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Ismail SA, Fayed B, Abdelhameed RM, Hassan AA. Chitinase-functionalized UiO-66 framework nanoparticles active against multidrug-resistant Candida Auris. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:269. [PMID: 39030474 PMCID: PMC11264975 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03414-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida auris (C. auris) is a yeast that has caused several outbreaks in the last decade. Cell wall chitin plays a primary role in the antifungal resistance of C. auris. Herein, we investigated the potential of chitinase immobilized with UiO-66 to act as a potent antifungal agent against C. auris. Chitinase was produced from Talaromyces varians SSW3 in a yield of 8.97 U/g dry substrate (ds). The yield was statistically enhanced to 120.41 U/g ds by using Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken design. We synthesized a UiO-66 framework that was characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD, FTIR, a particle size analyzer, and a zeta sizer. The produced framework had a size of 70.42 ± 8.43 nm with a uniform cubic shape and smooth surface. The produced chitinase was immobilized on UiO-66 with an immobilization yield of 65% achieved after a 6 h loading period. The immobilization of UiO-66 increased the enzyme activity and stability, as indicated by the obtained Kd and T1/2 values. Furthermore, the hydrolytic activity of chitinase was enhanced after immobilization on UiO-66, with an increase in the Vmax and a decrease in the Km of 2- and 38-fold, respectively. Interestingly, the antifungal activity of the produced chitinase was boosted against C. auris by loading the enzyme on UiO-66, with an MIC50 of 0.89 ± 0.056 U/mL, compared to 5.582 ± 0.57 U/mL for the free enzyme. This study offers a novel promising alternative approach to combat the new emerging pathogen C. auris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaymaa A Ismail
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, P.O. 12622, 33 El Bohouth Street, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Bahgat Fayed
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, P.O. 12622, 33 El Bohouth Street, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Reda M Abdelhameed
- Applied Organic Chemistry Department, Chemical Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 EL Buhouth St, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Amira A Hassan
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, P.O. 12622, 33 El Bohouth Street, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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2
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Iacono R, De Lise F, Moracci M, Cobucci-Ponzano B, Strazzulli A. Glycoside hydrolases from (hyper)thermophilic archaea: structure, function, and applications. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:731-751. [PMID: 37341134 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
(Hyper)thermophilic archaeal glycosidases are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds to break down complex sugars and polysaccharides at high temperatures. These enzymes have an unique structure that allows them to remain stable and functional in extreme environments such as hot springs and hydrothermal vents. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge and milestones on the structures and functions of (hyper)thermophilic archaeal glycosidases and their potential applications in various fields. In particular, this review focuses on the structural characteristics of these enzymes and how these features relate to their catalytic activity by discussing different types of (hyper)thermophilic archaeal glycosidases, including β-glucosidases, chitinase, cellulases and α-amylases, describing their molecular structures, active sites, and mechanisms of action, including their role in the hydrolysis of carbohydrates. By providing a comprehensive overview of (hyper)thermophilic archaeal glycosidases, this review aims to stimulate further research into these fascinating enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Iacono
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cupa Nuova Cinthia 21, Naples, 80126, Italy
| | - Federica De Lise
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino 111, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Marco Moracci
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cupa Nuova Cinthia 21, Naples, 80126, Italy
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino 111, Naples, 80131, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Beatrice Cobucci-Ponzano
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, Via P. Castellino 111, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Andrea Strazzulli
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cupa Nuova Cinthia 21, Naples, 80126, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy
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3
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Thomas R, Fukamizo T, Suginta W. Bioeconomic production of high-quality chitobiose from chitin food wastes using an in-house chitinase from Vibrio campbellii. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:86. [PMID: 38647850 PMCID: PMC10991452 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00574-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine Vibrio species are natural degraders of chitin and usually secrete high levels of chitinolytic enzymes to digest recalcitrant chitin to chitooligosaccharides. This study used an endochitinase (VhChiA) from Vibrio campbellii to produce high-quality chitobiose from crustacean chitins. The enzyme was shown to be fully active and stable over 24 h when BSA was used as an additive. When different chitin sources were tested, VhChiA preferentially digested shrimp and squid (α) chitins compared to crab (β) chitin and did not utilize non-chitin substrates. The overall yields of chitobiose obtained from small-scale production using a single-step reaction was 96% from shrimp, and 91% from squid pen and crab-shell chitins. Larger-scale production yielded 200 mg of chitobiose, with > 99% purity after a desalting and purification step using preparative HPLC. In conclusion, we report the employment of an in-house produced chitinase as an effective biocatalyst to rapidly convert chitin food wastes to chitobiose, in a quantity and quality suitable for use in research and commercial purposes. Chitobiose production by this economical and eco-friendly approach can be easily scaled up to obtain multi-gram quantities of chitobiose for chemo-enzymic synthesis of rare chitooligosaccharide derivatives and long chain chitooligosaccharides, as well as preparation of sugar-based functionalized nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeba Thomas
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE), Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Payupnai, Wangchan District, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Tamo Fukamizo
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE), Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Payupnai, Wangchan District, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Wipa Suginta
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE), Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Payupnai, Wangchan District, Rayong, 21210, Thailand.
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4
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Zhang Y, Guan F, Xu G, Liu X, Zhang Y, Sun J, Yao B, Huang H, Wu N, Tian J. A novel thermophilic chitinase directly mined from the marine metagenome using the deep learning tool Preoptem. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:54. [PMID: 38647756 PMCID: PMC10991277 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin is abundant in nature and its degradation products are highly valuable for numerous applications. Thermophilic chitinases are increasingly appreciated for their capacity to biodegrade chitin at high temperatures and prolonged enzyme stability. Here, using deep learning approaches, we developed a prediction tool, Preoptem, to screen thermophilic proteins. A novel thermophilic chitinase, Chi304, was mined directly from the marine metagenome. Chi304 showed maximum activity at 85 ℃, its Tm reached 89.65 ± 0.22℃, and exhibited excellent thermal stability at 80 and 90 °C. Chi304 had both endo- and exo-chitinase activities, and the (GlcNAc)2 was the main hydrolysis product of chitin-related substrates. The product yields of colloidal chitin degradation reached 97% within 80 min, and 20% over 4 days of reaction with crude chitin powder. This study thus provides a method to mine the novel thermophilic chitinase for efficient chitin biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Feifei Guan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Guoshun Xu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuhong Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jilu Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Bin Yao
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huoqing Huang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Ningfeng Wu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jian Tian
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Wang C, Chen X, Zhou N, Chen Y, Zhang A, Chen K, Ouyang P. Property and Function of a Novel Chitinase Containing Dual Catalytic Domains Capable of Converting Chitin Into N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:790301. [PMID: 35283860 PMCID: PMC8908422 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.790301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel multifunctional chitinase (CmChi3)-encoding gene was cloned from Chitinolyticbacter meiyuanensis and actively expressed in Escherichia coli. Sequence analysis showed that CmChi3 contains two glycoside hydrolase family 18 (GH18) catalytic domains and exhibited low identity with well-characterized chitinases. The optimum pH and temperature of purified recombinant CmChi3 were 6.0 and 50°C, respectively. CmChi3 exhibited strict substrate specificity of 4.1 U/mg toward colloidal chitin (CC) and hydrolyzed it to yield N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) as the sole end product. An analysis of the hydrolysis products toward N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides (N-acetyl COSs) and CC substrates revealed that CmChi3 exhibits endochitinase, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAGase), and transglycosylase (TGase) activities. Further studies revealed that the N-terminal catalytic domain of CmChi3 exhibited endo-acting and NAGase activities, while the C-terminal catalytic domain showed exo-acting and TGase activities. The hydrolytic properties and favorable environmental adaptations indicate that CmChi3 holds potential for commercial GlcNAc production from chitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueman Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Alei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Kequan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pingkai Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
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Subramani AK, Raval R, Sundareshan S, Sivasengh R, Raval K. A marine chitinase from Bacillus aryabhattai with antifungal activity and broad specificity toward crystalline chitin degradation. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 52:1160-1172. [PMID: 35167419 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2033994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Chitinases convert chitin into chitin oligomers and are also known antifungal agents. Chitin oligomers have numerous industrial applications. However, chitin's crystalline nature requires pretreatment before breakdown into oligomers. In the study, a novel marine bacterium Bacillus aryabhattai is isolated from the Arabian Sea. Bacterial growth in different crystalline chitin substrates like chitin powder, chitin flakes, and colloidal chitin confirmed the chitinase presence in bacterium could act upon insoluble crystalline chitin with the fractional release of oligomers. The domain architecture analysis of the chitinase confirmed the presence of two N-terminal LysM domains which help enzyme action on crystalline chitin. Statistical optimization of media and Process parameters revealed glycerol, yeast extract, magnesium chloride, and manganese sulfate as significant media components along with colloidal chitin. The optimum process parameters such as pH 7, temperature 40 °C, inoculum size 12.5% (v/v), and inoculum age 20 hours enhanced the specific enzyme activity to ±146.2 U/mL, ±114.9 U/mL and ±175.4 U/mL against chitin powder, chitin flakes and colloidal chitin respectively, which is five to six times higher than basal level activity. The antifungal activity of chitinase against plant pathogenic fungi like Candida albicans and Fusarium oxysporum revealed a zone of inhibition with 14 mm diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar Subramani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Karnataka, India
| | - Ritu Raval
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Karnataka, India
| | | | - Rashmi Sivasengh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Karnataka, India
| | - Keyur Raval
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Karnataka, India
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7
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Efficient production of d-glucosamine by diacetylchitobiose deacetylase catalyzed deacetylation of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44:473-483. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03225-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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8
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Hydrolytic Enzymes from PGPR Against Plant Fungal Pathogens. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-04805-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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9
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Amin K, Tranchimand S, Benvegnu T, Abdel-Razzak Z, Chamieh H. Glycoside Hydrolases and Glycosyltransferases from Hyperthermophilic Archaea: Insights on Their Characteristics and Applications in Biotechnology. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1557. [PMID: 34827555 PMCID: PMC8615776 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperthermophilic Archaea colonizing unnatural habitats of extremes conditions such as volcanoes and deep-sea hydrothermal vents represent an unmeasurable bioresource for enzymes used in various industrial applications. Their enzymes show distinct structural and functional properties and are resistant to extreme conditions of temperature and pressure where their mesophilic homologs fail. In this review, we will outline carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) from hyperthermophilic Archaea with specific focus on the two largest families, glycoside hydrolases (GHs) and glycosyltransferases (GTs). We will present the latest advances on these enzymes particularly in the light of novel accumulating data from genomics and metagenomics sequencing technologies. We will discuss the contribution of these enzymes from hyperthermophilic Archaea to industrial applications and put the emphasis on newly identifed enzymes. We will highlight their common biochemical and distinct features. Finally, we will overview the areas that remain to be explored to identify novel promising hyperthermozymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Amin
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and Its Applications, Lebanese University, Mitein Street, Tripoli P.O. Box 210, Lebanon; (K.A.); (Z.A.-R.)
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France; (S.T.); (T.B.)
| | - Sylvain Tranchimand
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France; (S.T.); (T.B.)
| | - Thierry Benvegnu
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France; (S.T.); (T.B.)
| | - Ziad Abdel-Razzak
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and Its Applications, Lebanese University, Mitein Street, Tripoli P.O. Box 210, Lebanon; (K.A.); (Z.A.-R.)
- Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri Campus, Beirut P.O. Box 6573, Lebanon
| | - Hala Chamieh
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and Its Applications, Lebanese University, Mitein Street, Tripoli P.O. Box 210, Lebanon; (K.A.); (Z.A.-R.)
- Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri Campus, Beirut P.O. Box 6573, Lebanon
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10
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Hassan AA, Ismail SA. Production of antifungal N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase chitinolytic enzyme using shrimp byproducts. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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Mathew GM, Madhavan A, Arun KB, Sindhu R, Binod P, Singhania RR, Sukumaran RK, Pandey A. Thermophilic Chitinases: Structural, Functional and Engineering Attributes for Industrial Applications. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 193:142-164. [PMID: 32827066 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03416-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is the second most widely found natural polymer next to cellulose. Chitinases degrade the insoluble chitin to bioactive chitooligomers and monomers for various industrial applications. Based on their function, these enzymes act as biocontrol agents against pathogenic fungi and invasive pests compared with conventional chemical fungicides and insecticides. They have other functional roles in shellfish waste management, fungal protoplast generation, and Single-Cell Protein production. Among the chitinases, thermophilic and thermostable chitinases are gaining popularity in recent years, as they can withstand high temperatures and maintain the enzyme stability for longer periods. Not all chitinases are thermostable; hence, tailor-made thermophilic chitinases are designed to enhance their thermostability by direct evolution, genetic engineering involving mutagenesis, and proteomics approach. Although research has been done extensively on cloning and expression of thermophilic chitinase genes, there are only few papers discussing on the mechanism of chitin degradation using thermophiles. The current review discusses the sources of thermophilic chitinases, improvement of protein stability by gene manipulation, metagenomics approaches, chitin degradation mechanism in thermophiles, and their prospective applications for industrial, agricultural, and pharmaceutical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gincy M Mathew
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum, 695 019, India
| | - Aravind Madhavan
- Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Jagathy, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 014, India
| | - K B Arun
- Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Jagathy, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 014, India
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum, 695 019, India
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum, 695 019, India
| | | | - Rajeev K Sukumaran
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum, 695 019, India
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Center for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, 226 001, India.
- Frontier Research Lab, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Improving the thermostability and activity of Paenibacillus pasadenensis chitinase through semi-rational design. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 150:9-15. [PMID: 32035157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chitinase is a promising biocatalyst for chitin biotransformation in the field of recalcitrant biomass degradation. Excellent catalytic performance is conducive to its commercial utilization. In this work, sequence- and structure-based semi-rational design was performed to evolve the thermostability and activity of a previously identified chitinase PpChi1 from Paenibacillus pasadenensis CS0611. After combinational mutagenesis, the mutant S244C-I319C/T259P with disulfide bond introduction and proline substitution exhibited higher specific activity at higher temperature, 26.3-fold in half-life value at 50 °C, and a 7.9 °C rise in half-inactivation temperature T1/215min compared to the wild-type enzyme. The optimal reaction temperature of the mutant was shifted from 45 °C to 52.5 °C. Molecular dynamic simulation and structure analysis confirmed that these improvements of the mutant were attributed to its stabilized folding form, possibly caused by the decreased entropy of unfolding. This work gives an initial insight into the effect of conserved proline residues in thermostable chitinases and proposes a feasible approach for improving chitinase thermostability to facilitate its application in chitin hydrolysis to valuable oligosaccharides.
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Kumar A, Arora S, Jain KK, Sharma KK. Metabolic coupling in the co-cultured fungal-yeast suite of Trametes ljubarskyi and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa leads to hypersecretion of laccase isozymes. Fungal Biol 2019; 123:913-926. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Ismail SA, Hassan AA, Emran MA. Economic production of thermo-active endo β-mannanase for the removal of food stain and production of antioxidant manno-oligosaccharides. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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15
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Ismail SA, Hassan ME, Hashem AM. Single step hydrolysis of chitin using thermophilic immobilized exochitinase on carrageenan-guar gum gel beads. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Ismail SA. Microbial valorization of shrimp byproducts via the production of thermostable chitosanase and antioxidant chitooligosaccharides. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Chen L, Wei Y, Shi M, Li Z, Zhang SH. An Archaeal Chitinase With a Secondary Capacity for Catalyzing Cellulose and Its Biotechnological Applications in Shell and Straw Degradation. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1253. [PMID: 31244795 PMCID: PMC6579819 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous thermostable enzymes have been reported from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakarensis KOD1, which made it an attractive resource for gene cloning. This research reported a glycosyl hydrolase (Tk-ChiA) form T. Kodakarensis with dual hydrolytic activity due to the presence of three binding domains with affinity toward chitin and cellulose. The Tk-ChiA gene was cloned and expressed on Pichia pastoris GS115. The molecular weight of the purified Tk-ChiA is about 130.0 kDa. By using chitosan, CMC-Na and other polysaccharides as substrates, we confirmed that Tk-ChiA with dual hydrolysis activity preferably hydrolyzes both chitosan and CMC-Na. Purified Tk-ChiA showed maximal activity for hydrolyzing CMC-Na at temperature 65°C and pH 7.0. It showed thermal stability on incubation for 4 h at temperatures ranging from 70 to 80°C and remained more than 40% of its maximum activity after pre-incubation at 100°C for 4 h. Particularly, Tk-ChiA is capable of degrading shrimp shell and rice straw through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. The main factors affecting shell and straw degradation were determined to be reaction time and temperature; and both factors were optimized by central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) to enhance the efficiency of degradation. Our findings suggest that Tk-ChiA with dual thermostable hydrolytic activities maybe a promising hydrolase for shell and straw waste treatment, conversion, and utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Chen
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Wei
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mao Shi
- Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changchun, China
| | - Zhengqun Li
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shi-Hong Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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18
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Effects on hyphal morphology and development by the putative copper radical oxidase glx1 in Trichoderma virens suggest a novel role as a cell wall associated enzyme. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 131:103245. [PMID: 31228644 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.103245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. have been characterized for their capacity to act as biological control agents against several pathogens through the activity of secondary metabolites and cell wall degrading enzymes. However, only T. reesei has been widely studied for the ability to assimilate lignocellulose substrates. Protein analysis by SDS-PAGE of culture filtrate of T. virens revealed the presence of an unknown ∼77 kDa band protein (GLX1) that showed sequence homology to glyoxal-like oxidase genes involved in lignin degradation. The analysis and biochemical characterization of the 1,119 amino acid coded protein showed the presence of five carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) with affinity for colloidal chitin, and a functional glyoxal oxidase catalytic domain that is involved in the production of hydrogen peroxide when methylglyoxal was used as a substrate. The silencing of the glx1 gene resulted in mutants with more than 90% expression reduction and the absence of glyoxal oxidase catalytic activity. These mutants showed delayed hyphal growth, reduced colony and conidial hydrophobicity, but showed no changes in their biocontrol ability. Most significantly, mutants exhibited a loss of growth directionality resulting in a curled phenotype that was eliminated in the presence of exogenous H2O2. Here we present evidence that in T. virens, glx1 is not involved in the breakdown of lignin but instead is responsible for normal hyphal growth and morphology and likely does this through free radical production within the fungal cell wall. This is the first time that a glyoxal oxidase protein has been isolated and characterized in ascomycete fungi.
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19
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Straub CT, Counts JA, Nguyen DMN, Wu CH, Zeldes BM, Crosby JR, Conway JM, Otten JK, Lipscomb GL, Schut GJ, Adams MWW, Kelly RM. Biotechnology of extremely thermophilic archaea. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:543-578. [PMID: 29945179 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the extremely thermophilic archaea (Topt ≥ 70°C) may be the most primitive extant forms of life, they have been studied to a limited extent relative to mesophilic microorganisms. Many of these organisms have unique biochemical and physiological characteristics with important biotechnological implications. These include methanogens that generate methane, fermentative anaerobes that produce hydrogen gas with high efficiency, and acidophiles that can mobilize base, precious and strategic metals from mineral ores. Extremely thermophilic archaea have also been a valuable source of thermoactive, thermostable biocatalysts, but their use as cellular systems has been limited because of the general lack of facile genetics tools. This situation has changed recently, however, thereby providing an important avenue for understanding their metabolic and physiological details and also opening up opportunities for metabolic engineering efforts. Along these lines, extremely thermophilic archaea have recently been engineered to produce a variety of alcohols and industrial chemicals, in some cases incorporating CO2 into the final product. There are barriers and challenges to these organisms reaching their full potential as industrial microorganisms but, if these can be overcome, a new dimension for biotechnology will be forthcoming that strategically exploits biology at high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Straub
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7905, USA
| | - James A Counts
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7905, USA
| | - Diep M N Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Chang-Hao Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Benjamin M Zeldes
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7905, USA
| | - James R Crosby
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7905, USA
| | - Jonathan M Conway
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7905, USA
| | - Jonathan K Otten
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7905, USA
| | - Gina L Lipscomb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Gerrit J Schut
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Michael W W Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert M Kelly
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7905, USA
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20
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Nishitani Y, Horiuchi A, Aslam M, Kanai T, Atomi H, Miki K. Crystal structures of an archaeal chitinase ChiD and its ligand complexes. Glycobiology 2018; 28:418-426. [PMID: 29800365 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitinase D (designated as Pc-ChiD) was found in a hyperthermophilic archaeon, Pyrococcus chitonophagus (previously described as Thermococcus chitonophagus), that was isolated from media containing only chitin as carbon source. Pc-ChiD displays chitinase activity and is thermostable at temperatures up to 95°C, suggesting its potential for industrial use. Pc-ChiD has a secretion signal peptide and two chitin-binding domains (ChBDs) in the N-terminal domain. However, the C-terminal domain shares no sequence similarity with previously identified saccharide-degrading enzymes and does not contain the DXDXE motif conserved in the glycoside hydrolase (GH) 18 family chitinases. To elucidate its overall structure and reaction mechanism, we determined the first crystal structures of Pc-ChiD, both in the ligand-free form and in complexes with substrates. Structure analyses revealed that the C-terminal domain of Pc-ChiD, Pc-ChiD(ΔBD), consists of a third putative substrate-binding domain, which cannot be predicted from the amino acid sequence, and a catalytic domain structurally similar to that found in not the GH18 family but the GH23 family. Based on the similarity with GH23 family chitinase, the catalytic residues of Pc-ChiD were predicted and confirmed by mutagenesis analyses. Moreover, the specific C-terminal 100 residues of Pc-ChiD are important to fix the putative substrate-binding domain next to the catalytic domain, contributing to the structure stability as well as the long chitin chain binding. Our findings reveal the structure of a unique archaeal chitinase that is distinct from previously known members of the GH23 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Nishitani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ayumi Horiuchi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Mehwish Aslam
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Kanai
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.,JST, CREST, Gobancho 7, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Haruyuki Atomi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.,JST, CREST, Gobancho 7, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Kunio Miki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.,JST, CREST, Gobancho 7, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
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21
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Take K, Fujiki H, Suyotha W, Hayashi J, Takagi K, Yano S, Wakayama M. Enzymatic and molecular characterization of an acidic and thermostable chitinase 1 from Streptomyces thermodiastaticus HF 3-3. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2018; 64:190-197. [PMID: 29709891 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Chitinase 1 (Chi1) is an acidic and thermostable hydrolytic enzyme capable of the breakdown of chitin, a resilient biopolymer that is the primary building block of fungi cell walls and marine exoskeletons. In this study, Chi1 was purified from the bacterium Streptomyces thermodiastaticus HF 3-3, and its properties were carefully characterized. The molecular mass of Chi1 was estimated to be approximately 46 kDa and, through sequencing, its N-terminal amino acid sequence was identified as ADSGKVKL. Although the optimal operating temperature and pH for Chi1 were determined to be 65°C and pH 5.5, respectively, the purified enzyme was stable over wide pH (1.5-9) and temperature ranges. Moreover, Chi1 retained 87% of its activity in the presence of 15% NaCl. While Chi1 activity was inhibited by Ag+ and Mn2+, other chemicals tested had no significant effect on its enzymatic activity. The Km and Vmax values of Chi1 for the substrate colloidal chitin were 1.23 ± 0.7 mg/mL and 6.33 ± 1.0 U/mg, respectively. Thin-layer chromatography analysis of the enzymatic reaction end products mainly detected diacetylchitobiose. We also cloned the Chi1 gene and purified the recombinant protein; the properties of the recombinant enzyme were nearly identical to those of the native enzyme. Therefore, Chi1 purified from S. thermodiastaticus HF 3-3 is unique, as it is highly stable under broad range of pH values, temperatures, and chemical exposures. Combined, these properties make this enzyme attractive for use in the industrial bioconversion of chitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Take
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Hidehisa Fujiki
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Wasana Suyotha
- Biotechnology for Bioresource Utilization Laboratory, Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-industry, Prince of Songkla University
| | - Junji Hayashi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Kazuyoshi Takagi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Shigekazu Yano
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering, Yamagata University
| | - Mamoru Wakayama
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
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22
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Bao J, Liu N, Zhu L, Xu Q, Huang H, Jiang L. Programming a Biofilm-Mediated Multienzyme-Assembly-Cascade System for the Biocatalytic Production of Glucosamine from Chitin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8061-8068. [PMID: 29989414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is used as an essential raw material for the production of glucosamine (GlcN). In this study, we adopted three key enzymes, isolated from Thermococcus kodakaraensis KOD1, that catalyze the sequential conversion of α-chitin into GlcN and developed a multienzyme-assembly-cascade (MAC) system immobilized in a bacterial biofilm, which enabled a multistep one-pot reaction. Specifically, the SpyTag-SpyCatcher and SnoopTag-SnoopCatcher pairs provided covalent and specific binding force to fix enzymes to the biofilm one by one and assemble close enzyme cascades. The MAC system showed great catalytic activity, converting 79.02 ± 3.61% of α-chitin into GlcN with little byproducts, which was 2.09 times that of GlcN catalyzed by a mixture of pure enzymes. The system also exhibited good temperature and pH stability. Notably, 90% of enzyme activity was retained after 6 rounds of reuse, and appreciable activity remained after 17 rounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Bao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , People's Republic of China
| | - Nian Liu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , People's Republic of China
| | - Liying Zhu
- College of Chemical and Molecular Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , People's Republic of China
| | - He Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Jiang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , People's Republic of China
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23
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Feng Y, Kitaoku Y, Tanaka J, Taira T, Ohnuma T, Aachmann FL, Fukamizo T. Mode of action and specificity of a chitinase from unicellular microalgae, Euglena gracilis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 97:553-564. [PMID: 30083952 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-018-0759-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Euglena gracilis is a unicellular microalga showing characteristics of both plants and animals, and extensively used as a model organism in the research works of biochemistry and molecular biology. Biotechnological applications of E. gracilis have been conducted for production of numerous important compounds. However, chitin-mediated defense system intensively studied in higher plants remains to be investigated in this microalga. Recently, Taira et al. (Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 82:1090-1100, 2018) isolated a unique chitinase gene, comprising two catalytic domains almost homologous to each other (Cat1 and Cat2) and two chitin-binding domains (CBD1 and CBD2), from E. gracilis. We herein examined the mode of action and the specificity of the recombinant Cat2 by size exclusion chromatography and NMR spectroscopy. Both Cat1 and Cat2 appeared to act toward chitin substrate with non-processive/endo-splitting mode, recognizing two contiguous N-acetylglucosamine units at subsites - 2 and - 1. This is the first report on a chitinase having two endo-splitting catalytic domains. A cooperative action of two different endo-splitting domains may be advantageous for defensive action of the E. gracilis chitinase. The unicellular alga, E. gracilis, produces a chitinase consisting of two GH18 catalytic domains (Cat1 and Cat2) and two CBM18 chitin-binding domains (CBD1 and CBD2). Here, we produced a recombinant protein of the Cat2 domain to examine its mode of action as well as specificity. Cat2 hydrolyzed N-acetylglucosamine (A) oligomers (An, n = 4, 5, and 6) and partially N-acetylated chitosans with a non-processive/endo-splitting mode of action. NMR analysis of the product mixture from the enzymatic digestion of chitosan revealed that the reducing ends were exclusively A-unit, and the nearest neighbors of the reducing ends were mostly A-unit but not exclusively. Both A-unit and D-unit were found at the non-reducing ends and the nearest neighbors. These results indicated strong and absolute specificities for subsites - 2 and - 1, respectively, and no preference for A-unit at subsites + 1 and + 2. The same results were obtained from sugar sequence analysis of the individual enzymatic products from the chitosans. The subsite specificities of Cat2 are similar to those of GH18 human chitotriosidase, but differ from those of plant GH18 chitinases. Since the structures of Cat1 and Cat2 resemble to each other (99% similarity in amino acid sequences), Cat1 may hydrolyze the substrate with the same mode of action. Thus, the E. gracilis chitinase appears to act toward chitin polysaccharide chain through a cooperative action of the two endo-splitting catalytic domains, recognizing two contiguous A-units at subsites - 2 and - 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Feng
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Yoshihito Kitaoku
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505, Japan
| | - Jun Tanaka
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505, Japan
| | - Toki Taira
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara-cho, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ohnuma
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505, Japan
| | - Finn L Aachmann
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tamo Fukamizo
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505, Japan.
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24
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Aslam M, Takahashi N, Matsubara K, Imanaka T, Kanai T, Atomi H. Identification of the glucosamine kinase in the chitinolytic pathway of Thermococcus kodakarensis. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 125:320-326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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25
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Tran DM, Sugimoto H, Nguyen DA, Watanabe T, Suzuki K. Identification and characterization of chitinolytic bacteria isolated from a freshwater lake. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:343-355. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1422969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
To develop a novel type of biocontrol agent, we focus on bacteria that are characterized by both chitinase activity and biofilm development. Chitinolytic bacteria were isolated from sediments and chitin flakes immersed in the water of a sand dune lake, Sakata, in Niigata, Japan. Thirty-one isolates from more than 5100 isolated strains were examined chitinase activity and biofilm formation. Phylogenetic analysis of these isolates based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that most isolates belonged to the family Aeromonadaceae, followed by Paenibacillaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Neisseriaceae. The specific activity of chitinase of four selected strains was higher than that of a reference strain. The molecular size of one chitinase produced by Andreprevotia was greater than that of typical bacterial chitinases. The dialyzed culture supernatant containing chitinases of the four strains suppressed hyphal growth of Trichoderma reesei. These results indicate that these four strains are good candidates for biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh Minh Tran
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot City, Vietnam
| | - Hayuki Sugimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Dzung Anh Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot City, Vietnam
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazushi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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26
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Qin C, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Li S, Ran C, Hu J, Xie Y, Li W, Zhou Z. EPSP of L. casei BL23 Protected against the Infection Caused by Aeromonas veronii via Enhancement of Immune Response in Zebrafish. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2406. [PMID: 29375485 PMCID: PMC5770644 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture is the fastest-growing food production sector in the world, and it supplies nearly 50% of the global food fish supply. However, disease outbreaks have become a major problem in the fish farming industry. The beneficial contribution of probiotic bacteria to aquatic animals' health has been widely described, and they have been widely used in aquaculture for disease control and growth promotion. However, the action of probiotic bacterial components and mechanisms underlying protection against pathogens afforded by probiotic bacteria remain poorly understood. In the present study, we pre-colonized zebrafish larvae (before hatching) with 17 potential probiotic bacterial strains and screened for those possessing anti-infective effects against Aeromonas veronii. We found that Lactobacillus casei BL23 significantly increased the survival of zebrafish larvae upon A. veronii infection. Using a germ-free (GF) zebrafish model and gut microbiota transplant experiment, we showed that L. casei BL23 per se has anti-infective effects in zebrafish larvae, which does not involve microbiota. Furthermore, we identified an exopolysaccharide-protein complex (EPSP) extracted from L. casei BL23 cells, which consisted of a 40-45 KD size protein and an exopolysaccharide composed of α-Rha, α-Glc, β-GlcNAc, and β-GalNAc. EPSP significantly increased the survival rate of GF zebrafish at a dose of 10-20 μg/ml after A. veronii infection (P < 0.01). In addition, the EPSP induced a higher expression of TLR1 and TLR2, and modulated the expression profile of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in zebrafish liver (ZFL) cells. Our data indicated that the anti-infective effect of EPSP from L. casei BL23 was mediated by enhancement of immune responses in zebrafish, which might involve the TLR1/TLR2 signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chubin Qin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yibing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuning Li
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Ran
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yadong Xie
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weifen Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhigang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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27
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Antifungal activity and patterns of N -acetyl-chitooligosaccharide degradation via chitinase produced from Serratia marcescens PRNK-1. Microb Pathog 2017; 113:218-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Song YS, Lee SH, Cho JA, Moon C, Seo DJ, Jung WJ. Expression and degradation patterns of chitinase purified from Xuehuali (Pyrus bretschneiderilia) pollen. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 107:446-452. [PMID: 28893686 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the expression pattern of chitinase in Xuehuali (Pyrus bretschneiderilia) pollen, as well as its subsequent degradation. The chitinase was purified and collected using chitin affinity column chromatography with regenerated chitin. After purification, four additional chitinase isozymes (chiA, chiB, chiC, and chiD) and chitinase (Chi II) were clearly expressed on SDS-PAGE gels that contained 0.01% glycol chitin. The chitinase reaction products were examined using GlcNAc, (GlcNAc)2, (GlcNAc)3, (GlcNAc)4, (GlcNAc)5, and (GlcNAc)6 as substrates at 2 and 24h after reaction via TLC and HPLC. The (GlcNAc)4 oligosaccharide was slightly degraded to (GlcNAc)2 after 24h of reaction with Xuehuali pollen chitinase on TLC. Meanwhile, (GlcNAc)5 was degraded to (GlcNAc)2-4, and 2300ppm (GlcNAc)6 was degraded to 246ppm (GlcNAc)2, 208ppm (GlcNAc)3, 572ppm (GlcNAc)4, and 336ppm (GlcNAc)5 on HPLC. With regard to temperature, the strongest Xuehuali pollen chitinase activity (0.69 unit/mL) was observed at 37°C after 3h of incubation, and with regard to pH, the strongest activity (0.72unit/mL) was observed at pH 3 after 3h of incubation. The main chitin oligomers degraded from (GlcNAc)6 were (GlcNAc)2 and (GlcNAc)4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Su Song
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Lee
- Department of Horticulture, Korea Pear Research Organization, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-An Cho
- Department of Horticulture, Korea Pear Research Organization, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaeyeong Moon
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jun Seo
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Jin Jung
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Engineering of the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Thermococcus kodakarensis for Chitin-Dependent Hydrogen Production. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.00280-17. [PMID: 28550062 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00280-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermococcus kodakarensis is a hyperthermophilic archaeon that harbors a complete set of genes for chitin degradation to fructose 6-phosphate. However, wild-type T. kodakarensis KOD1 does not display growth on chitin. In this study, we developed a T. kodakarensis strain that can grow on chitin via genetic and adaptive engineering. First, a chitinase overproduction strain (KC01) was constructed by replacing the chitinase gene promoter with a strong promoter from the cell surface glycoprotein gene, resulting in increased degradation of swollen chitin and accumulation of N-,N'-diacetylchitobiose in the medium. To enhance N-,N'-diacetylchitobiose assimilation in KC01, genes encoding diacetylchitobiose deacetylase, exo-β-d-glucosaminidase, and glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase were also overexpressed to obtain strain KC04. To strengthen the glycolytic flux of KC04, the gene encoding Tgr (transcriptional repressor of glycolytic genes) was disrupted to obtain strain KC04Δt. In both KC04 and KC04Δt strains, degradation of swollen chitin was further enhanced. In the culture broth of these strains, the accumulation of glucosamine was observed. KC04Δt was repeatedly inoculated in a swollen-chitin-containing medium for 13 cultures. This adaptive engineering strategy resulted in the isolation of a strain (KC04ΔtM1) that showed almost complete degradation of 0.4% (wt/vol) swollen chitin after 90 h. The strain produced high levels of acetate and ammonium in the culture medium, and, moreover, molecular hydrogen was generated. This strongly suggests that strain KC04ΔtM1 has acquired the ability to convert chitin to fructose 6-phosphate via deacetylation and deamination and further convert fructose 6-phosphate to acetate via glycolysis coupled to hydrogen generation.IMPORTANCE Chitin is a linear homopolymer of β-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine and is the second most abundant biomass next to cellulose. Compared to the wealth of research focused on the microbial degradation and conversion of cellulose, studies addressing microbial chitin utilization are still limited. In this study, using the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakarensis as a host, we have constructed a strain that displays chitin-dependent hydrogen generation. The apparent hydrogen yield per unit of sugar consumed was slightly higher with swollen chitin than with starch. As gene manipulation in T. kodakarensis is relatively simple, the strain constructed in this study can also be used as a parent strain for the development and expansion of chitin-dependent biorefinery, in addition to its capacity to produce hydrogen.
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Honda K, Kimura K, Ninh PH, Taniguchi H, Okano K, Ohtake H. In vitro bioconversion of chitin to pyruvate with thermophilic enzymes. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 124:296-301. [PMID: 28527827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is the second most abundant organic compound on the planet and thus has been regarded as an alternative resource to petroleum feedstocks. One of the key challenges in the biological conversion of biomass-derived polysaccharides, such as cellulose and chitin, is to close the gap between optimum temperatures for enzymatic saccharification and microbial fermentation and to implement them in a single bioreactor. To address this issue, in the present study, we aimed to perform an in vitro, one-pot bioconversion of chitin to pyruvate, which is a precursor of a wide range of useful metabolites. Twelve thermophilic enzymes, including that for NAD+ regeneration, were heterologously produced in Escherichia coli and semi-purified by heat treatment of the crude extract of recombinant cells. When the experimentally decided concentrations of enzymes were incubated with 0.5 mg mL-1 colloidal chitin (equivalent to 2.5 mM N-acetylglucosamine unit) and an adequate set of cofactors at 70°C, 0.62 mM pyruvate was produced in 5 h. Despite the use of a cofactor-balanced pathway, determination of the pool sizes of cofactors showed a rapid decrease in ATP concentration, most probably due to the thermally stable ATP-degrading enzyme(s) derived from the host cell. Integration of an additional enzyme set of thermophilic adenylate kinase and polyphosphate kinase led to the deceleration of ATP degradation, and the final product titer was improved to 2.1 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohsuke Honda
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Kimura
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Pham Huynh Ninh
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hironori Taniguchi
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenji Okano
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hisao Ohtake
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Jamek SB, Nyffenegger C, Muschiol J, Holck J, Meyer AS, Mikkelsen JD. Characterization of two novel bacterial type A exo-chitobiose hydrolases having C-terminal 5/12-type carbohydrate-binding modules. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:4533-4546. [PMID: 28280871 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8198-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Type A chitinases (EC 3.2.1.14), GH family 18, attack chitin ((1 → 4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucan) and chito-oligosaccharides from the reducing end to catalyze release of chitobiose (N,N'-diacetylchitobiose) via hydrolytic cleavage of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminide (1 → 4)-β-linkages and are thus "exo-chitobiose hydrolases." In this study, the chitinase type A from Serratia marcescens (SmaChiA) was used as a template for identifying two novel exo-chitobiose hydrolase type A enzymes, FbalChi18A and MvarChi18A, originating from the marine organisms Ferrimonas balearica and Microbulbifer variabilis, respectively. Both FbalChi18A and MvarChi18A were recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli and were confirmed to exert exo-chitobiose hydrolase activity on chito-oligosaccharides, but differed in temperature and pH activity response profiles. Amino acid sequence comparison of the catalytic β/α barrel domain of each of the new enzymes showed individual differences, but ~69% identity of each to that of SmaChiA and highly conserved active site residues. Superposition of a model substrate on 3D structural models of the catalytic domain of the enzymes corroborated exo-chitobiose hydrolase type A activity for FbalChi18A and MvarChi18A, i.e., substrate attack from the reducing end. A main feature of both of the new enzymes was the presence of C-terminal 5/12 type carbohydrate-binding modules (SmaChiA has no C-terminal carbohydrate binding module). These new enzymes may be useful tools for utilization of chitin as an N-acetylglucosamine donor substrate via chitobiose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shariza B Jamek
- Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, University Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.,Center for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christian Nyffenegger
- Center for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jan Muschiol
- Center for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jesper Holck
- Center for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anne S Meyer
- Center for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Jørn D Mikkelsen
- Center for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Unhelkar MH, Duong VT, Enendu KN, Kelly JE, Tahir S, Butts CT, Martin RW. Structure prediction and network analysis of chitinases from the Cape sundew, Drosera capensis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:636-643. [PMID: 28040565 PMCID: PMC6679993 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carnivorous plants possess diverse sets of enzymes with novel functionalities applicable to biotechnology, proteomics, and bioanalytical research. Chitinases constitute an important class of such enzymes, with future applications including human-safe antifungal agents and pesticides. Here, we compare chitinases from the genome of the carnivorous plant Drosera capensis to those from related carnivorous plants and model organisms. METHODS Using comparative modeling, in silico maturation, and molecular dynamics simulation, we produce models of the mature enzymes in aqueous solution. We utilize network analytic techniques to identify similarities and differences in chitinase topology. RESULTS Here, we report molecular models and functional predictions from protein structure networks for eleven new chitinases from D. capensis, including a novel class IV chitinase with two active domains. This architecture has previously been observed in microorganisms but not in plants. We use a combination of comparative and de novo structure prediction followed by molecular dynamics simulation to produce models of the mature forms of these proteins in aqueous solution. Protein structure network analysis of these and other plant chitinases reveal characteristic features of the two major chitinase families. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This work demonstrates how computational techniques can facilitate quickly moving from raw sequence data to refined structural models and comparative analysis, and to select promising candidates for subsequent biochemical characterization. This capability is increasingly important given the large and growing body of data from high-throughput genome sequencing, which makes experimental characterization of every target impractical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha H Unhelkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Vy T Duong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kaosoluchi N Enendu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - John E Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Seemal Tahir
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Carter T Butts
- Department of Sociology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Rachel W Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Teplyuk AV, Samarov NI, Korzhenkov AA, Ul’yanova MO, Goeva MA, Kublanov IV, Kanapatskii TA, Pimenov NV, Toshchakov SV. Analysis of chitinase diversity in the Baltic Sea bottom sediments. Microbiology (Reading) 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261717010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Suginta W, Sirimontree P, Sritho N, Ohnuma T, Fukamizo T. The chitin-binding domain of a GH-18 chitinase from Vibrio harveyi is crucial for chitin-chitinase interactions. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 93:1111-1117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Isolated exopolysaccharides from Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG alleviated adipogenesis mediated by TLR2 in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36083. [PMID: 27786292 PMCID: PMC5081535 DOI: 10.1038/srep36083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The fibroblast cell line of 3T3-L1 was used as a cell model for screening and evaluating the feasibility of probiotic components in improving animal lipid metabolisms. The extracts from 12 Lactobacillus strains caused significantly reduced triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation but with severe inflammation induction in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Interestingly, exopolysaccharides (EPS) from LGG (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG) significantly decreased the TAG accumulation without any inflammation. The anti-obesity effect of EPS was confirmed in high-fat-diets feeding mice. Fat pads of mice injected with EPS (50 mg/kg) every two days for two weeks were significantly reduced with much smaller adipocytes, compared with the counterparts. The levels of TAG and cholesterol ester in liver, as well as serum TAG, were decreased in EPS injected mice. In addition, down-regulated inflammation was observed in adipose tissue and liver. Interestingly, the expression of TLR2 in adipose tissue and 3T3-L1 cells was significantly increased by EPS addition. Moreover, the reverse of TAG accumulation in TLR2 knockdown 3T3-L1 in the presence of EPS confirmed that the inhibition effect of EPS on adipogenesis was mediated by TLR2. EPS from LGG has the potential for therapeutic development to intervene lipid metabolic disorders in mammals.
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A Structurally Novel Chitinase from the Chitin-Degrading Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Thermococcus chitonophagus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:3554-3562. [PMID: 27060120 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00319-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED A structurally novel chitinase, Tc-ChiD, was identified from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus chitonophagus, which can grow on chitin as the sole organic carbon source. The gene encoding Tc-ChiD contains regions corresponding to a signal sequence, two chitin-binding domains, and a putative catalytic domain. This catalytic domain shows no similarity with previously characterized chitinases but resembles an uncharacterized protein found in the mesophilic anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum Two recombinant Tc-ChiD proteins were produced in Escherichia coli, one without the signal sequence [Tc-ChiD(ΔS)] and the other corresponding only to the putative catalytic domain [Tc-ChiD(ΔBD)]. Enzyme assays using N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) oligomers indicated that both proteins hydrolyze GlcNAc oligomers longer than (GlcNAc)4 Chitinase assays using colloidal chitin suggested that Tc-ChiD is an exo-type chitinase that releases (GlcNAc)2 or (GlcNAc)3 Analysis with GlcNAc oligomers modified with p-nitrophenol suggested that Tc-ChiD recognizes the reducing end of chitin chains. While Tc-ChiD(ΔBD) displayed a higher initial velocity than that of Tc-ChiD(ΔS), we found that the presence of the two chitin-binding domains significantly enhanced the thermostability of the catalytic domain. In T. chitonophagus, another chitinase ortholog that is similar to the Thermococcus kodakarensis chitinase ChiA is present and can degrade chitin from the nonreducing ends. Therefore, the presence of multiple chitinases in T. chitonophagus with different modes of cleavage may contribute to its unique ability to efficiently degrade chitin. IMPORTANCE A structurally novel chitinase, Tc-ChiD, was identified from Thermococcus chitonophagus, a hyperthermophilic archaeon. The protein contains a signal peptide for secretion, two chitin-binding domains, and a catalytic domain that shows no similarity with previously characterized chitinases. Tc-ChiD thus represents a new family of chitinases. Tc-ChiD is an exo-type chitinase that recognizes the reducing end of chitin chains and releases (GlcNAc)2 or (GlcNAc)3 As a thermostable chitinase that recognizes the reducing end of chitin chains was not previously known, Tc-ChiD may be useful in a wide range of enzyme-based technologies to degrade and utilize chitin.
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Kim YS, Lee SJ, Choi JY, Kim YH, Desta KT, Piao Z, Choi SL, Nam SJ, Kang KY, Abd El-Aty AM, Shin YC, Shin SC. Determination of process-related impurities in N-acetylglucosamine prepared by chemical and enzymatic methods: structural elucidation and quantification. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:937-45. [PMID: 27220340 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0755-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
β-N-acetylglucosamine (β-AG) is a monosaccharide distributed widely in living organisms with various pivotal roles. The presence of particulates and impurities can affect the safety and efficacy of a product for its intended duration of use. Thus, the current study was carried out to identify and quantify the potentially-harmful process related impurities; namely α-N,6-diacetylglucosamine (α-DAG) and α-N-acetylglucosamine (α-AG), derived from the chemical and enzymatic synthesis of β-AG. The impurities were characterized using a high resolution mass spectrometry, a nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The developed method showed a good linearity (R (2) ≥ 0.998), satisfactory precision (≤6.1 % relative standard deviation), intra- and inter-day accuracy (88.20-97.50 %), extraction recovery (89.30-110.50 %), matrix effect (89.70-105.20 %), and stability (92.70-101.60 %). The method was successfully applied to determine the level of α-DAG that was 3.04 and 0.07 % of the total β-AG, following chemical and enzymatic methods, respectively. It can be concluded that the enzymatic rather than the chemical method is more efficient for the synthesis of β-AG. Characterization of impurities heeds the signal for acquiring and evaluating data that establishes biological safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Soo Kim
- Amicogen, Inc., 64 Dongburo 1259, Jinsung, Jinju, 660-852, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Joong Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Choi
- Amicogen, Inc., 64 Dongburo 1259, Jinsung, Jinju, 660-852, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hi Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kebede Taye Desta
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhe Piao
- Amicogen, Inc., 64 Dongburo 1259, Jinsung, Jinju, 660-852, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Lim Choi
- Amicogen, Inc., 64 Dongburo 1259, Jinsung, Jinju, 660-852, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jip Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Global Top5 Program, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Yun Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 540-742, Republic of Korea
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Yong Chul Shin
- Amicogen, Inc., 64 Dongburo 1259, Jinsung, Jinju, 660-852, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Chul Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea.
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Analysis of the complete genome sequence of the archaeon Pyrococcus chitonophagus DSM 10152 (formerly Thermococcus chitonophagus). Extremophiles 2016; 20:351-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-016-0826-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hanazono Y, Takeda K, Niwa S, Hibi M, Takahashi N, Kanai T, Atomi H, Miki K. Crystal structures of chitin binding domains of chitinase from Thermococcus kodakarensis KOD1. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:298-304. [PMID: 26823175 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Chitinase from T. kodakarensis (TkChiA) catalyzes the hydrolysis of chitin. The enzyme consists of two catalytic and three binding domains (ChBD1, ChBD2 and ChBD3). ChBD2 and ChBD3 can bind to not only chitin but also cellulose. In both domains, the intervals of the side chains of the three tryptophan residues, which are located on the molecular surface, correspond to twice the length of the lattice of the chitin. A binding model with crystalline chitin implies that the tryptophan residues and a glutamate residue interact with the hexose ring by CH-π interactions and the amide group by a hydrogen bond, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Hanazono
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Japan
| | - Kazuki Takeda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Japan
| | - Satomi Niwa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Japan
| | - Masahito Hibi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Japan
| | - Naoya Takahashi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Kanai
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Japan.,CREST/JST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruyuki Atomi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Japan.,CREST/JST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunio Miki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Japan.,CREST/JST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Kanai T, Simons JR, Tsukamoto R, Nakajima A, Omori Y, Matsuoka R, Beppu H, Imanaka T, Atomi H. Overproduction of the membrane-bound [NiFe]-hydrogenase in Thermococcus kodakarensis and its effect on hydrogen production. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:847. [PMID: 26379632 PMCID: PMC4549637 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakarensis can utilize sugars or pyruvate for growth. In the absence of elemental sulfur, the electrons via oxidation of these substrates are accepted by protons, generating molecular hydrogen (H2). The hydrogenase responsible for this reaction is a membrane-bound [NiFe]-hydrogenase (Mbh). In this study, we have examined several possibilities to increase the protein levels of Mbh in T. kodakarensis by genetic engineering. Highest levels of intracellular Mbh levels were achieved when the promoter of the entire mbh operon (TK2080-TK2093) was exchanged to a strong constitutive promoter from the glutamate dehydrogenase gene (TK1431) (strain MHG1). When MHG1 was cultivated under continuous culture conditions using pyruvate-based medium, a nearly 25% higher specific hydrogen production rate (SHPR) of 35.3 mmol H2 g-dcw−1 h−1 was observed at a dilution rate of 0.31 h−1. We also combined mbh overexpression using an even stronger constitutive promoter from the cell surface glycoprotein gene (TK0895) with disruption of the genes encoding the cytosolic hydrogenase (Hyh) and an alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT), both of which are involved in hydrogen consumption (strain MAH1). At a dilution rate of 0.30 h−1, the SHPR was 36.2 mmol H2 g-dcw−1 h−1, corresponding to a 28% increase compared to that of the host T. kodakarensis strain. Increasing the dilution rate to 0.83 h−1 or 1.07 h−1 resulted in a SHPR of 120 mmol H2 g-dcw−1 h−1, which is one of the highest production rates observed in microbial fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamotsu Kanai
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan ; Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research of Evolutional Science and Technology Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jan-Robert Simons
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan ; Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research of Evolutional Science and Technology Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryohei Tsukamoto
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | - Ryoji Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruki Beppu
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Imanaka
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research of Evolutional Science and Technology Tokyo, Japan ; Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Haruyuki Atomi
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan ; Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research of Evolutional Science and Technology Tokyo, Japan
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Leis B, Heinze S, Angelov A, Pham VTT, Thürmer A, Jebbar M, Golyshin PN, Streit WR, Daniel R, Liebl W. Functional Screening of Hydrolytic Activities Reveals an Extremely Thermostable Cellulase from a Deep-Sea Archaeon. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:95. [PMID: 26191525 PMCID: PMC4486847 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Extreme habitats serve as a source of enzymes that are active under extreme conditions and are candidates for industrial applications. In this work, six large-insert mixed genomic libraries were screened for hydrolase activities in a broad temperature range (8-70°C). Among a variety of hydrolytic activities, one fosmid clone, derived from a library of pooled isolates of hyperthermophilic archaea from deep sea vents, displayed hydrolytic activity on carboxymethyl cellulose substrate plates at 70°C but not at lower temperatures. Sequence analysis of the fosmid insert revealed a gene encoding a novel glycoside hydrolase family 12 (GHF12) endo-1,4-β-glucanase, termed Cel12E. The enzyme shares 45% sequence identity with a protein from the archaeon Thermococcus sp. AM4 and displays a unique multidomain architecture. Biochemical characterization of Cel12E revealed a remarkably thermostable protein, which appears to be of archaeal origin. The enzyme displayed maximum activity at 92°C and was active on a variety of linear 1,4-β-glucans like carboxymethyl cellulose, β-glucan, lichenan, and phosphoric acid swollen cellulose. The protein is able to bind to various insoluble β-glucans. Product pattern analysis indicated that Cel12E is an endo-cleaving β-glucanase. Cel12E expands the toolbox of hyperthermostable archaeal cellulases with biotechnological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Leis
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Simon Heinze
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Angel Angelov
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Vu Thuy Trang Pham
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Andrea Thürmer
- Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mohamed Jebbar
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes-UMR 6197 (CNRS-Ifremer-UBO), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Plouzané, France
| | | | - Wolfgang R. Streit
- Fakultät für Mathematik, Informatik und Naturwissenschaften Biologie, Biozentrum Klein Flottbek, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Daniel
- Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Liebl
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Pandya M, Rajput M, Rajkumar S. Exploring plant growth promoting potential of non rhizobial root nodules endophytes of Vigna radiata. Microbiology (Reading) 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261715010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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43
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Stoykov YM, Pavlov AI, Krastanov AI. Chitinase biotechnology: Production, purification, and application. Eng Life Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201400173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Mihaylov Stoykov
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnologies; Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology; Bulgarian Academy of Science; Plovdiv Bulgaria
| | - Atanas Ivanov Pavlov
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnologies; Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology; Bulgarian Academy of Science; Plovdiv Bulgaria
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Food Technology; Plovdiv Bulgaria
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44
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Characterization of an extracellular thermophilic chitinase from Paenibacillus thermoaerophilus strain TC22-2b isolated from compost. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 31:135-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-014-1754-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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45
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Vincenzi S, Bierma J, Wickramasekara S, Curioni A, Gazzola D, Bakalinsky AT. Characterization of a grape class IV chitinase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:5660-5668. [PMID: 24845689 PMCID: PMC4216234 DOI: 10.1021/jf501225g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A chitinase was purified from Vitis vinifera Manzoni Bianco grape juice and characterized. On the basis of proteomic analysis of tryptic peptides, a significant match identified the enzyme as a type IV grape chitinase previously found in juices of other V. vinifera varieties. The optimal pH and temperature for activity toward colloidal chitin were found to be 6 and 30 °C, respectively. The enzyme was found to hydrolyze chitin and oligomers of N-acetylglucosamine, generating N,N'-diacetylchitobiose and N-acetylglucosamine as products, but was inactive toward N,N'-diacetylchitobiose. The enzyme exhibited both endo- and exochitinase activities. Because yeast contains a small amount of chitin in the cell wall, the possibility of growth inhibition was tested. At a concentration and pH expected in ripe grapes, no inhibition of wine yeast growth by the chitinase was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Vincenzi
- Department
of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, Padova University, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Jan Bierma
- Cellular
and Molecular Bioscience, University of
California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Samanthi
I. Wickramasekara
- Department of Chemistry,
Environmental Health Sciences Center and Department of
Food Science and Technology, Oregon State
University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United
States
| | - Andrea Curioni
- Department
of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, Padova University, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Diana Gazzola
- Department
of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment, Padova University, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alan T. Bakalinsky
- Department of Chemistry,
Environmental Health Sciences Center and Department of
Food Science and Technology, Oregon State
University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United
States
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46
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Itoh T, Sugimoto I, Hibi T, Suzuki F, Matsuo K, Fujii Y, Taketo A, Kimoto H. Overexpression, purification, and characterization of Paenibacillus cell surface-expressed chitinase ChiW with two catalytic domains. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:624-34. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.891935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Paenibacillus sp. strain FPU-7 produces several different chitinases and effectively hydrolyzes robust chitin. Among the P. FPU-7 chitinases, ChiW, a novel monomeric chitinase with a molecular mass of 150 kDa, is expressed as a cell surface molecule. Here, we report that active ChiW lacking the anchoring domains in the N-terminus was successfully overproduced in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. The two catalytic domains at the C-terminal region were classified as typical glycoside hydrolase family 18 chitinases, whereas the N-terminal region showed no sequence similarity to other known proteins. The vacuum-ultraviolet circular dichroism spectrum of the enzyme strongly suggested the presence of a β-stranded-rich structure in the N-terminus. Its biochemical properties were also characterized. Various insoluble chitins were hydrolyzed to N,N’-diacetyl-D-chitobiose as the final product. Based on amino acid sequence similarities and site-directed mutagenesis, Glu691 and Glu1177 in the two GH-18 domains were identified as catalytic residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Itoh
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui, Japan
| | - Ikumi Sugimoto
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui, Japan
| | - Takao Hibi
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui, Japan
| | - Fumiko Suzuki
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui, Japan
| | - Koichi Matsuo
- Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiation Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yutaka Fujii
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Chemistry, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Akira Taketo
- Department of Environmental and Biotechnological Frontier Engineering, Fukui University of Technology, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hisashi Kimoto
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui, Japan
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47
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Gyore J, Parameswar AR, Hebbard CFF, Oh Y, Bi E, Demchenko AV, Price NP, Orlean P. 2-Acylamido analogues of N-acetylglucosamine prime formation of chitin oligosaccharides by yeast chitin synthase 2. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:12835-41. [PMID: 24619411 PMCID: PMC4007471 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.550749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin, a homopolymer of β1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residues, is a key component of the cell walls of fungi and the exoskeletons of arthropods. Chitin synthases transfer GlcNAc from UDP-GlcNAc to preexisting chitin chains in reactions that are typically stimulated by free GlcNAc. The effect of GlcNAc was probed by using a yeast strain expressing a single chitin synthase, Chs2, by examining formation of chitin oligosaccharides (COs) and insoluble chitin, and by replacing GlcNAc with 2-acylamido analogues of GlcNAc. Synthesis of COs was strongly dependent on inclusion of GlcNAc in chitin synthase incubations, and N,N'-diacetylchitobiose (GlcNAc2) was the major reaction product. Formation of both COs and insoluble chitin was also stimulated by GlcNAc2 and by N-propanoyl-, N-butanoyl-, and N-glycolylglucosamine. MALDI analyses of the COs made in the presence of 2-acylamido analogues of GlcNAc showed they that contained a single GlcNAc analogue and one or more additional GlcNAc residues. These results indicate that Chs2 can use certain 2-acylamido analogues of GlcNAc, and likely free GlcNAc and GlcNAc2 as well, as GlcNAc acceptors in a UDP-GlcNAc-dependent glycosyltransfer reaction. Further, formation of modified disaccharides indicates that CSs can transfer single GlcNAc residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Gyore
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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48
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Itoh T, Hibi T, Sugimoto I, Suzuki F, Fujii Y, Taketo A, Kimoto H. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the catalytic domains of Paenibacillus sp. strain FPU-7 cell-surface-expressed chitinase ChiW. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2014; 70:350-3. [PMID: 24598925 PMCID: PMC3944700 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14002325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The polysaccharide chitin is effectively hydrolyzed and utilized as a carbon and nitrogen source by the Gram-positive bacterium Paenibacillus sp. strain FPU-7. ChiW is a unique cell-surface-expressed chitinase among the Paenibacillus sp. strain FPU-7-secreted chitinases. An N-terminally truncated ChiW protein, primarily comprised of the two catalytic domains of the full-length protein, was successfully overexpressed in Escherichia coli, purified as a functional recombinant protein with a molecular mass of approximately 98 kDa and crystallized. Preliminary X-ray analysis showed that the crystal diffracted to 1.93 Å resolution and belonged to the orthorhombic space group P212121, with unit-cell parameters a = 112.1, b = 128.2, c = 162.6 Å, suggesting the presence of two molecules in an asymmetric unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Itoh
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuokakenjyoujima, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Takao Hibi
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuokakenjyoujima, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Ikumi Sugimoto
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuokakenjyoujima, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Fumiko Suzuki
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuokakenjyoujima, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Yutaka Fujii
- Department of Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuokashimoaitsuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Akira Taketo
- Department of Environmental and Biotechnological Frontier Engineering, Fukui University of Technology, 3-6-1 Gakuen, Fukui, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Hisashi Kimoto
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuokakenjyoujima, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
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49
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Chen JK, Shen CR, Liu CL. The Characteristics of Chitinase Expression in Aeromonas schubertii. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 172:3827-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0798-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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50
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Kikkawa Y, Fukuda M, Kimura T, Kashiwada A, Matsuda K, Kanesato M, Wada M, Imanaka T, Tanaka T. Atomic force microscopic study of chitinase binding onto chitin and cellulose surfaces. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:1074-7. [PMID: 24527788 DOI: 10.1021/bm500046f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Kikkawa
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan
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