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Experimental Outcrossing in Agaricus bisporus Revealed a Major and Unexpected Involvement of Airborne Mycelium Fragments. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8121278. [PMID: 36547611 PMCID: PMC9783782 DOI: 10.3390/jof8121278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Agaricus bisporus var. bisporus, the button mushroom, has a predominantly pseudohomothallic life cycle. Most of its spores are heterokaryotic and give rise to fertile heterokaryons. However, previous studies have suggested that outcrossing should not be rare in wild populations. In order to discover how outcrossing occurs, we experimentally favored it between aerial propagules of a fruiting donor mycelium and a delayed receiver mycelium that only invaded culture trays. Two donor/receiver pairs were studied, and potentially hybrid basidiomata collected on the receiver trays were analyzed with a mitochondrial marker, two unlinked nuclear CAPS markers, then haplotype markers based on DNA sequences obtained after PCR cloning of the rDNA ITS region and the fruk gene. For one of the two pairs, most basidiomata were hybrids between the donor and the receiver. Genotyping of the hybrids revealed only two genotypes consistent with outcrossing involving airborne mycelium fragments rather than basidiospores. The resident receiver heterokaryon that provided its mitochondria to the hybrid basidiomata is suspected to have had a trophic contribution to their growth and successful fruiting. The high level of heterozygosity and the cultivar introgression previously revealed in wild populations of this pseudohomothallic species may result from outcrossing involving airborne pieces of mycelium.
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Foulongne-Oriol M, Taskent O, Kües U, Sonnenberg ASM, van Peer AF, Giraud T. Mating-Type Locus Organization and Mating-Type Chromosome Differentiation in the Bipolar Edible Button Mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1079. [PMID: 34356095 PMCID: PMC8305134 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In heterothallic basidiomycete fungi, sexual compatibility is restricted by mating types, typically controlled by two loci: PR, encoding pheromone precursors and pheromone receptors, and HD, encoding two types of homeodomain transcription factors. We analysed the single mating-type locus of the commercial button mushroom variety, Agaricus bisporus var. bisporus, and of the related variety burnettii. We identified the location of the mating-type locus using genetic map and genome information, corresponding to the HD locus, the PR locus having lost its mating-type role. We found the mip1 and β-fg genes flanking the HD genes as in several Agaricomycetes, two copies of the β-fg gene, an additional HD2 copy in the reference genome of A. bisporus var. bisporus and an additional HD1 copy in the reference genome of A. bisporus var. burnettii. We detected a 140 kb-long inversion between mating types in an A. bisporus var. burnettii heterokaryon, trapping the HD genes, the mip1 gene and fragments of additional genes. The two varieties had islands of transposable elements at the mating-type locus, spanning 35 kb in the A. bisporus var. burnettii reference genome. Linkage analyses showed a region with low recombination in the mating-type locus region in the A. bisporus var. burnettii variety. We found high differentiation between β-fg alleles in both varieties, indicating an ancient event of recombination suppression, followed more recently by a suppression of recombination at the mip1 gene through the inversion in A. bisporus var. burnettii and a suppression of recombination across whole chromosomes in A. bisporus var. bisporus, constituting stepwise recombination suppression as in many other mating-type chromosomes and sex chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ozgur Taskent
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Bâtiment 360, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France;
| | - Ursula Kües
- Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Büsgen-Institute, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Goettingen, Germany;
| | - Anton S. M. Sonnenberg
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (A.S.M.S.); (A.F.v.P.)
| | - Arend F. van Peer
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (A.S.M.S.); (A.F.v.P.)
| | - Tatiana Giraud
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Bâtiment 360, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France;
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Hartmann FE, Duhamel M, Carpentier F, Hood ME, Foulongne‐Oriol M, Silar P, Malagnac F, Grognet P, Giraud T. Recombination suppression and evolutionary strata around mating-type loci in fungi: documenting patterns and understanding evolutionary and mechanistic causes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:2470-2491. [PMID: 33113229 PMCID: PMC7898863 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Genomic regions determining sexual compatibility often display recombination suppression, as occurs in sex chromosomes, plant self-incompatibility loci and fungal mating-type loci. Regions lacking recombination can extend beyond the genes determining sexes or mating types, by several successive steps of recombination suppression. Here we review the evidence for recombination suppression around mating-type loci in fungi, sometimes encompassing vast regions of the mating-type chromosomes. The suppression of recombination at mating-type loci in fungi has long been recognized and maintains the multiallelic combinations required for correct compatibility determination. We review more recent evidence for expansions of recombination suppression beyond mating-type genes in fungi ('evolutionary strata'), which have been little studied and may be more pervasive than commonly thought. We discuss testable hypotheses for the ultimate (evolutionary) and proximate (mechanistic) causes for such expansions of recombination suppression, including (1) antagonistic selection, (2) association of additional functions to mating-type, such as uniparental mitochondria inheritance, (3) accumulation in the margin of nonrecombining regions of various factors, including deleterious mutations or transposable elements resulting from relaxed selection, or neutral rearrangements resulting from genetic drift. The study of recombination suppression in fungi could thus contribute to our understanding of recombination suppression expansion across a broader range of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny E. Hartmann
- Ecologie Systematique EvolutionBatiment 360Université Paris‐SaclayCNRSAgroParisTechOrsay91400France
| | - Marine Duhamel
- Ecologie Systematique EvolutionBatiment 360Université Paris‐SaclayCNRSAgroParisTechOrsay91400France
- Ruhr‐Universität Bochum, Evolution of Plants and Fungi ‐ Gebäude ND 03/174Universitätsstraße150, 44801 BochumGermany
| | - Fantin Carpentier
- Ecologie Systematique EvolutionBatiment 360Université Paris‐SaclayCNRSAgroParisTechOrsay91400France
| | - Michael E. Hood
- Biology Department, Science CentreAmherst CollegeAmherstMA01002USA
| | | | - Philippe Silar
- Lab Interdisciplinaire Energies DemainUniv Paris DiderotSorbonne Paris CiteParis 13F‐75205France
| | - Fabienne Malagnac
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC)Université Paris‐SaclayCEACNRSGif‐sur‐Yvette91198France
| | - Pierre Grognet
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC)Université Paris‐SaclayCEACNRSGif‐sur‐Yvette91198France
| | - Tatiana Giraud
- Ecologie Systematique EvolutionBatiment 360Université Paris‐SaclayCNRSAgroParisTechOrsay91400France
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4
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Baars JJP, Scholtmeijer K, Sonnenberg ASM, van Peer A. Critical Factors Involved in Primordia Building in Agaricus bisporus: A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25132984. [PMID: 32610638 PMCID: PMC7411738 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25132984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The button mushroom Agaricus bisporus is an economically important crop worldwide. Many aspects of its cultivation are well known, except for the precise biological triggers for its fructification. By and large, for most basidiomycete species, nutrient availability, light and a drop in temperature are critical factors for fructification. A. bisporus deviates from this pattern in the sense that it does not require light for fructification. Furthermore its fructification seems to be inhibited by a self-generated factor which needs to be removed by microorganisms in order to initiate fruiting. This review explores what is known about the morphogenesis of fruiting initiation in A. bisporus, the microflora, the self-inhibitors for fruiting initiation and transcription factors involved. This information is subsequently contrasted with an overall model of the regulatory system involved in the initiation of the formation of primordia in basidiomycetes. The comparison reveals a number of the blank spots in our understanding of the fruiting process in A. bisporus.
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Ling ZL, Wang HJ, Callac P, Zhao RL. Offspring analysis using two cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers reveals amphithallism in the edible mushroom Agaricus sinodeliciosus. Mycologia 2019; 111:384-394. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2019.1599248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Lin Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huairou District, Beijing 100408, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Philippe Callac
- Institute National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Mycologie et sécurité des aliments, CS 20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Rui-Lin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huairou District, Beijing 100408, People’s Republic of China
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Imbernon M, Callac P, Gasqui P, Kerrigan RW, Velcko AJ. BSN, the primary determinant of basidial spore number and reproductive mode inAgaricus bisporus, maps to chromosomeI. Mycologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1996.12026713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Micheline Imbernon
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Station de Recherches sur les Champignons, Centre de Recherches de Bordeaux, B.P.81–33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Philippe Callac
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Station de Recherches sur les Champignons, Centre de Recherches de Bordeaux, B.P.81–33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Patrick Gasqui
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Laboratoire d'Ecopathologie, Centre de Recherches de Clermont-Ferrand-Theix, 63122 Saint Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Richard W. Kerrigan
- Research Department, Sylvan, Inc., West Hills Industrial Park, Kittanning, Pennsylvania 16201
| | - Anthony J. Velcko
- Research Department, Sylvan, Inc., West Hills Industrial Park, Kittanning, Pennsylvania 16201
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Gao W, Qu J, Zhang J, Sonnenberg A, Chen Q, Zhang Y, Huang C. A genetic linkage map of Pleurotus tuoliensis integrated with physical mapping of the de novo sequenced genome and the mating type loci. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:18. [PMID: 29304732 PMCID: PMC5755439 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4421-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pleurotus tuoliensis (Bailinggu) is a commercially cultivated mushroom species with an increasing popularity in China and other Asian countries. Commercial profits are now low, mainly due to a low yield, long cultivation period and sensitivity to diseases. Breeding efforts are thus required to improve agronomical important traits. Developing saturated genetic linkage and physical maps is a start for applying genetic and molecular approaches to accelerate the precise breeding programs. Results Here we present a genetic linkage map for P. tuoliensis constructed by using 115 haploid monokaryons derived from a hybrid strain H6. One thousand one hundred and eighty-two SNP markers developed by 2b–RAD (type IIB restriction-site associated DNA) approach were mapped to 12 linkage groups. The map covers 1073 cM with an average marker spacing of 1.0 cM. The genome of P. tuoliensis was de novo sequenced as 40.8 Mb and consisted of 500 scaffolds (>500 bp), which showed a high level of colinearity to the genome of P. eryngii var. eryngii. A total of 97.4% SNP markers (1151) were physically localized on 78 scaffolds, and the physical length of these anchored scaffolds were 33.9 Mb representing 83.1% of the whole genome. Mating type loci A and B were mapped on separate linkage groups and identified physically on the assembled genomes. Five putative pheromone receptors and two putative pheromone precursors were identified for the mating type B locus. Conclusions This study reported a first genetic linkage map integrated with physical mapping of the de novo sequenced genome and the mating type loci of an important cultivated mushroom in China, P. tuoliensis. The de novo sequenced and annotated genome, assembled using a 2b–RAD generated linkage map, provides a basis for marker-assisted breeding of this economic important mushroom species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4421-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jibin Qu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxia Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Anton Sonnenberg
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research Centre, 6708, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Qiang Chen
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyang Huang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China.
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Sonnenberg ASM, Baars JJP, Gao W, Visser RGF. Developments in breeding of Agaricus bisporus var. bisporus: progress made and technical and legal hurdles to take. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:1819-1829. [PMID: 28130632 PMCID: PMC5309338 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8102-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
True breeding of button mushrooms has hardly been done in the last decades, despite this species being one of the most cultivated mushrooms worldwide. Research done in the last 20 years has identified and characterised new germplasm and improved our understanding of the genetic base for some traits. A substantial collection of wild-collected strains is now available and partly characterised for a number of important traits such as disease resistance and yield. Most of the variations found in a number of important agronomic traits have a considerable heritability and are thus useful for breeding. Genetic marker technology has also developed considerably for this mushrooms in the last decade and used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for important agronomic traits. This progress has, except for one example, not resulted so far into new commercially varieties. One of the reasons lies in the typical life cycle of the button mushroom Agaricus bisporus var. bisporus which hampers breeding. Joint investment is needed to solve technical problems in breeding. Special attention is needed for the protection of new varieties. Due to its typical life cycle, it is very easy to generate so called "look-a-likes" from protected cultivars by screening fertile single spore cultures. A consensus has been reached within the mushroom (breeding) industry to consider this method as the generation of essentially derived varieties as defined in plant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton S M Sonnenberg
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | - Johan J P Baars
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Wei Gao
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning of CAAS, Zhongguancun South Street 12, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Richard G F Visser
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Kamzolkina OV, Volkova VN, Kozlova MV, Pancheva EV, Dyakov YT, Callac P. Karyological evidence for meiosis in the three different types of life cycles existing inAgaricus bisporus. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2006.11832647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yuri T. Dyakov
- Department of Mycology, Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Philippe Callac
- INRA, MYCSA (Mycologie et sécurité des aliments), BP 81, 33883 Villenave d’Ornon cedex, France
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10
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Gao W, Baars JJP, Maliepaard C, Visser RGF, Zhang J, Sonnenberg ASM. Multi-trait QTL analysis for agronomic and quality characters of Agaricus bisporus (button mushrooms). AMB Express 2016; 6:67. [PMID: 27620731 PMCID: PMC5016490 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-016-0239-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for button mushrooms of high quality is increasing. Superior button mushroom varieties require the combination of multiple traits to maximize productivity and quality. Very often these traits are correlated and should, therefore, be evaluated together rather than as single traits. In order to unravel the genetic architecture of multiple traits of Agaricus bisporus and the genetic correlations among traits, we have investigated a total of six agronomic and quality traits through multi-trait QTL analyses in a mixed-model. Traits were evaluated in three heterokaryon sets. Significant phenotypic correlations were observed among traits. For instance, earliness (ER) correlated to firmness (FM), cap color, and compost colonization, and FM correlated to scales (SC). QTLs of different traits located on the same chromosomes genetically explains the phenotypic correlations. QTL detected on chromosome 10 mainly affects three traits, i.e., ER, FM and SC. It explained 31.4 % phenotypic variation of SC on mushroom cap (heterokaryon Set 1), 14.9 % that of the FM (heterokaryon Set 3), and 14.2 % that of ER (heterokaryon Set 3). High value alleles from the wild parental line showed beneficial effects for several traits, suggesting that the wild germplasm is a valuable donor in terms of those traits. Due to the limitations of recombination pattern, we only made a start at understanding the genetic base for several agronomic and quality traits in button mushrooms.
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Foulongne-Oriol M, Rocha de Brito M, Cabannes D, Clément A, Spataro C, Moinard M, Dias ES, Callac P, Savoie JM. The Genetic Linkage Map of the Medicinal Mushroom Agaricus subrufescens Reveals Highly Conserved Macrosynteny with the Congeneric Species Agaricus bisporus. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2016; 6:1217-26. [PMID: 26921302 PMCID: PMC4856074 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.025718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Comparative linkage mapping can rapidly facilitate the transfer of genetic information from model species to orphan species. This macrosynteny analysis approach has been extensively used in plant species, but few example are available in fungi, and even fewer in mushroom crop species. Among the latter, the Agaricus genus comprises the most cultivable or potentially cultivable species. Agaricus bisporus, the button mushroom, is the model for edible and cultivable mushrooms. We have developed the first genetic linkage map for the basidiomycete A. subrufescens, an emerging mushroom crop known for its therapeutic properties and potential medicinal applications. The map includes 202 markers distributed over 16 linkage groups (LG), and covers a total length of 1701 cM, with an average marker spacing of 8.2 cM. Using 96 homologous loci, we also demonstrated the high level of macrosynteny with the genome of A. bisporus The 13 main LG of A. subrufescens were syntenic to the 13 A. bisporus chromosomes. A disrupted synteny was observed for the three remaining A. subrufescens LG. Electronic mapping of a collection of A. subrufescens expressed sequence tags on A. bisporus genome showed that the homologous loci were evenly spread, with the exception of a few local hot or cold spots of homology. Our results were discussed in the light of Agaricus species evolution process. The map provides a framework for future genetic or genomic studies of the medicinal mushroom A. subrufescens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuela Rocha de Brito
- INRA, UR1264 MycSA, Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments, Villenave d'Ornon, France Departamento de Biologia, UFLA, Universidade Federal de Lavras, C.P. 3037, 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Delphine Cabannes
- INRA, UR1264 MycSA, Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Aurélien Clément
- INRA, UR1264 MycSA, Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Cathy Spataro
- INRA, UR1264 MycSA, Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Magalie Moinard
- INRA, UR1264 MycSA, Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Eustáquio Souza Dias
- Departamento de Biologia, UFLA, Universidade Federal de Lavras, C.P. 3037, 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Philippe Callac
- INRA, UR1264 MycSA, Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Jean-Michel Savoie
- INRA, UR1264 MycSA, Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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12
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Rocha de Brito M, Foulongne-Oriol M, Moinard M, Souza Dias E, Savoie JM, Callac P. Spore behaviors reveal a category of mating-competent infertile heterokaryons in the offspring of the medicinal fungus Agaricus subrufescens. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:781-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7070-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Grognet P, Silar P. Maintaining heterokaryosis in pseudo-homothallic fungi. Commun Integr Biol 2015; 8:e994382. [PMID: 26479494 PMCID: PMC4594319 DOI: 10.4161/19420889.2014.994382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Among all the strategies displayed by fungi to reproduce and propagate, some species have adopted a peculiar behavior called pseudo-homothallism. Pseudo-homothallic fungi are true heterothallics, i.e., they need 2 genetically-compatible partners to mate, but they produce self-fertile mycelium in which the 2 different nuclei carrying the compatible mating types are present. This lifestyle not only enables the fungus to reproduce without finding a compatible partner, but also to cross with any mate it may encounter. However, to be fully functional, pseudo-homothallism requires maintaining heterokaryosis at every stage of the life cycle. We recently showed that neither the structure of the mating-type locus nor hybrid-enhancing effect due to the presence of the 2 mating types accounts for the maintenance of heterokaryosis in the pseudo-homothallic fungus P. anserina. In this addendum, we summarize the mechanisms creating heterokaryosis in P. anserina and 2 other well-known pseudo-homothallic fungi, Neurospora tetrasperma and Agaricus bisporus. We also discuss mechanisms potentially involved in maintaining heterokaryosis in these 3 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Grognet
- Univ Paris Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Institut des Energies de Demain ; Paris, France
| | - Philippe Silar
- Univ Paris Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Institut des Energies de Demain ; Paris, France
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14
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Quantitative trait locus mapping for bruising sensitivity and cap color of Agaricus bisporus (button mushrooms). Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 77:69-81. [PMID: 25881912 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
White button mushrooms discolor after mechanical damage of the cap skin. This hampers the development of a mechanical harvest system for the fresh market. To unravel the genetic basis for bruising sensitivity, two haploid populations (single spore cultures) were generated derived from crosses between parental lines differing in discoloration after mechanical damage (bruising sensitivity). The haploids were crossed with different homokaryotic tester lines to generate mushrooms and allow assessment of the bruising sensitivity in different genetic backgrounds. Bruising sensitivity appears to be a polygenic highly heritable trait (H(2): 0.88-0.96) and a significant interaction between genotypes and tester lines and genotypes and flushes was found. Using SNP markers evenly spread over all chromosomes, a very low recombination was found between markers allowing only assignment of QTL for bruising sensitivity to chromosomes and not to sub-regions of chromosomes. The cap color of the two parental lines of population 1 is white and brown respectively. A major QTL for bruising sensitivity was assigned to chromosome 8 in population 1 that also harbors the main determinant for cap color (brown versus white). Splitting offspring in white and non-white mushrooms made minor QTL for bruising sensitivity on other chromosomes (e.g. 3 and 10) more prominent. The one on chromosome 10 explained 31% phenotypic variation of bruising sensitivity in flush 2 in the subpopulations of population 1. The two parental lines of population 2 are both white. Major QTL of bruising sensitivity were detected on chromosome 1 and 2, contributing totally more than 44% variation of the bruising sensitivity in flush 1 and 54% variation of that in flush 2. A considerable consistency was found in QTL for bruising sensitivity in the different populations studied across tester lines and flushes indicating that this study will provide a base for breeding cultivars that are less sensitive for bruising allowing the use of mechanical harvest and automatic postharvest handling for produce for the fresh market. The low recombination between homologous chromosomes, however, underlines the need to introduce a normal recombination pattern found in a subspecies of the button mushroom.
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Thongklang N, Hoang E, Rodriguez Estrada AE, Sysouphanthong P, Moinard M, Hyde KD, Kerrigan RW, Foulongne-Oriol M, Callac P. Evidence for amphithallism and broad geographical hybridization potential among Agaricus subrufescens isolates from Brazil, France, and Thailand. Fungal Biol 2014; 118:1013-23. [PMID: 25457949 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Agaricus subrufescens is a cultivated edible and medicinal mushroom. Its known geographical distribution encompasses the Americas, Europe, Oceania, and Asia. The objective of this study was to assess mating compatibility and interfertility of strains originating from Brazil, France, and Thailand. Progeny of each strain were analyed with codominant molecular markers. Multilocus genotype tests revealed that the three strains were amphithallic with percentages of heterokaryotic single spore progenies of 75% for the Thai strain and around 40% for the Brazilian and French strains. In mating tests A. subrufescens had a multiallelic unifactorial system of sexual incompatibility. The three parent strains were interfertile based on experimental pairings of single-spore isolates, the recovery of hybrid heterokaryons from compatible matings, and the ability of hybrids to produce mushrooms and fertile spores. This biological approach supports the inclusion of the European strains within the species and the extension of the geographical distribution range to Asia. Our data should help to develop breeding strategies and to better manage and exploit the diversity existing in A. subrufescens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naritsada Thongklang
- Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research, and School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Eric Hoang
- INRA, UR1264 MycSA, Mycologie et sécurité des aliments, CS 20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | | | - Phongeun Sysouphanthong
- Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research, and School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Magalie Moinard
- INRA, UR1264 MycSA, Mycologie et sécurité des aliments, CS 20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Kevin D Hyde
- Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research, and School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | | | - Marie Foulongne-Oriol
- INRA, UR1264 MycSA, Mycologie et sécurité des aliments, CS 20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Callac
- INRA, UR1264 MycSA, Mycologie et sécurité des aliments, CS 20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France.
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16
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Sharma M, Suman BC, Gupta D. Characterization of single spore isolates of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach using conventional and molecular methods. Curr Microbiol 2014; 69:474-83. [PMID: 24865379 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0608-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Strains A-15, S11, S-140, and U3 of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach, were used as parent strains for raising single spore homokaryotic isolates. Out of total 1,642 single spore isolates, only 36 single spore isolates were homokaryons and exhibited slow mycelial growth rate (≤2.0 mm/day) and appressed colony morphology. All these SSIs failed to produce pinheads in Petri plates even after 65 days of incubation, whereas the strandy slow growing SSIs along with parent strains were able to form the fructification in petriplates after 30 days. Out of 24, six ISSR primers, exhibited scorable bands. In the ISSR fingerprints, single spore isolates, homokaryons, lacked amplification products at multiple loci; they grow slowly and all of them had appressed types of colony morphology. The study revealed losses of ISSR polymorphic patterns in non-fertile homokaryotic single spore isolates compared to the parental control or fertile heterokaryotic single spore isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Sharma
- Department of Plant Pathology, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173230, HP, India,
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Genome sequence of the button mushroom Agaricus bisporus reveals mechanisms governing adaptation to a humic-rich ecological niche. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:17501-6. [PMID: 23045686 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1206847109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Agaricus bisporus is the model fungus for the adaptation, persistence, and growth in the humic-rich leaf-litter environment. Aside from its ecological role, A. bisporus has been an important component of the human diet for over 200 y and worldwide cultivation of the "button mushroom" forms a multibillion dollar industry. We present two A. bisporus genomes, their gene repertoires and transcript profiles on compost and during mushroom formation. The genomes encode a full repertoire of polysaccharide-degrading enzymes similar to that of wood-decayers. Comparative transcriptomics of mycelium grown on defined medium, casing-soil, and compost revealed genes encoding enzymes involved in xylan, cellulose, pectin, and protein degradation are more highly expressed in compost. The striking expansion of heme-thiolate peroxidases and β-etherases is distinctive from Agaricomycotina wood-decayers and suggests a broad attack on decaying lignin and related metabolites found in humic acid-rich environment. Similarly, up-regulation of these genes together with a lignolytic manganese peroxidase, multiple copper radical oxidases, and cytochrome P450s is consistent with challenges posed by complex humic-rich substrates. The gene repertoire and expression of hydrolytic enzymes in A. bisporus is substantially different from the taxonomically related ectomycorrhizal symbiont Laccaria bicolor. A common promoter motif was also identified in genes very highly expressed in humic-rich substrates. These observations reveal genetic and enzymatic mechanisms governing adaptation to the humic-rich ecological niche formed during plant degradation, further defining the critical role such fungi contribute to soil structure and carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems. Genome sequence will expedite mushroom breeding for improved agronomic characteristics.
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Xu J, Zhang Y, Pun N. Mitochondrial recombination in natural populations of the button mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Fungal Genet Biol 2012; 55:92-7. [PMID: 23000308 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the majority of sexual eukaryotes, the mitochondrial genomes are inherited uniparentally and have predominantly clonal population structures. In clonally evolving genomes, alleles at different loci will be in significant linkage disequilibrium. In this study, the associations among alleles at nine mitochondrial loci were analyzed for 379 isolates in four natural populations of the button mushroom Agaricus bisporus. The results indicated that the mitochondrial genome in the Desert California population was not significantly different from random recombination. In contrast, the three other populations all showed predominantly clonal mitochondrial population structure. While no evidence of recombination was found in the Alberta, Canada A. bisporus population, signatures of recombination were evident in the Coastal Californian and the French populations. We discuss the potential mechanisms that could have contributed to the observed mitochondrial recombination and to the differences in allelic associations among the geographic populations in this economically important mushroom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Xu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming, PR China.
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19
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Foulongne-Oriol M. Genetic linkage mapping in fungi: current state, applications, and future trends. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 95:891-904. [PMID: 22743715 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4228-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Genetic mapping is a basic tool for eukaryotic genomic research. Linkage maps provide insights into genome organization and can be used for genetic studies of traits of interest. A genetic linkage map is a suitable support for the anchoring of whole genome sequences. It allows the localization of genes of interest or quantitative trait loci (QTL) and map-based cloning. While genetic mapping has been extensively used in plant or animal models, this discipline is more recent in fungi. The present article reviews the current status of genetic linkage map research in fungal species. The process of linkage mapping is detailed, from the development of mapping populations to the construction of the final linkage map, and illustrated based on practical examples. The range of specific applications in fungi is browsed, such as the mapping of virulence genes in pathogenic species or the mapping of agronomically relevant QTL in cultivated edible mushrooms. Future prospects are finally discussed in the context of the most recent advances in molecular techniques and the release of numerous fungal genome sequences.
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20
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Foulongne-Oriol M, Dufourcq R, Spataro C, Devesse C, Broly A, Rodier A, Savoie JM. Comparative linkage mapping in the white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus provides foundation for breeding management. Curr Genet 2010; 57:39-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-010-0325-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Unlike nuclear genes and genomes, the inheritance of organelle genes and genomes does not follow Mendel's laws. In this mini-review, I summarize recent research progress on the patterns and mechanisms of the inheritance of organelle genes and genomes. While most sexual eukaryotes show uniparental inheritance of organelle genes and genomes in some progeny at least part of the time, increasing evidence indicates that strictly uniparental inheritance is rare and that organelle inheritance patterns are very diverse and complex. In contrast with the predominance of uniparental inheritance in multicellular organisms, organelle genes in eukaryotic microorganisms, such as protists, algae, and fungi, typically show a greater diversity of inheritance patterns, with sex-determining loci playing significant roles. The diverse patterns of inheritance are matched by the rich variety of potential mechanisms. Indeed, many factors, both deterministic and stochastic, can influence observed patterns of organelle inheritance. Interestingly, in multicellular organisms, progeny from interspecific crosses seem to exhibit more frequent paternal leakage and biparental organelle genome inheritance than those from intraspecific crosses. The recent observation of a sex-determining gene in the basidiomycete yeast Cryptococcus neoformans, which controls mitochondrial DNA inheritance, has opened up potentially exciting research opportunities for identifying specific molecular genetic pathways that control organelle inheritance, as well as for testing evolutionary hypotheses regarding the prevalence of uniparental inheritance of organelle genes and genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Xu
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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22
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Callac P, Spataro C, Caille A, Imbernon M. Evidence for outcrossing via the Buller phenomenon in a substrate simultaneously inoculated with spores and mycelium of Agaricus bisporus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:2366-72. [PMID: 16597931 PMCID: PMC1449030 DOI: 10.1128/aem.72.4.2366-2372.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Agaricus bisporus, traditional cultivars and most of the wild populations belong to A. bisporus var. bisporus, which has a predominantly pseudohomothallic life cycle in which most meiospores are heterokaryons (n + n). A lower proportion of homokaryotic (n) meiospores, which typify the heterothallic life cycle, also are produced. In wild populations, pseudohomothallism was thought previously to play a major role, but recent analyses have found that significant outcrossing also may occur. We inoculated a standard substrate for A. bisporus cultivation simultaneously with homokaryotic mycelium from one parent and spores from a second parent. Culture trays produced numerous sporocarps that could theoretically have resulted from five different reproductive modes (pseudohomothallism, selfing or outcrossing via heterothallism, and selfing or outcrossing via the Buller phenomenon [i.e., between a homokaryon and a heterokaryon]). Most or all of the sporocarps resulted from outcrossing between the inoculated homokaryon and the inoculated heterokaryotic spores (or mycelia that grew from them). These data broaden our understanding of population dynamics under field conditions and provide an outcrossing method that could be used in commercial breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Callac
- Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments, INRA, B.P. 81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France.
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23
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Xu J, Desmerger C, Callac P. Fine-scale genetic analyses reveal unexpected spatial-temporal heterogeneity in two natural populations of the commercial mushroom Agaricus bisporus. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2002; 148:1253-1262. [PMID: 11988500 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-148-5-1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the fine-scale genetic variation of the commercial mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, over 2 years at two sites in France. One site was a meadow fertilized with horse manure and disturbed regularly by humans; the other was a Monterey cypress forest free of human disturbance. Altogether, 50 mushrooms were collected and analysed for mitochondrial and nuclear genetic variation marked by RFLPs and multilocus enzyme electrophoretic polymorphisms. Population samples from these two sites were genetically different and both sites contained high levels of genetic diversity. No identical genotypes were found at either site between the 2 years and there was little evidence for extensive vegetative clonality for this species. Contrary to expectations, very limited evidence of pseudohomothallic reproduction was found. Results from tests of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and genotypic equilibrium showed that outcrossing and recombination have played significant roles in both populations. The results demonstrated spatial-temporal genetic heterogeneity of A. bisporus in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Xu
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, CanadaL8S 4K11
| | | | - Philippe Callac
- Institute National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche sur les Champignons, B.P. 81, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France3
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24
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Moquet F, Desmerger C, Mamoun M, Ramos-Guedes-Lafargue M, Olivier JM. A quantitative trait locus of Agaricus bisporus resistance to Pseudomonas tolaasii is closely linked to natural cap color. Fungal Genet Biol 1999; 28:34-42. [PMID: 10512670 DOI: 10.1006/fgbi.1999.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative trait locus (QTL) of resistance to Pseudomonas tolaasii was detected in Agaricus bisporus using a cross between a wild strain from the Sonoran desert and a cultivated strain. The resistance QTL was strongly linked with the brown color allele of PPC1. This QTL explained about 30% of the variation observed for living bacteria-induced symptoms. The use of bacterial toxin did not reproduce living bacteria symptoms but revealed the same QTL. The latter QTL was not affected by environmental variation. No relation was found between the resistance QTL and the tyrosinase gene, which is involved in the browning process.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Moquet
- Station de Recherches sur les Champignons, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, F-33883, France
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25
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Sonnenberg AS, Baars JJ, Mikosch TS, Schaap PJ, Van Griensven LJ. Abr1, a transposon-like element in the genome of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:3347-53. [PMID: 10427018 PMCID: PMC91503 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.8.3347-3353.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/1999] [Accepted: 06/03/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A 300-bp repetitive element was found in the genome of the white button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, and designated Abr1. It is present in approximately 15 copies per haploid genome in the commercial strain Horst U1. Analysis of seven copies showed 89 to 97% sequence identity. The repeat has features typical of class II transposons (i.e., terminal inverted repeats, subterminal repeats, and a target site duplication of 7 bp). The latter shows a consensus sequence. When used as probe on Southern blots, Abr1 identifies relatively little variation within traditional and present-day commercial strains, indicating that most strains are identical or have a common origin. In contrast to these cultivars, high variation is found among field-collected strains. Furthermore, a remarkable difference in copy numbers of Abr1 was found between A. bisporus isolates with a secondarily homothallic life cycle and those with a heterothallic life cycle. Abr1 is a type II transposon not previously reported in basidiomycetes and appears to be useful for the identification of strains within the species A. bisporus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Sonnenberg
- Mushroom Experimental Station, NL-5960 AA Horst, The Netherlands.
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26
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Biochemical and molecular aspects of growth and fruiting of the edible mushroom Agaricus bisporus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1017/s0953756298007266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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27
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Abstract
In the Agaricus bisporus desert population in California, the dominant Bsn-t allele determines the production of tetrasporic basidia and homokaryotic spores (n) that characterize a heterothallic life cycle. Strains belonging to a French population have the Bsn-b/b genotype that results in bisporic basidia that produce heterokaryotic spores (n + n) which characterize a pseudohomothallic life cycle. More recombination occurs in the tetrasporic population than in the bisporic population. In France, tetrasporic strains are rare. For two such isolates, Bs 261 and Bs 423, we determined the life cycle, the heritability of the tetrasporic trait, the amount of variation in the recombination rate, and the haploid fruiting ability. We found that (i) Bs 261 was heterothallic, (ii) Bs 423 was homokaryotic and homothallic, (iii) Bs 261 was Bsn-t/b, (iv) recombination on a segment of chromosome I depended on the genotype at BSN, (v) some of the homokaryotic offspring of Bs 261 and all of the progeny of Bs 423 were able to fruit, (vi) Bs 261 and Bs 423 were closely related, and (vii) Bs 423 was partially intersterile with other strains of the species.
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28
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Callac P, Desmerger C, Kerrigan RW, Imbernon M. Conservation of genetic linkage with map expansion in distantly related crosses of Agaricus bisporus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1997; 146:235-40. [PMID: 9011044 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb10199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A previous map of the genome of a hybrid strain which had European parents belonging to the secondarily homothallic fungus Agaricus bisporus var. bisporus appeared to be unusually compact, with a particularly recombophobic segment in the central part of chromosome I. A new map of this segment was constructed based on allelic segregations among 103 homokaryotic offspring of an A. bisporus hybrid between a European parent of the var. bisporus and a Californian parent of the heterothallic var. burnettii. Markers completely linked on the previous map were distributed along 28 cM in the new map. These results suggest that the greater recombination rate could be correlated with the outbreeding behaviour of the var. burnettii.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Callac
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Station de Recherches sur les Champignons, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
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29
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Sonnenberg AS, de Groot PW, Schaap PJ, Baars JJ, Visser J, Van Griensven LJ. Isolation of expressed sequence tags of Agaricus bisporus and their assignment to chromosomes. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62:4542-7. [PMID: 8953726 PMCID: PMC168281 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.12.4542-4547.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The genome of the cultivated basidiomycete Agaricus bisporus Horst U1 and of its homokaryotic parents has been characterized by using an optimized method of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Expressed sequence tags obtained as expressed cDNAs from a primordial tissue-derived cDNA library and a number of previously isolated genes were used to identify the individual chromosomes of the parental lines of Horst U1. The genome consists of 13 chromosomes, and its total size is 31 Mb. For those chromosomes that could not be resolved by contour-clamped homogeneous electric field electrophoresis, the segregation of marker genes was studied in a set of 86 homokaryotic offspring of Horst U1. At least two markers were assigned to each individual chromosome. In this way all individual chromosomes were unequivocally identified. The large size difference observed between the homologous chromosomes IX, harboring the rDNA repeat, was shown to be largely due to a higher copy number of rDNA in parental strain H97 than in parental strain H39.
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30
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Callac P. Breeding of edible fungi with emphasis on the variability among French genetic resources ofAgaricus bisporus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1139/b95-348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Our laboratory (INRA) has developed breeding programs for several species of edible fungi. For example, "sporeless" strains were obtained by mutagenesis for Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus pulmonarius, a hybrid strain of Lepista nuda has been marketed, and genetic variability has been studied in Tuber melanosporum. At present, the largest program concerns Agaricus bisporus, for which a collection of about 200 French isolates from 44 sites has been gathered. High genetic polymorphism appeared even within each site. Nine genetically different isolates from the same site were studied in experimental culture. Variability was observed for color of the cap, susceptibility to bacterial blotch, and the elevated basidial spore number trait. A single isolate, Bs 261, gave sporocarps having a majority of tetrasporic basidia, and spores which, for the most part, were homokaryotic. This strain was interfertile with typical bisporic strains. The resulting hybrids were either bisporic or tetrasporic, according to which homokaryon of Bs 261 was used. More investigations will be necessary to understand the presence of a rare tetrasporic strain in a bisporic population and also to study the relationship between Bs 261 and the tetrasporic strains of the previously described A. bisporus var. burnettii. Key words: edible fungi, Agaricus bisporus, genetic resources, breeding, basidial spore number, tetrasporic trait.
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31
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Abstract
Inbreeding depression was observed in the commercial button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, by examining two laboratory populations. The outbred population consisted of 20 compatible pairings, 10 homokaryons with each of the homokaryons Ag1-1 and Ag89-65. The inbred population consisted of 104 backcrosses (among which 52 were expected to be sexually compatible) obtained from the pairings of two progenitor homokaryons, Ag1-1 and Ag89-65, with 52 progeny homokaryons derived from the mating between Ag1-1 and Ag89-65. The eight fitness components examined for these two populations were successful matings as identified by the analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms, positive mycelial interaction in these successful matings, heterokaryon growth rate, primordium formation by the successful matings, fertile fruiting body formation, time to first break, average number of fruiting bodies per square foot, and average weight per fruiting body. The outcrossed population showed a significant advantage over the inbred population in three of eight fitness components. Two pairs of traits were significantly correlated. The multiplicative fitness ratio of the inbred to the outcrossed population was 0.18. The relevance of inbreeding depression to the evolution of fungal mating systems and to mushroom breeding is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xu
- Department of Botany, University of Toronto, Erindale College, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
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32
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Randall TA, Metzenberg RL. Species-specific and mating type-specific DNA regions adjacent to mating type idiomorphs in the genus Neurospora. Genetics 1995; 141:119-36. [PMID: 8536961 PMCID: PMC1206711 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/141.1.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mating type idiomorphs control mating and subsequent sexual development in Neurospora crassa and were previously shown to be well conserved in other Neurospora species. The centromere-proximal flanks of the A and a idiomorphs, but not the distal flanks from representative heterothallic, pseudohomothallic, and homothallic Neurospora species contain apparent species-specific and/or mating type-specific sequences adjacent to the well-conserved idiomorphs. The variable flank is bordered by regions that are highly homologous in all species. The sequence of approximately 1 kb immediately flanking the conserved idiomorphs of each species was determined. Sequence identity between species ranged from 20% (essentially unrelated) to > 90%. By contrast, the mt-A1 gene shows 88-98% identity. Sequence and hybridization data also show that the centromere-proximal flanks are very different between the two mating types for N. intermedia, N. discreta, and N. tetrasperma, but not for N. sitophila and N. crassa. The data suggest a close evolutionary relationship between several of the species; this is suppported by phylogenetic analysis of their respective mt-A1 genes. The origin of the variable regions adjacent to the evolutionarily conserved mating type idiomorphs is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Randall
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA
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33
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Chiu SW, Chen M, Chang ST. Differentiating homothallic Volvariella mushrooms by RFLPs and AP-PCR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0953-7562(09)80909-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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