into the medium. An immunologically related P100 protein was also found in the culture supernatant of A. ureafasciens. Despite the fact that production of P22 and P100 proteins is induced by growth in the presence of bovine serum albumin, their synthesis is not always induced coordinately. Inactivation of the P100 chromosomal structural gene had no effect on growth characteristics of the mutant under inducing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Michotey
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Physiologie microbiennes, Université de Rennes I, France
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28
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Molecular biology of ?-lactam acylases. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 1994; 10:129-38. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00360873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/26/1993] [Accepted: 08/27/1993] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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29
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Sizmann D, Keilmann C, Böck A. Primary structure requirements for the maturation in vivo of penicillin acylase from Escherichia coli ATCC 11105. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 192:143-51. [PMID: 2205499 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb19207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The two constituent subunits of the enzyme penicillin acylase from Escherichia coli strain ATCC 11105 are derived from a single precursor polypeptide by post-translational processing. Mutant penicillin acylase precursors were constructed carrying insertions and deletions in various domains and they were analysed for their processing behaviour. It was found that an endopeptide region of appropriate size and an intact C-terminus were absolutely necessary for the maturation process. Internal deletions within the beta-subunit domain also prevented post-translational cleavage. Processing competence, therefore, was not merely determined by the amino acid sequence in the vicinity of the processing sites but relied on a correct overall conformation of the protein. The processing pathway in vivo proceeds via an intermediate comprising the alpha subunits plus endopeptide and is thus identical to the pathway which has been determined previously by in vitro analysis. The post-translational modification of the precursor is probably not carried out by a specific processing enzyme(s) as the heterologous expression of the penicillin acylase (pac) structural gene yielded processed and active enzyme in different enterobacteria and in a Pseudomonas species.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sizmann
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Universität München, Federal Republic of Germany
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