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Sharafeldin M, Hein R, Davis JJ. Catalysed amplification of faradaic shotgun tagging in ultrasensitive electrochemical immunoassays. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:9472-9475. [PMID: 35942942 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03509j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a novel electrochemical protein quantitation based on the shotgun biotin tagging of proteins prior to their interfacial immunocapture and polymeric enzyme tagging. The highly amplified faradaic signals generated from a novel ferrocene-tyramine adduct enable fg mL-1 (attomolar) levels of detection and span cross a 5 orders of magnitude dynamic range. This work supports ultrasensitive protein marker detection in a single antibody immunoassay format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sharafeldin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Robert Hein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Jason J Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
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2
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Bacteria biohybrid oral vaccines for colorectal cancer treatment reduce tumor growth and increase immune infiltration. Vaccine 2021; 39:5589-5599. [PMID: 34419301 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria biohybrid-based vaccine delivery systems, which integrate a vaccine carrier with live non-pathogenic bacteria, are hypothesized to have improved immunostimulating potential. The aim of this study was to develop oral bacteria biohybrid-based vaccines to treat a mouse model of colorectal cancer. E. coli were combined with tumor antigen- and adjuvant-containing emulsions or liposomes. Emulsion and liposome biohybrid vaccines demonstrated in vitro and in vivo therapeutic potential. Bacteria biohybrid vaccines significantly increased the expression of CD40+, CD80+ and CD86+ on murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Mice vaccinated with emulsion biohybrid vaccines had an increased CD8+ T cell infiltration into tumors and developed three-fold smaller tumors compared to the mice that received emulsion vaccine without E. coli.
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3
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Monteiro R, Chafsey I, Leroy S, Chambon C, Hébraud M, Livrelli V, Pizza M, Pezzicoli A, Desvaux M. Differential biotin labelling of the cell envelope proteins in lipopolysaccharidic diderm bacteria: Exploring the proteosurfaceome of Escherichia coli using sulfo-NHS-SS-biotin and sulfo-NHS-PEG4-bismannose-SS-biotin. J Proteomics 2018; 181:16-23. [PMID: 29609094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Surface proteins are the major factor for the interaction between bacteria and its environment, playing an important role in infection, colonisation, virulence and adaptation. However, the study of surface proteins has proven difficult mainly due to their hydrophobicity and/or relatively low abundance compared with cytoplasmic proteins. To overcome these issues new proteomic strategies have been developed, such as cell-surface protein labelling using biotinylation reagents. Sulfo-NHS-SS-biotin is the most commonly used reagent to investigate the proteins expressed at the cell surface of various organisms but its use in lipopolysaccharidic diderm bacteria (archetypical Gram-negative bacteria) remains limited to a handful of species. While generally pass over in silence, some periplasmic proteins, but also some inner membrane lipoproteins, integral membrane proteins and cytoplasmic proteins (cytoproteins) are systematically identified following this approach. To limit cell lysis and diffusion of the sulfo-NHS-SS-biotin through the outer membrane, biotin labelling was tested over short incubation times and proved to be as efficient for 1 min at room temperature. To further limit labelling of protein located below the outer membrane, the use of high-molecular weight sulfo-NHS-PEG4-bismannose-SS-biotin appeared to recover differentially cell-envelope proteins compared to low-molecular weight sulfo-NHS-SS-biotin. Actually, the sulfo-NHS-SS-biotin recovers at a higher extent the proteins completely or partly exposed in the periplasm than sulfo-NHS-PEG4-bismannose-SS-biotin, namely periplasmic and integral membrane proteins as well as inner membrane and outer membrane lipoproteins. These results highlight that protein labelling using biotinylation reagents of different sizes provides a sophisticated and accurate way to differentially explore the cell envelope proteome of lipopolysaccharidic diderm bacteria. SIGNIFICANCE While generally pass over in silence, some periplasmic proteins, inner membrane lipoproteins (IMLs), integral membrane proteins (IMPs) and cytoplasmic proteins (cytoproteins) are systematically identified following cell-surface biotin labelling in lipopolysaccharidic diderm bacteria (archetypal Gram-negative bacteria). The use of biotinylation molecules of different sizes, namely sulfo-NHS-SS-biotin and sulfo-NHS-PEG4-bismannose-SS-biotin, was demonstrated to provide a sophisticated and accurate way to differentially explore the cell envelope proteome of lipopolysaccharidic diderm bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Monteiro
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UMR454 MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; GSK, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Ingrid Chafsey
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UMR454 MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sabine Leroy
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UMR454 MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christophe Chambon
- INRA, Plate-Forme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Michel Hébraud
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UMR454 MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; INRA, Plate-Forme d'Exploration du Métabolisme, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Valérie Livrelli
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, UMR UCA INSERM U1071, USC-INRA 2018, Clermont Université - Université d'Auvergne, Faculté de Pharmacie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service Bactériologie Mycologie Parasitologie, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | | | - Mickaël Desvaux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UMR454 MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Hardré H, Kuhn L, Albrieux C, Jouhet J, Michaud M, Seigneurin-Berny D, Falconet D, Block MA, Maréchal E. The selective biotin tagging and thermolysin proteolysis of chloroplast outer envelope proteins reveals information on protein topology and association into complexes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:203. [PMID: 24999344 PMCID: PMC4064156 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of chloroplast function requires the precise localization of proteins in each of its sub-compartments. High-sensitivity mass spectrometry has allowed the inventory of proteins in thylakoid, stroma, and envelope fractions. Concerning membrane association, proteins can be either integral or peripheral or even soluble proteins bound transiently to a membrane complex. We sought a method providing information at the surface of the outer envelope membrane (OEM), based on specific tagging with biotin or proteolysis using thermolysin, a non-membrane permeable protease. To evaluate this method, envelope, thylakoid, and stroma proteins were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and analyzed by immunostaining and mass spectrometry. A short selection of proteins associated to the chloroplast envelope fraction was checked after superficial treatments of intact chloroplasts. We showed that this method could allow the characterization of OEM embedded proteins facing the cytosol, as well as peripheral and soluble proteins associated via tight or lose interactions. Some stromal proteins were associated with biotinylated spots and analyzes are still needed to determine whether polypeptides were tagged prior import or if they co-migrated with OEM proteins. This method also suggests that some proteins associated with the inner envelope membrane (IEM) might need the integrity of a trans-envelope (IEM-OEM) protein complex (e.g., division ring-forming components) or at least an intact OEM partner. Following this evaluation, proteomic analyzes should be refined and the putative role of inter-membrane space components stabilizing trans-envelope complexes demonstrated. For future comprehensive studies, perspectives include the dynamic analyses of OEM proteins and IEM-OEM complexes in various physiological contexts and using virtually any other purified membrane organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Hardré
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Université Grenoble Alpes, iRTSVCEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Lauriane Kuhn
- Laboratoire de Biologie à Grande Echelle, iRTSVCEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Catherine Albrieux
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Université Grenoble Alpes, iRTSVCEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Juliette Jouhet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Université Grenoble Alpes, iRTSVCEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Morgane Michaud
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Université Grenoble Alpes, iRTSVCEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Daphné Seigneurin-Berny
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Université Grenoble Alpes, iRTSVCEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Denis Falconet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Université Grenoble Alpes, iRTSVCEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Maryse A. Block
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Université Grenoble Alpes, iRTSVCEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Maréchal
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Université Grenoble Alpes, iRTSVCEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
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5
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Park SJ, Park SH, Cho S, Kim DM, Lee Y, Ko SY, Hong Y, Choy HE, Min JJ, Park JO, Park S. New paradigm for tumor theranostic methodology using bacteria-based microrobot. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3394. [PMID: 24292152 PMCID: PMC3844944 DOI: 10.1038/srep03394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We propose a bacteria-based microrobot (bacteriobot) based on a new fusion paradigm for theranostic activities against solid tumors. We develop a bacteriobot using the strong attachment of bacteria to Cy5.5-coated polystyrene microbeads due to the high-affinity interaction between biotin and streptavidin. The chemotactic responses of the bacteria and the bacteriobots to the concentration gradients of lysates or spheroids of solid tumors can be detected as the migration of the bacteria and/or the bacteriobots out of the central region toward the side regions in a chemotactic microfluidic chamber. The bacteriobots showed higher migration velocity toward tumor cell lysates or spheroids than toward normal cells. In addition, when only the bacteriobots were injected to the CT-26 tumor mouse model, Cy5.5 signal was detected from the tumor site of the mouse model. In-vitro and in-vivo tests verified that the bacteriobots had chemotactic motility and tumor targeting ability. The new microrobot paradigm in which bacteria act as microactuators and microsensors to deliver microstructures to tumors can be considered a new theranostic methodology for targeting and treating solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jun Park
- School of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Chonnam National University
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6
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Abstract
All presently known methanotrophs are gram-negative bacteria suggesting that they are surrounded by a two-layered membrane: an inner or cytoplasmic membrane and an outer membrane. In the methanotroph Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath), separation of the two membranes has allowed studies on protein and lipid composition of the outer membrane. Its outer membrane can be isolated from purified cell envelopes by selective solubilization of the inner membranes with the detergent Triton X-100. The proteins associated with the outer membrane can further be fractionated into integral and tightly associated proteins and peripheral loosely associated proteins. We present here protocols for this fractionation and show how the proteins associated with the outer leaflet of the outer membrane can be isolated and identified by whole-cell biotin surface labeling.
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Cho M, Kim J, Kim JY, Yoon J, Kim JH. Mechanisms of Escherichia coli inactivation by several disinfectants. WATER RESEARCH 2010; 44:3410-8. [PMID: 20427068 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to elucidate dominant mechanisms of inactivation, i.e. surface attack versus intracellular attack, during application of common water disinfectants such as ozone, chlorine dioxide, free chlorine and UV irradiation. Escherichia coli was used as a representative microorganism. During cell inactivation, protein release, lipid peroxidation, cell permeability change, damage in intracellular enzyme and morphological change were comparatively examined. For the same level of cell inactivation by chemical disinfectants, cell surface damage was more pronounced with strong oxidant such as ozone while damage in inner cell components was more apparent with weaker oxidant such as free chlorine. Chlorine dioxide showed the inactivation mechanism between these two disinfectants. The results suggest that the mechanism of cell inactivation is primarily related to the reactivity of chemical disinfectant. In contrast to chemical disinfectants, cell inactivation by UV occurred without any changes measurable with the methods employed. Understanding the differences in inactivation mechanisms presented herein is critical to identify rate-limiting steps involved in the inactivation process as well as to develop more effective disinfection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cho
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 200 Bobby Dodd Way, Atlanta, GA 30332-0373, USA
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8
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Davis RW, Arango DC, Jones HDT, Van Benthem MH, Haaland DM, Brozik SM, Sinclair MB. Antimicrobial peptide interactions with silica bead supported bilayers and E. coli:
buforin II, magainin II, and arenicin. J Pept Sci 2009; 15:511-22. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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9
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Nagano K, Murakami Y, Nishikawa K, Sakakibara J, Shimozato K, Yoshimura F. Characterization of RagA and RagB in Porphyromonas gingivalis: study using gene-deletion mutants. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56:1536-1548. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.47289-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The major outer-membrane proteins RagA and RagB ofPorphyromonas gingivalisare considered to form a receptor complex functionally linked to TonB. In this study,P.gingivalismutants withragA,ragBor both deleted were constructed from strain W83 as the parent to examine the physiological and pathological functions of RagA and RagB. The double-deletion mutant completely lacked both RagA and RagB, whereas the ΔragAmutant reduced RagB expression considerably and the ΔragBmutant produced degraded RagA. Growth of the three mutants in a nutrient-rich medium and synthetic media containing digested protein as a unique nutrient source was similar to that of the parental strain; however, both the ΔragAand ΔragABmutants exhibited very slow growth in a synthetic medium containing undigested, native protein, and the two mutants tended to lose their viability during experiments, although gingipain (protease) activities were unchanged in the mutants. A mouse model showed that the ΔragBmutant had reduced virulence. Cell-surface labelling with biotin and dextran revealed that both RagA and RagB localized on the outermost cell surface. A cross-linking experiment using wild-typeP. gingivalisshowed that RagA and RagB were closely associated with each other. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation confirmed that RagA and RagB formed a protein–protein complex. These results suggest that physically associated RagA and RagB may stabilize themselves on the cell surface and function as active transporters of large degradation products of protein and in part as a virulence factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Nagano
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan
| | - Yukitaka Murakami
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Nishikawa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan
| | - Junpei Sakakibara
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan
| | - Kazuo Shimozato
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan
| | - Fuminobu Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan
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Tang X, Yi W, Munske GR, Adhikari DP, Zakharova NL, Bruce JE. Profiling the membrane proteome of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 with new affinity labeling probes. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:724-34. [PMID: 17269728 PMCID: PMC2527595 DOI: 10.1021/pr060480e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The membrane proteome plays a critical role in electron transport processes in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, a bacterial organism that has great potential for bioremediation. Biotinylation of intact cells with subsequent affinity-enrichment has become a useful tool for characterization of the membrane proteome. As opposed to these commonly used, water-soluble commercial reagents, we here introduce a family of hydrophobic, cell-permeable affinity probes for extensive labeling and detection of membrane proteins. When applied to S. oneidensis cells, all three new chemical probes allowed identification of a substantial proportion of membrane proteins from total cell lysate without the use of specific membrane isolation method. From a total of 410 unique proteins identified, approximately 42% are cell envelope proteins that include outer membrane, periplasmic, and inner membrane proteins. This report demonstrates the first application of this intact cell biotinylation method to S. oneidensis and presents the results of many identified proteins that are involved in metal reduction processes. As a general labeling method, all chemical probes we introduced in this study can be extended to other organisms or cell types and will help expedite the characterization of membrane proteomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - James E. Bruce
- *Corresponding author: James E. Bruce, (E-mail): , (Phone): 509-335-2116, (Fax): 509-335-8867
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11
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Harding SV, Sarkar-Tyson M, Smither SJ, Atkins TP, Oyston PCF, Brown KA, Liu Y, Wait R, Titball RW. The identification of surface proteins of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Vaccine 2007; 25:2664-72. [PMID: 17289218 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Revised: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of the disease melioidosis is a human pathogen endemic in Northern Australia and South-East Asia. At present there is no available vaccine or effective treatment for this disease. Surface proteins play crucial roles in the host-pathogen interaction and have been exploited as vaccine candidates and diagnostic targets. Therefore, we wished to identify immunogenic surface proteins of B. pseudomallei. To this end we used two proteomic-based approaches in parallel: a biotinylation approach for the detection of surface located proteins identified 35 proteins, while screening with human sera identified 12 immunogenic proteins. Nine of these proteins were identified by both methods indicating that they may be both surface located and immunogenic: these proteins will be evaluated further as vaccine candidates and diagnostic targets.
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12
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Smither SJ, Hill J, van Baar BLM, Hulst AG, de Jong AL, Titball RW. Identification of outer membrane proteins of Yersinia pestis through biotinylation. J Microbiol Methods 2007; 68:26-31. [PMID: 16857281 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2006.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2006] [Revised: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria contains proteins that might be good targets for vaccines, antimicrobials or detection systems. The identification of surface located proteins using traditional methods is often difficult. Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, was labelled with biotin. Tagged proteins were visualised through streptavidin probing of Western blots. Seven biotinylated proteins of Y. pestis were identified including two porins and the putative virulence factor catalase peroxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J Smither
- Dstl, Porton Down, Room 201/Bldg 7a, Salisbury, WILTS, SP4 OJQ, UK.
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13
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Wong HC, Chen YC. Analysis of the envelope proteins of heat-shocked Vibrio parahaemolyticus cells by immunoblotting and biotin-labeling methods. Microbiol Immunol 2003; 47:313-9. [PMID: 12825892 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2003.tb03402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a common enteropathogen in tropical and subtropical coastal regions, exhibits significant adaptive acid tolerance response and heat-shock response, and the envelope proteins induced by stresses are suggested to be associated with virulence. This work examined the heat-shock proteins located in the envelope of V. parahaemolyticus by two rapid methods; namely, the immunoblotting and biotin-labeling methods. The bacterial cells were cultured at 25 C and heat shocked at 37 or 42 C for 1 or 2 hr. The cells were first lysed, then proteins were separated by gel electrophoresis and probed with antiserum raised against heat-shocked cells. Next, the heat-shocked cells were examined by labeling with water soluble sulfo-NHS-LC-biotin. Proteins of 33, 61, 66, 71, 78, 92 and 101 kDa were induced, while 55, 86, 102, 120 and 160 kDa proteins were markedly enhanced in the envelope of the heat-shocked V. parahaemolyticus cells. The biotin tagged envelope proteins were purified using a monomeric avidin column, and the N-terminal sequence was determined and compared with other high identity protein sequences. The sequence results suggest that Vph1 (55 kDa), Vph2 (46 kDa) and Vph3 (42 kDa) are de novo synthesized heat-shock proteins located in the envelope of this pathogen, and the functions of these proteins in stress protection and virulence have yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hin-chung Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan 11102, Republic of China.
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14
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Sabarth N, Lamer S, Zimny-Arndt U, Jungblut PR, Meyer TF, Bumann D. Identification of surface proteins of Helicobacter pylori by selective biotinylation, affinity purification, and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:27896-902. [PMID: 12023975 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m204473200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a widespread human pathogen that can cause gastric ulcers and cancer. To identify surface proteins that may play a role in pathogen-host interactions and represent potential targets for the control of this infection, we selectively biotinylated intact H. pylori with the hydrophilic reagent sulfosuccinimidyl-6-(biotinamido)-hexanoate and purified the labeled proteins by membrane isolation, solubilization, and affinity chromatography. After separation of 82 biotinylated proteins on two-dimensional gels, 18 were identified with comparison to proteome data and peptide mass fingerprinting. Among the identified proteins, 9 have previously been shown to be surface-exposed, 7 are associated with virulence, and 11 are highly immunogenic in infected patients. In conclusion, this generally applicable combined proteome approach facilitates the rapid identification of promising targets for the control of H. pylori and might be applicable to numerous other human pathogens although larger biotinylation reagents might be required in some cases to prevent permeation of porin channels in the outer membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Sabarth
- Max-Planck-Institut für Infektionsbiologie, Abteilung Molekulare Biologie, Schumannstrabetae 21/22, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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15
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Chung WO, Demuth DR, Lamont RJ. Identification of a Porphyromonas gingivalis receptor for the Streptococcus gordonii SspB protein. Infect Immun 2000; 68:6758-62. [PMID: 11083792 PMCID: PMC97777 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.12.6758-6762.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Colonization of the plaque biofilm by the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis is favored by the presence of antecedent organisms such as Streptococcus gordonii. Coadhesion between P. gingivalis and S. gordonii can be mediated by the SspB protein of S. gordonii; however, the P. gingivalis cognate receptor for this protein has not been identified. In this study, we identified a surface protein of P. gingivalis that interacts with the SspB protein. Coprecipitation between P. gingivalis outer membrane proteins and purified SspB protein demonstrated that a 100-kDa P. gingivalis protein bound to SspB. The 100-kDa protein also bound to an engineered strain of Enterococcus faecalis that expresses the SspB protein on the cell surface. Monospecific polyclonal antibodies to the 100-kDa protein inhibited the binding between P. gingivalis and S. gordonii in a dose-dependent manner up to 86%. Amino acid sequencing of the 100-kDa protein showed homology to a protein previously identified as the P. gingivalis minor fimbria. The minor fimbrial protein may exist as a complex with a hemagglutinin-like protein since the genes encoding these proteins are adjacent on the chromosome and are cotranscribed. Thus, the P. gingivalis receptor for S. gordonii SspB is a 100-kDa protein that structurally may be a minor fimbria-protein complex and functionally effectuates coadhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- W O Chung
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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16
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Matthews M, Roy CR. Identification and subcellular localization of the Legionella pneumophila IcmX protein: a factor essential for establishment of a replicative organelle in eukaryotic host cells. Infect Immun 2000; 68:3971-82. [PMID: 10858211 PMCID: PMC101675 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.7.3971-3982.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gram-negative respiratory pathogen Legionella pneumophila infects and grows within mammalian macrophages and protozoan host cells. Upon uptake into macrophages, L. pneumophila establishes a replicative organelle that avoids fusion with endocytic vesicles. There are 24 dot/icm genes on the L. pneumophila chromosome required for biogenesis of this vacuole. Many of the Dot/Icm proteins are predicted to be components of a membrane-bound secretion apparatus similar to type IV conjugal transfer systems. We have been investigating the function of L. pneumophila dot/icm gene products that do not have obvious orthologs in other type IV transfer systems, since these determinants could govern processes unique to phagosome biogenesis. The icmX gene product falls into this category. To understand the role of the IcmX protein in pathogenesis, we have detailed interactions between an L. pneumophila icmX deletion mutant and murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. These data demonstrate that icmX is required for biogenesis of the L. pneumophila replicative organelle. Immunoblot analysis indicates that the icmX gene product is a polypeptide with an estimated molecular mass of 50 kDa. The IcmX protein was localized to the bacterial periplasm, and periplasmic translocation was mediated by an N-terminal sec-dependent leader peptide. A truncated IcmX product was secreted into culture supernatants by wild-type L. pneumophila growing extracellularly in liquid media; however, transport of the IcmX protein into eukaryotic host cells was not detected. Proteins similar in molecular weight to IcmX were identified in other Legionella species by immunoblot analysis using a monoclonal antibody specific for L. pneumophila IcmX protein. From these data, we conclude that the IcmX protein is an essential component of the dot/icm secretion apparatus, and that a conserved mechanism of host cell parasitism exists for members of the Legionellaceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Matthews
- Section of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536-0812, USA
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Marcaurelle LA, Bertozzi CR. Direct incorporation of unprotected ketone groups into peptides during solid-phase synthesis: Application to the one-step modification of peptides with two different biophysical probes for FRET. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(98)01588-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Smith LM, Laganas V, Pistole TG. Attachment of group B streptococci to macrophages is mediated by a 21-kDa protein. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1998; 20:89-97. [PMID: 9544775 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.1998.tb01114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is able to bind to human macrophages in vitro in the absence of exogenous opsonins. The exact mechanisms that mediate this attachment are unclear. This study was undertaken to determine what protein adhesins are present on the surface of GBS that mediate attachment to macrophages. We have identified a 21-kDa protein from the envelope of GBS type III that directly binds to macrophages as determined by Western blot analysis. Antiserum against this protein was able to inhibit binding of GBS to macrophages by greater than 80% as measured by flow cytometry. Antiserum against the 21-kDa protein cross-reacted with 21-kDa proteins from GBS type Ib, type II, type III (COH31 and MR732) and type IV, as well as Staphyloccus epidermidis, but not GBS type Ia, Listeria monocytogenes or Enterococcus faecalis. This protein may be important in mediating the attachment of GBS to macrophages in an opsonin-poor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Smith
- Department of Microbiology, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824-2617, USA.
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Sylvester FA, Philpott D, Gold B, Lastovica A, Forstner JF. Adherence to lipids and intestinal mucin by a recently recognized human pathogen, Campylobacter upsaliensis. Infect Immun 1996; 64:4060-6. [PMID: 8926069 PMCID: PMC174337 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.10.4060-4066.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter upsaliensis is a recently recognized human enteric pathogen associated with enteritis, colitis, bacteremia, and sepsis. Very little is known about the mechanisms of pathogenesis of this organism. The goals of this study were to determine whether C. upsaliensis binds to epithelial cells and whether there are specific lipid molecules that might serve as cell membrane receptors. In addition, we also explored C. upsaliensis binding to purified human small-intestinal mucin, since the mucus gel overlying the epithelium provides an initial contact surface for the bacteria and must be penetrated for the organisms to reach their cell receptors. Binding of C. upsaliensis to model epithelial cells was shown by microscopy adhesion assays, and binding to lipids was detected by thin-layer chromatography-overlay assays. Bacteria bound to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), gangliotetraosylceramide (Gg4), and, more weakly, to phosphatidylserine (PS). There was no binding to ceramide, cholesterol, phosphatidylcholine, and globosides. Using receptor-based microtiter well immunoassays, we observed binding to be equal, specific, and saturable for PE and Gg 4 but low and nonspecific for PS. At least five bacterial surface proteins (50 to 90 kDa) capable of PE binding were identified by a lipid-silica affinity column technique. In slot blot overlay assays, biotin-labeled C. upsaliensis also bound in a concentration-dependent fashion to purified human small-intestinal mucin, implying that these microorganisms also express an adhesin(s) recognizing a specific mucin epitope(s). We speculate that binding to mucins may influence access of the bacteria to cell membrane receptors and thereby influence host resistance to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Sylvester
- Division of Gastroenterology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Palenik B, Koke JA. Characterization of a nitrogen-regulated protein identified by cell surface biotinylation of a marine phytoplankton. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995; 61:3311-5. [PMID: 16535120 PMCID: PMC1388574 DOI: 10.1128/aem.61.9.3311-3315.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The biotinylating reagent succinimidyl 6-(biotinamido)hexanoate was used to label the cell surfaces of the cosmopolitan, marine, eukaryotic microorganism Emiliania huxleyi under different growth conditions. Proteins characteristic of different nutrient conditions could be identified. In particular, a nitrogen-regulated protein, nrp1, has an 82-kDa subunit that is present under nitrogen limitation and during growth on urea. It is absent under phosphate limitation or during exponential growth on nitrate or ammonia. nrp1 is the major membrane or wall protein in nitrogen-limited cells and is found in several strains of E. huxleyi. It may be a useful biomarker for examining the physiological state of E. huxleyi cells in their environment.
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Rehm BH, Boheim G, Tommassen J, Winkler UK. Overexpression of algE in Escherichia coli: subcellular localization, purification, and ion channel properties. J Bacteriol 1994; 176:5639-47. [PMID: 7521870 PMCID: PMC196766 DOI: 10.1128/jb.176.18.5639-5647.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Alginate-producing (mucoid) strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa possess a 54-kDa outer membrane (OM) protein (AlgE) which is missing in nonmucoid bacteria. The coding region of the algE gene from mucoid P. aeruginosa CF3/M1 was subcloned in the expression vector pT7-7 and expressed in Escherichia coli. The level of expression of recombinant AlgE was seven times higher than that of the native protein in P. aeruginosa. Recombinant AlgE was found mainly in the OM. A putative precursor protein (56 kDa) of AlgE could be immunologically detected in the cytoplasmic membrane (CM). Surface exposition of AlgE in the OM of E. coli was indicated by labeling lysine residues with N-hydroxysuccinimide-biotin. Secondary-structure analysis suggested that AlgE is anchored in the OM by 18 membrane-spanning beta-strands, probably forming a beta-barrel. Recombinant AlgE was purified, and isoelectric focusing revealed a pI of 4.4. Recombinant AlgE was spontaneously incorporated into planar lipid bilayers, forming ion channels with a single-channel conductance of 0.76 nS in 1 M KCl and a mean lifetime of 0.7 ms. Single-channel current measurements in the presence of other salts as well as reversal potential measurements in salt gradients revealed that the AlgE channel was strongly anion selective. For chloride ions, a weak binding constant (Km = 0.75 M) was calculated, suggesting that AlgE might constitute an ion channel specific for another particular anion, e.g., polymannuronic acid, which is a precursor of alginate. Consistent with this idea, the open-state probability of the channel decreased when GDP-mannuronic acid was added. The AlgE channel was inactivated when membrane voltages higher than +85 mV were applied. The electrophysiological characteristics of AlgE, including its rectifying properties, are quite different from those of typical porins.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Rehm
- Lehrstuhl für Biologie der Mikroorganismen, Bochum, Germany
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