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Radzlin N, Mohamad Ali MS, Goh KM, Yaakop AS, Zakaria II, Kahar UM. Exploring a novel GH13_5 α-amylase from Jeotgalibacillus malaysiensis D5 T for raw starch hydrolysis. AMB Express 2024; 14:71. [PMID: 38874807 PMCID: PMC11178733 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-024-01722-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
α-Amylase plays a crucial role in the industrial degradation of starch. The genus Jeotgalibacillus of the underexplored marine bacteria family Caryophanaceae has not been investigated in terms of α-amylase production. Herein, we report the comprehensive analysis of an α-amylase (AmyJM) from Jeotgalibacillus malaysiensis D5T (= DSM28777T = KCTC33550T). Protein phylogenetic analysis indicated that AmyJM belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 13 subfamily 5 (GH13_5) and exhibits low sequence identity with known α-amylases, with its closest counterpart being the GH13_5 α-amylase from Bacillus sp. KSM-K38 (51.05% identity). Purified AmyJM (molecular mass of 70 kDa) is stable at a pH range of 5.5-9.0 and optimally active at pH 7.5. The optimum temperature for AmyJM is 40 °C, where the enzyme is reasonably stable at this temperature. Similar to other α-amylases, the presence of CaCl2 enhanced both the activity and stability of AmyJM. AmyJM exhibited activity toward raw and gelatinized forms of starches and related α-glucans, generating a mixture of reducing sugars, such as glucose, maltose, maltotriose, maltotetraose, and maltopentaose. In raw starch hydrolysis, AmyJM exhibited its highest efficiency (51.10% degradation) in hydrolyzing raw wheat starch after 3-h incubation at 40 °C. Under the same conditions, AmyJM also hydrolyzed tapioca, sago, potato, rice, and corn raw starches, yielding 16.01-30.05%. These findings highlight the potential of AmyJM as a biocatalyst for the saccharification of raw starches, particularly those derived from wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurfatini Radzlin
- Malaysia Genome and Vaccine Institute, National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia, Jalan Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shukuri Mohamad Ali
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Institute Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Kian Mau Goh
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Amira Suriaty Yaakop
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Iffah Izzati Zakaria
- Malaysia Genome and Vaccine Institute, National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia, Jalan Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ummirul Mukminin Kahar
- Malaysia Genome and Vaccine Institute, National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia, Jalan Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Yaşar Yildiz S. Exploring the Hot Springs of Golan: A Source of Thermophilic Bacteria and Enzymes with Industrial Promise. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:101. [PMID: 38376803 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03617-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a surge in research on extremophiles due to their remarkable ability to survive in harsh environments. Extremophile thermophilic bacteria provide thermostable enzymes for biotechnology and industry. Thermophilic bacteria live in extreme environments like hot springs at 45-80 °C. This study screens and isolates thermophilic bacteria and thermozymes from the Golan hot springs in Karakocan, Elazig, Turkey. The study also characterizes thermophilic bacteria and their thermozymes to understand their features and applications better. Golan hot spring water samples at 50 °C yielded 12 isolates. GKE 02, 07, 08, and 10 produce amylase, GKE 04, 08, and 11 cellulase, and GKE 06 xylanase. One isolate (GKE 08) displayed both amylolytic and cellulolytic activity on agar plates. GKE 02 had the highest plate assay amylolytic index (2.3) and amylase activity (67.87 U/ml). Plate assay indicates GKE 08 has 1.5 amylolytic index, 1.1 cellulolytic index, 38.57 U/ml amylase, and 6.81 U/ml cellulase. GKE 04 had the greatest cellulolytic index (1.7) and cellulase activity (27.46). GKE 06, the only xylanase producer, has 19.67 U/ml activity and 1.4 plate assay index. The investigation also included determining the optimal pH and temperature conditions for each enzyme. 16S rDNA gene sequencing revealed seven thermozyme-producing bacteria Bacillus, Geobacillus, and Thermomonas. Thermomonas hydrothermalis genome annotation showed glycosyl hydrolase genes for amylolytic and cellulolytic activity. The findings of this study on thermophilic bacteria and thermostable enzyme synthesis in the Golan hot springs are promising, particularly for T. hydrothermalis, which has limited research on its potential as a thermozyme producer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songül Yaşar Yildiz
- Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, 34700, Turkey.
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Antibiofilm Potential of Alpha-Amylase from a Marine Bacterium, Pantoea agglomerans. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 2022:7480382. [PMID: 35462682 PMCID: PMC9033359 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7480382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are a big menace to industries and the environment and also in the health sector, accumulation of which is a major challenge. Despite intensive efforts to curb this issue, a definitive solution is yet to be achieved. Enzyme-templated disruption of the extracellular matrix of biofilm and its control and elimination are emerging as an efficient and greener strategy. The study describes the antibiofilm potential of alpha-amylase from the marine microorganism Pantoea agglomerans PCI05, against food-borne pathogens. Amylase exhibited stability in a wide pH range and retained 50% of its activity at temperatures as high as 100°C. Thermal analysis of the enzyme produced showed thermal stability, up to 130°C. From these findings, it can be envisaged that the alpha-amylase produced from P. agglomerans can be used for starch liquefaction; it was also evaluated for antibiofilm activity. Amylase from this marine bacterium was found to efficiently disrupt the preformed biofilms of food-borne pathogens such as Bacillus cereus, Serratia marcescens, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica enterica serotype Typhi based on the value of biofilm inhibitory concentrations.
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Ahmad A, Rahamtullah, Mishra R. Structural and functional adaptation in extremophilic microbial α-amylases. Biophys Rev 2022; 14:499-515. [PMID: 35528036 PMCID: PMC9043155 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-022-00931-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining stable native conformation of a protein under a given ecological condition is the prerequisite for survival of organisms. Extremophilic bacteria and archaea have evolved to adapt under extreme conditions of temperature, pH, salt, and pressure. Molecular adaptations of proteins under these conditions are essential for their survival. These organisms have the capability to maintain stable, native conformations of proteins under extreme conditions. The enzymes produced by the extremophiles are also known as extremozyme, which are used in several industries. Stability and functionality of extremozymes under varying temperature, pH, and solvent conditions are the most desirable requirement of industry. α-Amylase is one of the most important enzymes used in food, pharmaceutical, textile, and detergent industries. This enzyme is produced by diverse microorganisms including various extremophiles. Therefore, understanding its stability is important from fundamental as well as an applied point of view. Each class of extremophiles has a distinctive set of dominant non-covalent interactions which are important for their stability. Static information obtained by comparative analysis of amino acid sequence and atomic resolution structure provides information on the prevalence of particular amino acids or a group of non-covalent interactions. Protein folding studies give the information about thermodynamic and kinetic stability in order to understand dynamic aspect of molecular adaptations. In this review, we have summarized information on amino acid sequence, structure, stability, and adaptability of α-amylases from different classes of extremophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Ahmad
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110,067 India
| | - Rahamtullah
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110,067 India
| | - Rajesh Mishra
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110,067 India
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Enez B. Purification and Characterization of Thermostable α-Amylase from Soil Bacterium Bacillus sp. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 28:1372-1378. [PMID: 34711150 DOI: 10.2174/0929866528666211027113113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amylases are used in several industrial and biotechnological sectors, including those producing textiles, detergents, paper and bakery products. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to purify an industrially important α-amylase from Bacillus sp. For this purpose, a single and rapid α-amylase purification was performed using the starch affinity method. METHODS Characterization of the purified enzyme was determined by investigating temperature, pH stability, detergents, and metal ions. RESULTS The purification coefficient of 29.8-fold with a yield of 9.2% was found. The molecular weight of the purified α-amylase was determined to be 53 kDa by SDS-PAGE, and thermostability was confirmed with 100% activity at 30ºC and 40ºC after 1 h. The purified enzyme was stable over a wide range of pH values, with optimum activity at pH 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0 after 2 h. The study also investigated the effects of the metal ions and detergents on the purified amylase and found that Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions were the activators of the enzyme, while Zn2+, Co2+ and Na+ ions decreased the activity. Furthermore, Hg2+ indicated complete inhibition of amylase activity. The detergents Triton X-100 and Tween 20 increased the α-amylase activity, while sodium dodecyl sulfate inhibited the activity. CONCLUSION The purified α-amylase obtained from Bacillus sp. is considered to be environmentally friendly, can be processed in a short time, and has a low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barış Enez
- Veterinary Health Department, Vocational School of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Bingöl University, Bingöl. Turkey
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Ullah I, Khan MS, Khan SS, Ahmad W, Zheng L, Shah SUA, Ullah M, Iqbal A. Identification and characterization of thermophilic amylase producing bacterial isolates from the brick kiln soil. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:970-979. [PMID: 33424389 PMCID: PMC7783820 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The present experiment was designed to isolate bacterial strains from the brick kiln soil and to check the activity and enzyme kinetics of amylase from these isolates. The bacterial colonies were isolated from soil samples through the serial dilution method. The bacterial isolates were identified through morphological, electron microscopic and molecular analysis. The 16S ribosomal RNA sequences of the isolates IR-1, IR-2, IR-3, IR-8, and IR-9 showed high similarities with Bacillus tequilensis, Bacillus paramycoides, Proteus alimentorum, Bacillus wiedmannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. All of the bacterial isolates showed a positive catalase activity except IR-9. Furthermore, the isolates showed variable antagonistic effects against different bacterial pathogens. All of the strains produced indole acetic acid (IAA), and the concentrations increased in the presence of tryptophan application. The isolates showed the amylase enzyme activity and maximum activity of isolates was achieved in 4% starch concentration. The IR-9 isolate showed the highest amylase activity of 5.9 U/ml. The V max values of the extracellular amylase from different bacterial isolates ranged between 12.90 and 50.00 IU ml-1. The lowest K m value of 6.33 mg starch was recorded for IR-8 and the maximum K cat value of 2.50 min-1 was observed for IR-3. The amylase activity of the isolates was significantly affected by a range of different incubation time, temperature, and pH values. Further tests are required before the potential utilization of these isolates for amylase production, and in the biopesticide and biofertilizer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Ullah
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Sayyar Khan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Shahin Shah Khan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Waqar Ahmad
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Lingjie Zheng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, National Energy Bio-Refining R&D Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Processing, China
| | - Syed Usman Ali Shah
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Ullah
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Aqib Iqbal
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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Evert B, Vezina B, Rehm BHA. Catalytically Active Bioseparation Resin Utilizing a Covalent Intermediate for Tagless Protein Purification. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:8911-8922. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Evert
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane 4111, Australia
| | - Ben Vezina
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane 4111, Australia
| | - Bernd H. A. Rehm
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane 4111, Australia
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Hashim SO. Starch-Modifying Enzymes. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 172:221-244. [PMID: 30937486 DOI: 10.1007/10_2019_91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Starch is a carbohydrate polymer found abundantly on earth. It is synthesized in plants as a short-term storage compound for respiration in the leaves and for long-term storage in the tubers, seeds and roots of plants. A wide variety of enzymes modify or convert starch into various products. The classes of enzymes that act on starch include endoamylases, exoamylases, debranching enzymes and transferases. Starch-modifying enzymes of microbial origin are utilized in a wide variety of industrial applications. Alkaline-active amylases are diverse in terms of optimum reaction conditions, substrate and product specificity. Amylases that are active at lower temperatures and alkaline conditions are most suited for detergent formulation. Other notable starch-modifying enzymes from alkaliphiles include maltooligosaccharide-forming amylases and cyclodextrin glycosyltransferases (CGTases), which produce a variety of maltooligosaccharides and cyclodextrins, respectively. Such compounds are used in the food, fine chemical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, among others. Alkaline-active amylases are also applicable in the paper, textile and leather industries and also in bioremediation and alkaline waste water treatment. Their application in these fields is further enhanced through stabilization and improving their specificity and catalytic action by employing nanotechnology and genetic engineering. Graphical Abstract *Alkaline alpha-amylase AmyK from Bacillus sp. KSM-1378. Shirai T, Igarashi K, Ozawa T, Hagihara H, Kobayashi T, Ozaki K, Ito S (2007) Proteins 66:600-610. Source: Protein Data Bank in Europe (PDBe).
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhaila Omar Hashim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya.
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Maeda M, Tokashiki M, Tokashiki M, Uechi K, Ito S, Taira T. Characterization and induction of phenolic acid decarboxylase from Aspergillus luchuensis. J Biosci Bioeng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Purification and characterization of Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 strain ZB-34 α-amylase produced by solid-state fermentation using corn bran. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/tjb-2017-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background:
Aim of the study was to produce α-amylase cheaply from Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 strain ZB-34 by solid-state fermentation and investigate its suitability for some industries.
Methods:
Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 strain ZB-34 α-amylase was purified with starch affinity method.
Results:
The best production of enzyme was achieved by using corn bran. Optimum pH and temperature were 5.5 and 50°C, respectively. Vmax and K0.5 were determined as 238.8 U/mg protein and 0.03% from substrate-activity curve. Activity was maintained about 100% in the tested pHs after 1 day incubation. The enzyme conserved full of its activity at 4 and 28°C for 120 min. Mn2+, Ca2+, Tween 20, Triton X-100 and Triton X-114 activated the enzyme. The enzyme was highly active in the presence of some commercial detergents. The chocolate stains on the cotton fabrics were more effectively cleaned with the combination of a commercial detergent and purified enzyme. The purified enzyme also clarified the raw apple juice and desized the cotton fabrics.
Conclusion:
The results showed that Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 strain ZB-34 α-amylase might have potential application as a detergent additive. In addition, its activity between pH 4.0 and 7.0 may facilitate its use in the food and fruit processing industries.
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Marine Microbiological Enzymes: Studies with Multiple Strategies and Prospects. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14100171. [PMID: 27669268 PMCID: PMC5082319 DOI: 10.3390/md14100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine microorganisms produce a series of promising enzymes that have been widely used or are potentially valuable for our daily life. Both classic and newly developed biochemistry technologies have been broadly used to study marine and terrestrial microbiological enzymes. In this brief review, we provide a research update and prospects regarding regulatory mechanisms and related strategies of acyl-homoserine lactones (AHL) lactonase, which is an important but largely unexplored enzyme. We also detail the status and catalytic mechanism of the main types of polysaccharide-degrading enzymes that broadly exist among marine microorganisms but have been poorly explored. In order to facilitate understanding, the regulatory and synthetic biology strategies of terrestrial microorganisms are also mentioned in comparison. We anticipate that this review will provide an outline of multiple strategies for promising marine microbial enzymes and open new avenues for the exploration, engineering and application of various enzymes.
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Song Q, Wang Y, Yin C, Zhang XH. LaaA, a novel high-active alkalophilic alpha-amylase from deep-sea bacterium Luteimonas abyssi XH031(T). Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 90:83-92. [PMID: 27241296 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-amylase is a kind of broadly used industrial enzymes, most of which have been exploited from terrestrial organism. Comparatively, alpha-amylase from marine environment was largely undeveloped. In this study, a novel alkalophilic alpha-amylase with high activity, Luteimonas abyssi alpha-amylase (LaaA), was cloned from deep-sea bacterium L. abyssi XH031(T) and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21. The gene has a length of 1428bp and encodes 475 amino acids with a 35-residue signal peptide. The specific activity of LaaA reached 8881U/mg at the optimum pH 9.0, which is obvious higher than other reported alpha-amylase. This enzyme can remain active at pH levels ranging from 6.0 to 11.0 and temperatures below 45°C, retaining high activity even at low temperatures (almost 38% residual activity at 10°C). In addition, 1mM Na(+), K(+), and Mn(2+) enhanced the activity of LaaA. To investigate the function of potential active sites, R227G, D229K, E256Q/H, H327V and D328V mutants were generated, and the results suggested that Arg227, Asp229, Glu256 and Asp328 were total conserved and essential for the activity of alpha-amylase LaaA. This study shows that the alpha-amylase LaaA is an alkali-tolerant and high-active amylase with strong potential for use in detergent industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghao Song
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Chong Yin
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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Purification and characterization of a novel and versatile α-amylase from thermophilicAnoxybacillussp. YIM 342. STARCH-STARKE 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201400056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Bajpai B, Chaudhary M, Saxena J. Production and Characterization of α-Amylase from an Extremely Halophilic Archaeon, Haloferax sp. HA10. Food Technol Biotechnol 2015; 53:11-17. [PMID: 27904327 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.53.01.15.3824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Haloarchaea are found at very high concentrations in salt-conditioned environments, hence produce enzymes which are able to catalyze reactions under harsh conditions, typical of many industrial processes. In the present study, culture conditions for extracellular amylase production from Haloarchaea isolated from a solar saltern were optimized and the purified enzyme was characterized. Haloferax sp. HA10 showed maximum amylase production at 3 M NaCl, 37 °C, pH=7 and 1% starch content. Purified α-amylase was a calcium-dependent enzyme with an estimated molecular mass of about 66 kDa and many industrially useful properties. It was found to be stable in a broad range of pH (from 5 to 9) and NaCl concentrations (from 0.5 to 3.0 M), retaining 48% activity even at 4 M. The optimal temperature for Haloferax sp. HA10 amylase activity was 55 °C (99% activity), and 57% activity was retained at 80 °C, which dropped to 44% with the increase of temperature to 90 or 100 °C. It was able to sustain various surfactants and detergents. To the best of our knowledge the detergent-stable α-amylases from halophilic archaeon have not been reported yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhakti Bajpai
- Department of Biotechnology, Ashok & Rita Patel Institute of Integrated Study & Research in
Biotechnology and Allied Sciences (ARIBAS), New Vallabh Vidya Nagar 388121, Gujarat, India
| | - Monika Chaudhary
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Distt. Tonk 304022, Rajasthan, India; Present address: 13836 Jefferson Park Dr, Apt 9102, Herndon, VA-20171, USA
| | - Jyoti Saxena
- Biochemical Engineering Department, B.T. Kumaon Institute of Technology, Dwarahat 263653,
Uttarakhand, India
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AmyM, a Novel Maltohexaose-Forming α-Amylase from Corallococcus sp. strain EGB. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:1977-87. [PMID: 25576603 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03934-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel α-amylase, AmyM, was purified from the culture supernatant of Corallococcus sp. strain EGB. AmyM is a maltohexaose-forming exoamylase with an apparent molecular mass of 43 kDa. Based on the results of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and peptide mass fingerprinting of AmyM and by comparison to the genome sequence of Corallococcus coralloides DSM 2259, the AmyM gene was identified and cloned into Escherichia coli. amyM encodes a secretory amylase with a predicted signal peptide of 23 amino acid residues, which showed no significant identity with known and functionally verified amylases. amyM was expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3) cells with a hexahistidine tag. The signal peptide efficiently induced the secretion of mature AmyM in E. coli. Recombinant AmyM (rAmyM) was purified by Ni-nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) affinity chromatography, with a specific activity of up to 14,000 U/mg. rAmyM was optimally active at 50°C in Tris-HCl buffer (50 mM; pH 7.0) and stable at temperatures of <50°C. rAmyM was stable over a wide range of pH values (from pH 5.0 to 10.0) and highly tolerant to high concentrations of salts, detergents, and various organic solvents. Its activity toward starch was independent of calcium ions. The Km and Vmax of recombinant AmyM for soluble starch were 6.61 mg ml(-1) and 44,301.5 μmol min(-1) mg(-1), respectively. End product analysis showed that maltohexaose accounted for 59.4% of the maltooligosaccharides produced. These characteristics indicate that AmyM has great potential in industrial applications.
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Purification and Characterization of a Liquefying α-Amylase from Alkalophilic ThermophilicBacillussp. AAH-31. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 76:1378-83. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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A Thermophilic Alkalophilic α-Amylase fromBacillussp. AAH-31 Shows a Novel Domain Organization among Glycoside Hydrolase Family 13 Enzymes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 77:1867-73. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.130284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Tamamura N, Saburi W, Mukai A, Morimoto N, Takehana T, Koike S, Matsui H, Mori H. Enhancement of hydrolytic activity of thermophilic alkalophilic α-amylase from Bacillus sp. AAH-31 through optimization of amino acid residues surrounding the substrate binding site. Biochem Eng J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Xie F, Quan S, Liu D, Ma H, Li F, Zhou F, Chen G. Purification and characterization of a novel α-amylase from a newly isolated Bacillus methylotrophicus strain P11-2. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2013.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Purification and characterization of thermostable α-amylase from thermophilic Anoxybacillus flavithermus. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 102:144-50. [PMID: 24507266 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study reports on the purification and characterization of thermostable α-amylase (α-1-4 D-glucan glucanohydrolase EC 3.2.1.1) from a newly isolated Anoxybacillus flavithermus. A. flavithermus was used, which was isolated from hot water springs of Ömer, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey. The gram-positive, spore-forming, motile, moderately thermophilic bacteria were found to be a strain of A. flavithermus analysed by 16S rRNA comparison. The optimal conditions for bacterial growth were determined to be at 20 thh, 55 °C and pH 6.0. Maximum α-amylase activity was obtained at 55 °C at pH 7.0 after 24h of incubation. Thermostable α-amylase from A. flavithermus was purified by 70% (NH4)2SO4 and ion-exchange chromatography (5.2-fold; 65.8% yield). The molecular weight of α-amylase was 60 kDa, as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The α-amylase hydrolyzed soluble starch at 55 °C with Km: 0.005 mM and Vmax: 3.5 μmol min(-1).
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Fusion of an oligopeptide to the N terminus of an alkaline α-amylase from Alkalimonas amylolytica simultaneously improves the enzyme's catalytic efficiency, thermal stability, and resistance to oxidation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:3049-58. [PMID: 23455344 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03785-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we constructed and expressed six fusion proteins composed of oligopeptides attached to the N terminus of the alkaline α-amylase (AmyK) from Alkalimonas amylolytica. The oligopeptides had various effects on the functional and structural characteristics of AmyK. AmyK-p1, the fusion protein containing peptide 1 (AEAEAKAKAEAEAKAK), exhibited improved specific activity, catalytic efficiency, alkaline stability, thermal stability, and oxidative stability compared with AmyK. Compared with AmyK, the specific activity and catalytic constant (kcat) of AmyK-p1 were increased by 4.1-fold and 3.5-fold, respectively. The following properties were also improved in AmyK-p1 compared with AmyK: kcat/Km increased from 1.8 liter/(g·min) to 9.7 liter/(g·min), stable pH range was extended from 7.0 to 11.0 to 7.0 to 12.0, optimal temperature increased from 50°C to 55°C, and the half-life at 60°C increased by ∼2-fold. Moreover, AmyK-p1 showed improved resistance to oxidation and retained 54% of its activity after incubation with H2O2, compared with 20% activity retained by AmyK. Finally, AmyK-p1 was more compatible than AmyK with the commercial solid detergents tested. The mechanisms responsible for these changes were analyzed by comparing the three-dimensional (3-D) structural models of AmyK and AmyK-p1. The significantly enhanced catalytic efficiency and stability of AmyK-p1 suggests its potential as a detergent ingredient. In addition, the oligopeptide fusion strategy described here may be useful for improving the catalytic efficiency and stability of other industrial enzymes.
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22
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Sharma A, Satyanarayana T. Microbial acid-stable α-amylases: Characteristics, genetic engineering and applications. Process Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Yang H, Liu L, Li J, Du G, Chen J. Structure-based replacement of methionine residues at the catalytic domains with serine significantly improves the oxidative stability of alkaline amylase from alkaliphilicAlkalimonas amylolytica. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 28:1271-7. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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24
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Selim SA. Novel thermostable and alkalitolerant amylase production byGeobacillus stearothermophilusHP 3. Nat Prod Res 2012; 26:1626-30. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2011.583923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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25
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Structure-based engineering of methionine residues in the catalytic cores of alkaline amylase from Alkalimonas amylolytica for improved oxidative stability. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:7519-26. [PMID: 22865059 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01307-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aims to improve the oxidative stability of alkaline amylase from Alkalimonas amylolytica through structure-based site-directed mutagenesis. Based on an analysis of the tertiary structure, five methionines (Met 145, Met 214, Met 229, Met 247, and Met 317) were selected as the mutation sites and individually replaced with leucine. In the presence of 500 mM H(2)O(2) at 35°C for 5 h, the wild-type enzyme and the M145L, M214L, M229L, M247L, and M317L mutants retained 10%, 28%, 46%, 28%, 72%, and 43% of the original activity, respectively. Concomitantly, the alkaline stability, thermal stability, and catalytic efficiency of the M247L mutant were also improved. The pH stability of the mutants (M145L, M214L, M229L, and M317L) remained unchanged compared to that of the wild-type enzyme, while the stable pH range of the M247L mutant was extended from pH 7.0 to 11.0 for the wild type to pH 6.0 to 12.0 for the mutant. The wild-type enzyme lost its activity after incubation at 50°C for 2 h, and the M145L, M214L, M229L, and M317L mutants retained less than 14% of the activity, whereas the M247L mutant retained 34% of the activity under the same conditions. Compared to the wild-type enzyme, the k(cat) values of the M145L, M214L, M229L, and M317L mutants decreased, while that of the M247L mutant increased slightly from 5.0 × 10(4) to 5.6 × 10(4) min(-1). The mechanism responsible for the increased oxidative stability, alkaline stability, thermal stability, and catalytic efficiency of the M247L mutant was further analyzed with a structure model. The combinational mutants were also constructed, and their biochemical properties were characterized. The resistance of the wild-type enzyme and the mutants to surfactants and detergents was also investigated. Our results indicate that the M247L mutant has great potential in the detergent and textile industries.
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26
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Pandey S, Singh SP. Organic Solvent Tolerance of an α-Amylase from Haloalkaliphilic Bacteria as a Function of pH, Temperature, and Salt Concentrations. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 166:1747-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9580-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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27
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Isolation and characterization of a novel α-amylase from a metagenomic library of Western Ghats of Kerala, India. Biologia (Bratisl) 2011. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-011-0126-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Yang H, Liu L, Li J, Du G, Chen J. Heterologous expression, biochemical characterization, and overproduction of alkaline α-amylase from Bacillus alcalophilus in Bacillus subtilis. Microb Cell Fact 2011; 10:77. [PMID: 21978209 PMCID: PMC3204233 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-10-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alkaline α-amylases have potential applications for hydrolyzing starch under high pH conditions in the starch and textile industries and as ingredients in detergents for automatic dishwashers and laundries. While the alkaline α-amylase gains increased industrial interest, the yield of alkaline α-amylases from wild-type microbes is low, and the combination of genetic engineering and process optimization is necessary to achieve the overproduction of alkaline α-amylase. RESULTS The alkaline α-amylase gene from Bacillus alcalophilus JN21 (CCTCC NO. M 2011229) was cloned and expressed in Bacillus subtilis strain WB600 with vector pMA5. The recombinant alkaline α-amylase was stable at pH from 7.0 to 11.0 and temperature below 40°C. The optimum pH and temperature of alkaline α-amylase was 9.0 and 50°C, respectively. Using soluble starch as the substrate, the Km and Vmax of alkaline α-amylase were 9.64 g/L and 0.80 g/(L·min), respectively. The effects of medium compositions (starch, peptone, and soybean meal) and temperature on the recombinant production of alkaline α-amylase in B. subtilis were investigated. Under the optimal conditions (starch concentration 0.6% (w/v), peptone concentration 1.45% (w/v), soybean meal concentration 1.3% (w/v), and temperature 37°C), the highest yield of alkaline α-amylase reached 415 U/mL. The yield of alkaline α-amylase in a 3-L fermentor reached 441 U/mL, which was 79 times that of native alkaline α-amylase from B. alcalophilus JN21. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report concerning the heterologous expression of alkaline α-amylase in B. subtilis, and the obtained results make it feasible to achieve the industrial production of alkaline α-amylase with the recombinant B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiquan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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29
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Huang HK, Tokashiki M, Maeno S, Onaga S, Taira T, Ito S. Purification and properties of phenolic acid decarboxylase from Candida guilliermondii. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 39:55-62. [PMID: 21681484 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-011-0998-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A heat-labile phenolic acid decarboxylase from Candida guilliermondii (an anamorph of Pichia guilliermondii) was purified to homogeneity by simple successive column chromatography within 3 days. The molecular mass was 20 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 36 kDa by gel-filtration chromatography, suggesting that the purified enzyme is a homodimer. The optimal pH and temperature were approximately 6.0 and 25°C. Characteristically, more than 50% of the optimal activity was observed at 0°C, suggesting that this enzyme is cold-adapted. The enzyme converted p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and caffeic acid to corresponding products with high specific activities of approximately 600, 530, and 46 U/mg, respectively. The activity was stimulated by Mg(2+) ions, whereas it was completely inhibited by Fe(2+), Ni(2+), Cu(2+), Hg(2+), 4-chloromericuribenzoate, N-bromosuccinimide, and diethyl pyrocarbonate. The enzyme was inducible and expressed inside the cells moderately by ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid and significantly by non-metabolizable 6-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Kai Huang
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 890-8580, Japan
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30
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Alkaliphilic bacteria: applications in industrial biotechnology. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 38:769-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-011-0968-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Annamalai N, Thavasi R, Vijayalakshmi S, Balasubramanian T. Extraction, Purification and Characterization of Thermostable, Alkaline Tolerant α-Amylase from Bacillus cereus. Indian J Microbiol 2011; 51:424-9. [PMID: 23024403 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-011-0160-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermostable alkaline α-amylase producing bacterium Bacilluscereus strain isolated from Cuddalore harbour waters grew maximally in both shake flask and fermentor, and produced α-amylase at 35°C, pH 7.5 and 1.0% of substrate concentrations. α-Amylase activity was maximum at 65°C, pH 8.0, 89% of its activity was sustained even at pH 11.0. Added with MnCl(2,) α-amylase activity showed 4% increase but it was inhibited by EDTA. The molecular weight of the purified α-amylase is 42 kDa.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Annamalai
- CAS in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, 608502 India
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32
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Li X, Zhang J, Zhu S. Improved thermostable α-amylase activity of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens by low-energy ion implantation. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2011; 10:2181-9. [DOI: 10.4238/vol10-3gmr1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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33
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Pancha I, Jain D, Shrivastav A, Mishra SK, Shethia B, Mishra S, V P M, Jha B. A thermoactive alpha-amylase from a Bacillus sp. isolated from CSMCRI salt farm. Int J Biol Macromol 2010; 47:288-91. [PMID: 20417228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Amylases are the most important hydrolytic enzymes for starch-based industries. It is desirable that alpha-amylases should be active at high temperature of gelatinization (100-110 degrees C) and liquefaction (80-90 degrees C) to economize processes. Therefore, thermostable and thermoactive enzyme from natural bacterial strain would have wide industrial importance. In the present study a highly thermoactive and thermostable amylase producing Bacillus sp. was isolated from experimental salt farm of Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, yielding 452Uml(-1) amylase in medium containing (%) NaCl 0.5, peptone 0.5, beef extract 0.3, starch 1.0 at 37 degrees C, pH 7.0 after 48h of incubation. Maximum activity of amylase was observed at pH 8.0 and 110 degrees C temperature. The crude enzyme was highly active between pH 6.0 and 11.0 and observed to be active and thermostable after 30min of incubation at 60 degrees C. These properties indicated that the isolated alpha-amylase enzyme is suitable for starch liquefaction and other food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Pancha
- Salt Marine and Inorganic Chemicals, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar 364021, India
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34
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Kubrak OI, Storey JM, Storey KB, Lushchak VI. Production and properties of α-amylase fromBacillussp. BKL20. Can J Microbiol 2010; 56:279-88. [DOI: 10.1139/w10-014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As a result of screening Bacillus sp. strains isolated from different natural substrates, strain BKL20 was identified as a producer of a thermostable alkaline α-amylase. Maximum production of this α-amylase was achieved by optimizing culture conditions. Production of α-amylase seemed to be independent of the presence of starch in the culture medium and was stimulated by the presence of peptone (0.3%, m/v) and yeast extract (0.2%, m/v). The enzyme was thermostable and retained amylolytic activity after 30 min of incubation at 60 and 70 °C. High activity was maintained over a broad pH range, from 6.0 to 11.0, and the enzyme remained active after alkaline incubation for 24 h. Bacillus sp. BKL20 α-amylase was not stimulated by Ca2+or other bivalent metal cations and was not inhibited by EGTA or EDTA at 1–10 mmol/L, suggesting that this α-amylase is a Ca2+-independent enzyme. It also showed good resistance to both oxidizing (H2O2) and denaturating (urea) agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olha I. Kubrak
- Department of Biochemistry, Vassyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Street, Ivano-Frankivsk 76025, Ukraine
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Janet M. Storey
- Department of Biochemistry, Vassyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Street, Ivano-Frankivsk 76025, Ukraine
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Kenneth B. Storey
- Department of Biochemistry, Vassyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Street, Ivano-Frankivsk 76025, Ukraine
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Volodymyr I. Lushchak
- Department of Biochemistry, Vassyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Street, Ivano-Frankivsk 76025, Ukraine
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
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Hmidet N, Maalej H, Haddar A, Nasri M. A Novel α-Amylase from Bacillus mojavensis A21: Purification and Biochemical Characterization. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2010; 162:1018-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8902-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Shanmughapriya S, Seghal Kiran G, Selvin J, Gandhimathi R, Bastin Baskar T, Manilal A, Sujith S. Optimization, production, and partial characterization of an alkalophilic amylase produced by sponge associated marine bacterium Halobacterium salinarum MMD047. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-008-0060-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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37
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Production and partial purification of α-amylase from a novel isolate Streptomyces gulbargensis. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 36:189-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-008-0484-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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38
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Murakami S, Nagasaki K, Nishimoto H, Shigematu R, Umesaki J, Takenaka S, Kaulpiboon J, Prousoontorn M, Limpaseni T, Pongsawasdi P, Aoki K. Purification and characterization of five alkaline, thermotolerant, and maltotetraose-producing α-amylases from Bacillus halodurans MS-2-5, and production of recombinant enzymes in Escherichia coli. Enzyme Microb Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2008.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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39
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Ghorbel RE, Maktouf S, Massoud EB, Bejar S, Chaabouni SE. New thermostable amylase from Bacillus cohnii US147 with a broad pH applicability. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 157:50-60. [PMID: 18626582 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new thermophilic bacterial strain identified as Bacillus cohnii US147 was isolated from the southern Tunisian soil. The identification was based on physiological tests and molecular techniques related to the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid. The isolated strain produced amylase, which was purified. This amylase had an apparent molecular mass of 30 kDa as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Amylase US147 showed K (m) and V (max) values of 0.7 mg/ml and 2.2 U/ml, respectively, with starch as the substrate. The enzyme was active in acid and basic pH and had a maximal activity on starch at pH 9 and 70 degrees C. The enzyme was stable at pH 9 for 72 h and retained half of its activity after incubation at 70 degrees C for 150 min. A partially inhibition (15%, 25%, 23%, 20%, and 22%) was obtained with 1 mM SDS, 1 mM NaBO(3), 1 mM H(2)O(2,) 1 mM Zn(+2), and 5 mM ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), respectively. The amylase recovered its original activity by the addition of 10 mM Ca (2+) to the 5 mM EDTA. These properties indicated a possible use of this amylase in starch saccharification, in detergent, and in other industrial applications.
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40
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Aygan A, Arikan B, Korkmaz H, Dinçer S, Çolak Ö. Highly thermostable and alkaline α-amylase from a halotolerant-alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. AB68. Braz J Microbiol 2008; 39:547-53. [PMID: 24031264 PMCID: PMC3768434 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220080003000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An alkaliphilic and highly thermostable α-amylase producing Bacillus sp. was isolated from Van soda lake. Enzyme synthesis occurred at temperatures between 25°C and 40°C. Analysis of the enzyme by SDS-PAGE revealed a single band which was estimated to be 66 kDa. The enzyme was active in a broad temperature range, between 20°C and 90°C, with an optimum at 50°C; and maximum activity was at pH 10.5. The enzyme was almost completely stable up to 80°C with a remaining activity over 90% after 30 min pre-incubation. Thermostability was not increased in the presence of Ca(2+). An average of 75% and 60°C of remaining activity was observed when the enzyme was incubated between pH 5 and 9 for 1 h and for 2 h, respectively. The activity of the enzyme was inhibited by SDS and EDTA by 38% and 34%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashabil Aygan
- Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biology, K. Maras, Turkey
| | - Burhan Arikan
- Cukurova University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Adana, Turkey
| | - Hatice Korkmaz
- Cukurova University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Adana, Turkey
| | - Sadik Dinçer
- Cukurova University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ömer Çolak
- Cukurova University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Adana, Turkey
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41
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Ito S, Taguchi H, Hamada S, Kawauchi S, Ito H, Senoura T, Watanabe J, Nishimukai M, Ito S, Matsui H. Enzymatic properties of cellobiose 2-epimerase from Ruminococcus albus and the synthesis of rare oligosaccharides by the enzyme. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 79:433-41. [PMID: 18392616 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1449-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2007] [Revised: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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42
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Biophysical and Biochemical Characterization of a Hyperthermostable and Ca2+-independent α-Amylase of an Extreme Thermophile Geobacillus thermoleovorans. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 150:205-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8171-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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43
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Purification and characterization of a hyperthermostable and high maltogenic alpha-amylase of an extreme thermophile Geobacillus thermoleovorans. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 142:179-93. [PMID: 18025579 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-007-0017-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Revised: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purified alpha-amylase of Geobacillus thermoleovorans had a molecular mass of 26 kDa with a pI of 5.4, and it was optimally active at 100 degrees C and pH 8.0. The T 1/2 of alpha-amylase at 100 degrees C increased from 3.6 to 5.6 h in the presence of cholic acid. The activation energy and temperature quotient (Q 10) of the enzyme were 84.10 kJ/mol and 1.31, respectively. The activity of the enzyme was enhanced strongly by Co2+ and Fe2+; enhanced slightly by Ba2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, and Mg2+; inhibited strongly by Sn2+, Hg2+, and Pb2+, and inhibited slightly by EDTA, phenyl methyl sulfonyl fluoride, N-ethylmaleimide, and dithiothreitol. The enzyme activity was not affected by Ca2+ and ethylene glycol-bis (beta-amino ethyl ether)-N,N,N,N-tetra acetic acid. Among different additives and detergents, polyethylene glycol 8000 and Tween 20, 40, and 80 stabilized the enzyme activity, whereas Triton X-100, glycerol, glycine, dextrin, and sodium dodecyl sulfate inhibited to a varied extent. alpha-Amylase exhibited activity on several starch substrates and their derivatives. The K m and K cat values (soluble starch) were 1.10 mg/ml and 5.9 x 10(3)/min, respectively. The enzyme hydrolyzed raw starch of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) efficiently.
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Zhang JW, Zeng RY. Purification and characterization of a cold-adapted alpha-amylase produced by Nocardiopsis sp. 7326 isolated from Prydz Bay, Antarctic. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 10:75-82. [PMID: 17934774 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-007-9035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Revised: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An actinomycete strain 7326 producing cold-adapted alpha-amylase was isolated from the deep sea sediment of Prydz Bay, Antarctic. It was identified as Nocardiopsis based on morphology, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, and physiological and biochemical characteristics. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and zymogram activity staining of purified amylase showed a single band equal to a molecular mass of about 55 kDa. The optimal activity temperature of Nocardiopsis sp. 7326 amylase was 35 degrees C, and the activity decreased dramatically at temperatures above 45 degrees C. The enzyme was stable between pH 5 and 10, and exhibited a maximal activity at pH 8.0. Ca(2+), Mn(2+), Mg(2+), Cu(2+), and Co(2+) stimulated the activity of the enzyme significantly, and Rb(2+), Hg(2+), and EDTA inhibited the activity. The hydrolysates of soluble starch by the enzyme were mainly glucose, maltose, and maltotriose. This is the first report on the isolation and characterization of cold-adapted amylase from Nocardiopsis sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, PR China
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Cloning and Sequencing of an Original Gene Encoding a Maltogenic Amylase from Bacillus sp. US149 Strain and Characterization of the Recombinant Activity. Mol Biotechnol 2007; 38:211-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-007-9017-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kiran KK, Chandra TS. Production of surfactant and detergent-stable, halophilic, and alkalitolerant alpha-amylase by a moderately halophilic Bacillus sp. Strain TSCVKK. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 77:1023-31. [PMID: 17999060 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1250-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2007] [Revised: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A moderately halophilic alkalitolerant Bacillus sp. Strain TSCVKK, with an ability to produce extracellular halophilic, alkalitolerant, surfactant, and detergent-stable alpha-amylase was isolated from soil samples obtained from a salt-manufacturing industry in Chennai. The culture conditions for higher amylase production were optimized with respect to NaCl, substrate, pH, and temperature. Maximum amylase production of 592 mU/ml was achieved in the medium at 48 h with 10% NaCl, 1% dextrin, 0.4% yeast extract, 0.2% tryptone, and 0.2% CaCl(2) at pH 8.0 at 30 degrees C. The enzyme activity in the culture supernatant was highest with 10% NaCl at pH 7.5 and 55 degrees C. The amylase that was partially purified by acetone precipitation was highly stable in various surfactants and detergents. Glucose, maltose, and maltooligosaccharides were the main end products of starch hydrolysis indicating that it is an alpha-amylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kondepudi Kanthi Kiran
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
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Priyadharshini R, Gunasekaran P. Site-directed mutagenesis of the calcium-binding site of alpha-amylase of Bacillus licheniformis. Biotechnol Lett 2007; 29:1493-9. [PMID: 17598074 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-007-9428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Amylases that are active under acidic conditions (pH <6), at higher temperatures (>70 degrees C) and have less reliance on Ca(2+) are required for starch hydrolysis. The alpha-amylase gene of Bacillus licheniformis MTCC 6598 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21. The calcium-binding site spanning amino acid residues from 104 to 200 in the loop regions of domain B and D430 in domain C of amylase were changed by site-directed mutagenesis and the resultant mutant amylases were analyzed. Calcium-binding residues, N104, D161, D183, D200 and D430, were replaced with D104 and N161, N183, N200 and N430, respectively. Mutant amylase with N104D had a slightly decreased activity at 30 degrees C but a significantly improved specific activity at pH 5 and 70 degrees C, which is desirable character for a food enzyme. The amylase mutants with D183N or D200N lost all activity while the mutant amylase with D161N retained its activity at 30 degrees C but had significantly less activity at 70 degrees C. On the other hand, the activity of the mutant amylase with D430N was not changed at 30 degrees C but had an improved activity at 70 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandran Priyadharshini
- Department of Genetics, Centre for Excellence in Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625 021, India
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Asgher M, Asad MJ, Rahman S, Legge R. A thermostable α-amylase from a moderately thermophilic Bacillus subtilis strain for starch processing. J FOOD ENG 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Shirai T, Igarashi K, Ozawa T, Hagihara H, Kobayashi T, Ozaki K, Ito S. Ancestral sequence evolutionary trace and crystal structure analyses of alkaline alpha-amylase from Bacillus sp. KSM-1378 to clarify the alkaline adaptation process of proteins. Proteins 2007; 66:600-10. [PMID: 17154418 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of alkaline liquefying alpha-amylase (AmyK) from the alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. KSM-1378 was determined at 2.1 A resolution. The AmyK structure belongs to the GH13 glycoside hydrolase family, which consists of three domains, and bound three calcium and one sodium ions. The alkaline adaptation mechanism of AmyK was investigated by the ancestral sequence evolutionary trace method and by extensive comparisons between alkaline and nonalkaline enzyme structures, including three other protein families: protease, cellulase, and phosphoserine aminotransferase. The consensus change for the alkaline adaptation process was a decrease in the Lys content. The loss of a Lys residue is associated with ion pair remodeling, which mainly consists of the loss of Lys-Asp/Glu ion pairs and the acquisition of Arg ion pairs, preferably Arg-Glu. The predicted replacements of the positively charged amino acids were often, although not always, used for ion pair remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Shirai
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-science and Technology, Nagahama 526-0829, Japan.
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Ozawa T, Endo K, Igarashi K, Kitayama K, Hayashi Y, Hagihara H, Kawai S, Ito S, Ozaki K. Improvement of the Thermal Stability of a Calcium-free, Alkaline .ALPHA.-Amylase by Site-directed Mutagenesis. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2007. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.54.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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