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Ma D, Du G, Fang H, Li R, Zhang D. Advances and prospects in microbial production of biotin. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:135. [PMID: 38735926 PMCID: PMC11089781 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02413-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Biotin, serving as a coenzyme in carboxylation reactions, is a vital nutrient crucial for the natural growth, development, and overall well-being of both humans and animals. Consequently, biotin is widely utilized in various industries, including feed, food, and pharmaceuticals. Despite its potential advantages, the chemical synthesis of biotin for commercial production encounters environmental and safety challenges. The burgeoning field of synthetic biology now allows for the creation of microbial cell factories producing bio-based products, offering a cost-effective alternative to chemical synthesis for biotin production. This review outlines the pathway and regulatory mechanism involved in biotin biosynthesis. Then, the strategies to enhance biotin production through both traditional chemical mutagenesis and advanced metabolic engineering are discussed. Finally, the article explores the limitations and future prospects of microbial biotin production. This comprehensive review not only discusses strategies for biotin enhancement but also provides in-depth insights into systematic metabolic engineering approaches aimed at boosting biotin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghan Ma
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Guangqing Du
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Huan Fang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Rong Li
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China.
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China.
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Seki M, Takahashi Y. Practical Synthesis of (+)-Biotin Key Intermediate by Calcium Borohydride Reduction and Temperature-Dependent Purity Upgrade during Crystallization. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Seki
- New Business Promotion Department, Tokuyama Corporation 40, Wadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-4247, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takahashi
- New Business Promotion Department, Tokuyama Corporation 40, Wadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-4247, Japan
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3
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Multi-level metabolic engineering of Pseudomonas mutabilis ATCC31014 for efficient production of biotin. Metab Eng 2020; 61:406-415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Bali AP, Lennox-Hvenekilde D, Myling-Petersen N, Buerger J, Salomonsen B, Gronenberg LS, Sommer MO, Genee HJ. Improved biotin, thiamine, and lipoic acid biosynthesis by engineering the global regulator IscR. Metab Eng 2020; 60:97-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof M. Jäger
- University of Nottingham; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering; NG7 2RD Nottingham United Kingdom
| | - Anna K. Croft
- University of Nottingham; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering; NG7 2RD Nottingham United Kingdom
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Abstract
Biotin (1), a water-soluble B series vitamin, distributes widely in microorganisms, plants, and animals. Biosynthesis of 1 involves five steps sequence starting from pimelic acid. The last step, a transformation from dethiobiotin (DTB) to 1, includes an iron clusters-mediated radical process. The compound 1 is a cofactor of carboxylation enzymes and plays crucial roles in the metabolism of fatty acids, sugars, and alpha-amino acids. In addition to the increasing application to feed additives, recent reports have revealed that 1 enhances insulin secretion in animals, suggesting it for a promising therapeutic candidate for an anti-diabetes drug. The remarkably strong affinity of 1 with avidin and streptavidin has been extensively applied for such technologies as photoaffinity labeling. Among the number of approaches to 1 so far developed in 50 years, a synthesis using L-cysteine and thiolactone as a starting material and a key intermediate, respectively, represents one of the best routes leading to 1, because of short steps, high yield, use of inexpensive reagents, and ease of operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Seki
- Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd., 3-2-10, Dosho-Machi, Osaka 541-8505, Japan.
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Seki M, Hatsuda M, Mori Y, Yoshida SI, Yamada SI, Shimizu T. A Practical Synthesis of (+)-Biotin fromL-Cysteine. Chemistry 2004; 10:6102-10. [PMID: 15515067 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200400733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-amino aldehyde 4, which is readily derived from L-cysteine through cyclization and elaboration of the carboxy group, was subjected to the Strecker reaction, which, via sodium bisulfite adduct 16, afforded alpha-amino nitrile 5 with high diastereoselectivity (syn/anti=11:1) and in high yield. Amide 6, derived from 5, was converted to thiolactone 8, a key intermediate in the synthesis of (+)-biotin (1), by a novel S,N-carbonyl migration and cyclization reaction. The Fukuyama coupling reaction of 8 with the zinc reagent 21, which has an ester group, in the presence of a heterogeneous Pd/C catalyst allowed the efficient installation of the 4-carboxybutyl chain to provide 9. Compound 9 was hydrogenated and the protecting groups removed to furnish 1 in 10 steps and in 34 % overall yield from L-cysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Seki
- Export & Import Group, Purchasing Department, Logistics Division, Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd. 3-2-10, Dosho-Machi, Chuo-Ku, Osaka 541-8505, Japan.
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8
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Streit WR, Entcheva P. Biotin in microbes, the genes involved in its biosynthesis, its biochemical role and perspectives for biotechnological production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2003; 61:21-31. [PMID: 12658511 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-002-1186-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2002] [Revised: 10/31/2002] [Accepted: 10/31/2002] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biotin (vitamin H) is one of the most fascinating cofactors involved in central pathways in pro- and eukaryotic cell metabolism. Since its original discovery in 1901, research has led to the discovery of the complete biotin biosynthesis pathways in many different microbes and much work has been done on the highly intriguing and complex biochemistry of biotin biosynthesis. While humans and animals require several hundred micrograms of biotin per day, most microbes, plants and fungi appear to be able to synthesize the cofactor themselves. Biotin is added to many food, feed and cosmetic products, creating a world market of 10-30 t/year. However, the majority of the biotin sold is synthesized in a chemical process. Since the chemical synthesis is linked with a high environmental burden, much effort has been put into the development of biotin-overproducing microbes. A summary of biotin biosynthesis and its biological role is presented; and current strategies for the improvement of microbial biotin production using modern biotechnological techniques are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Streit
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Universität Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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Abstract
The 3.9 kb chromosomal DNA was cloned from Serratia marcescens Sr41, which confers on Escherichia coli cells a phenotype of clear halo formation on tributyrin agar plates. Three complete open reading frames (ORFs) were identified in the inserted DNA, and one ORF was demonstrated to encode a 28 kDa protein of 255 amino acids related to esterase activity. Interestingly, the ORF was 70% identical to a product of the E. coli bioH gene, which lies at a locus separated from the bioABFCD operon and acts in the early steps of the biotin synthetic pathway before pimeloyl-CoA synthesis. This gene complemented a bioH-deficient mutation of E. coli. From the sequence analysis, BioH is presumed to be a serine hydrolase, which belongs to the alpha/beta hydrolase-fold family comprising a wide variety of hydrolases including esterases. A catalytic triad composed of a nucleophilic residue (Ser80), an acidic residue (Asp206), and histidine (His234) was conserved in BioH, and the nucleophilic residue Ser, a catalytic center, was situated in the consensus sequence of G-X-S-X-G-G, a nucleophile elbow. Although the enzymatic function of BioH is not yet elucidated, the bioH gene products from S. marcescens and E. coli show esterase activity, which may imply the hydrolysis of a precursor leading to pimeloyl-CoA ester. The esterase activity of BioH and its CoA binding activity recently reported agree with a current hypothesis of pimeloyl-CoA ester synthesis from CoA and acylester derivatives including an acyl-carrier protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Akatsuka
- Discovery Research Laboratory, Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd., Kawagishi-2-chome, Toda, 335-8505, Saitama, Japan
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Kawai E, Akatsuka H, Sakurai N, Idei A, Matsumae H, Shibatani T, Komatsubara S, Omori K. Isolation and analysis of lipase-overproducing mutants of Serratia marcescens. J Biosci Bioeng 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(01)80160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Alban C. Is plant biotin holocarboxylase synthetase a bifunctional enzyme? COMPTES RENDUS DE L'ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES. SERIE III, SCIENCES DE LA VIE 2000; 323:681-8. [PMID: 11019362 DOI: 10.1016/s0764-4469(00)01223-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Holocarboxylase synthetases (HCSs) catalyse the biotinylation of biotin-dependent carboxylases in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, the protein also acts as a transcriptional repressor that regulates the synthesis of biotin. Previously, we isolated and characterized a cDNA encoding an Arabidopsis thaliana HCS and subsequently assigned this enzyme form to the chloroplast compartment. To investigate whether or not the Arabidopsis protein may function as a regulator in E. coli, we have expressed the functional plant HCS in a birA-derepressed mutant strain of E. coli devoid of the corresponding E. coli protein and carrying a promoter-less LacZ gene marker inserted into the biotin operon, such that the bio promoter drives the synthesis of beta-galactosidase. Our data demonstrate that although the expressed plant HCS efficiently complemented the function of apo-carboxylase biotinylation in E. coli, it proved unable to regulate the expression of the biotin biosynthetic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alban
- Laboratoire mixte CNRS-Aventis (UMR1932 associée au CNRS), Aventis CropScience, Lyon, France.
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McIver L, Baxter RL, Campopiano DJ. Identification of the [Fe-S] cluster-binding residues of Escherichia coli biotin synthase. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:13888-94. [PMID: 10788513 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.18.13888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding Escherichia coli biotin synthase (bioB) has been expressed as a histidine fusion protein, and the protein was purified in a single step using immobilized metal affinity chromatography. The His(6)-tagged protein was fully functional in in vitro and in vivo biotin production assays. Analysis of all the published bioB sequences identified a number of conserved residues. Single point mutations, to either serine or threonine, were carried out on the four conserved (Cys-53, Cys-57, Cys-60, and Cys-188) and one non-conserved (Cys-288) cysteine residues, and the purified mutant proteins were tested both for ability to reconstitute the [2Fe-2S] clusters of the native (oxidized) dimer and enzymatic activity. The C188S mutant was insoluble. The wild-type and four of the mutant proteins were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, metal and sulfide analysis, and both in vitro and in vivo biotin production assays. The molecular masses of all proteins were verified using electrospray mass spectrometry. The results indicate that the His(6) tag and the C288T mutation have no effect on the activity of biotin synthase when compared with the wild-type protein. The C53S, C57S, and C60S mutant proteins, both as prepared and reconstituted, were unable to covert dethiobiotin to biotin in vitro and in vivo. We conclude that three of the conserved cysteine residues (Cys-53, Cys-57, and Cys-60), all of which lie in the highly conserved "cysteine box" motif, are crucial for [Fe-S] cluster binding, whereas Cys-188 plays a hitherto unknown structural role in biotin synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- L McIver
- Edinburgh Centre for Protein Technology, Department of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, the University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Sakural N, Komatsubara S. Simple and versatile electrotransformation of Serratia marcescens Sr41. Lett Appl Microbiol 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.1996.tb00021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Sakurai N, Imai Y, Komatsubara S. Instability of the mutated biotin operon plasmid in a biotin-producing mutant of Serratia marcescens. J Biotechnol 1995; 43:11-9. [PMID: 8573318 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(95)00103-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The growth of a d-biotin-producing strain of Serratia marcescens (SB412) was strongly inhibited by the introduction of pLGM412, a low-copy-number plasmid containing the complete biotin (bio) operon derived from SB412, whereas the wild-type strain was not inhibited by the plasmid. SB412 carrying pLGM412 was genetically unstable; large colonies appeared spontaneously from the background small colonies. When the plasmids from the large colonies were transformed into the SB412 host, all of the resultant transformants showed a large-colony phenotype, suggesting that the large-colony phenotype is due to mutations in the plasmid-born bio genes. Some of these plasmids were structurally altered and the others were not. Furthermore, the structurally altered plasmids were classified into a deleted and an elongated type. All of the mutated pLGM412 derivatives reduced or lacked the bio gene expression, indicating that the high expression of bio gene(s) causes the growth inhibition. By subcloning experiments, biotin synthase (the bioB gene product) was responsible for the growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sakurai
- Research Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
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Masuda M, Takahashi K, Sakurai N, Yanagiya K, Komatsubara S, Tosa T. Further improvement of D-biotin production by a recombinant strain of Serratia marcescens. Process Biochem 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-9592(94)00060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Sakurai N, Imai Y, Masuda M, Komatsubara S, Tosa T. Improvement of a d-biotin-hyperproducing recombinant strain of Serratia marcescens. J Biotechnol 1994; 36:63-73. [PMID: 7765160 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(94)90024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that a recombinant strain, SB412(pLGM304), was constructed from acidomycin-resistant mutants of Serratia marcescens and produced 200 mg of d-biotin per liter of a medium containing sucrose and urea (Sakurai et al., 1993a, b). In the present work, we intended to improve the d-biotin production. Both ethionine and S-2-aminoethylcysteine resistances were added to the host strain SB412, producing d-biotin at 20 mg l-1, and a resultant strain, ETA23, producing it at 33 mg l-1, was obtained. Cells of ETA23 did not maintain pLGM304 stably after greater than 30 generations under non-selective culture conditions. A new recombinant plasmid, pLGM304P, was constructed so as to be composed of pLGM304 and the parB locus, a plasmid-stabilizing element. ETA23 stably maintained pLGM304P after 50 generations under non-selective culture conditions. ETA23(pLGM304) produced 250 mg l-1 of d-biotin in a shaking flask under batch culture conditions and 500 mg l-1 in a jar fermentor under fed-batch culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sakurai
- Research Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
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Sakurai N, Imai Y, Komatsubara S, Tosa T. Integration of the mutated biotin biosynthetic genes to the chromosome of a d-biotin-producing strain of Serratia marcescens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(94)90141-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Sakurai N, Imai Y, Masuda M, Komatsubara S, Tosa T. Molecular breeding of a biotin-hyperproducing Serratia marcescens strain. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993; 59:3225-32. [PMID: 8250549 PMCID: PMC182441 DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.10.3225-3232.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that an acidomycin-resistant mutant of Serratia marcescens Sr41, SB304, and a mutant that was derived from SB304 and was resistant to a higher concentration of acidomycin, SB412, produced 5 and 20 mg of D-biotin, respectively, per liter of a medium containing sucrose and urea (N. Sakurai, Y. Imai, M. Masuda, S. Komatsubara, and T. Tosa, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:2857-2863, 1993). In order to increase the productivity of D-biotin, the biotin (bio) operons were cloned from strains SB412, SB304, and 8000 (wild-type strain), and pLGM412, pLGM304, and pLGW101, respectively, were obtained through subcloning. These plasmids harbored 7.2-kb DNA fragments coding for the bioABFCD genes on a low-copy-number vector and were introduced into SB304, SB412, and 8000. Among the resulting recombinant strains, SB412(pLGM304) exhibited the highest D-biotin production (200 mg/liter) in the production medium. The plasmid was stably maintained in cells. Unexpectedly, SB412(pLGM412) grew very slowly, and the D-biotin productivity of this recombinant strain was not evaluated because pLGM412 was unstable.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sakurai
- Research Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
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