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Cheng MF, Ho PY, Wang JL, Tseng FC, Chang JT, Huang IF, Hung CH. Prevalence and household risk factors for fecal carriage of ESBL-producing, sequence type 131, and extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli among children in southern Taiwan. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2022; 55:695-707. [PMID: 35513972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapidly increasing prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a global concern. This study determined the prevalence and risk factors for the fecal carriage of drug-resistant E. coli and extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) among children. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this prospective study, stool samples from children aged 0-18 years were obtained within three days of hospitalization between April 2016 and March 2019. E. coli were selected and tested for extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-production and antimicrobial susceptibility. Multilocus sequence typing, blaCTX-M gene groups and ExPEC were determined using polymerase chain reactions. Questionnaires were recorded for risk factor analysis. RESULTS Among 179 E. coli isolates, 44.1% were multi-drug resistant, 20.7% produced ESBL, and 50.3% were ExPEC. Children carrying ESBL-producing E. coli were younger than those carrying non-ESBL strains. Several anthropogenic factors, including drinking water process, pork consumption, pets and household density might be associated with ESBL-producing E. coli, sequence type (ST) 131 E. coli, or ExPEC fecal carriage. Compared with families who live in less crowded houses, participants with pets had a similar trend of higher risks of ESBL-producing E. coli, ST131 E. coli, and ExPEC fecal carriage among those living in houses accommodating relatively more people. CONCLUSIONS Children accounted for a large proportion of instances of feces carrying ESBL E. coli. In addition to antimicrobial control for people and livestocks, avenues of exposure, such as drinking water, food, pets, household density, and socioeconomic deprivation might present potentially novel opportunities to reduce the burden of nonsusceptible E. coli and ExPEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Fang Cheng
- Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Ho
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Ling Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Chen Tseng
- Department of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jenn-Tzong Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - I-Fei Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Pojen Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Hung
- Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Asirifi I, Kaetzl K, Werner S, Saba CKS, Abagale FK, Amoah P, Marschner B. Pathogen and heavy metal contamination in urban agroecosystems of northern Ghana: Influence of biochar application and wastewater irrigation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2021; 50:1097-1109. [PMID: 34197639 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The benefit of biochar as a soil fertility enhancer is well known and has been broadly investigated. Equally, many tropical and subtropical countries use wastewater for irrigation in urban agriculture. To assess the related health risks, we determined pathogen and heavy metal fate associated with biochar application and wastewater irrigation in the urban agriculture of northern Ghana. Rice (Oryza L.) husk biochar (20 t ha-1 ), N-P-K 15-15-15 fertilizer (212.5 kg ha-1 ), and their combinations were evaluated in a field-based experiment. Untreated wastewater and tap water served as irrigation water. Red amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.) was used as a test crop and was grown in wet (WS) and dry (DS) cropping seasons. Irrigation water, soil, and vegetables were analyzed for heavy metals, Escherichia coli, fecal coliform, helminth eggs, and Salmonella spp. Unlike the pathogens, analyzed heavy metals from irrigation water and soil were below the FAO/WHO permissible standard for agricultural activities. Wastewater irrigation caused E. coli concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 0.6 (WS) and from 0.7 to 0.8 (DS) log10 colony forming units per gram fresh weight (CFU gFW -1 ) on vegetables and from 1.7 to 2.1 (WS) and from 0.6 to 1.0 (DS) log10 CFU per gram dry weight (gDW -1 ) in soil. Average log10 CFU gFW -1 rates of 6.19 and 3.44 fecal coliform were found on vegetables, whereas in soil, 4.26 and 4.58 log10 CFU gDW -1 were observed in WS and DS, respectively. Helminth egg populations were high in wastewater and were transferred to the crops and soil. Biochar did not affect bacteria contamination. Pathogen contamination on vegetables and in soil were directly linked to the irrigation water, with minimal or no difference observed from biochar application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Asirifi
- Institute of Geography, Soil Science and Soil Ecology, Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Korbinian Kaetzl
- Grassland Science and Renewable Plant Resources, Universität Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany
- Competence Centre for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation (CliMA), Univ. Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Steffen Werner
- Institute of Geography, Soil Science and Soil Ecology, Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Courage K S Saba
- Biotechnology Dep., Univ. for Development Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Felix K Abagale
- School of Agriculture Engineering, Univ. for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Philip Amoah
- International Water Management Institute, PMB CT, 112, Cantonments, Accra, Ghana
| | - Bernd Marschner
- Institute of Geography, Soil Science and Soil Ecology, Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Murray LP, Mace CR. Usability as a guiding principle for the design of paper-based, point-of-care devices - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1140:236-249. [PMID: 33218486 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Due to their portability, versatility for supporting multiple assay formats, and potential for resulting in low-cost assays, paper-based analytical devices (PADs) are an increasingly popular format as a platform for the development of point-of-care tests. However, very few PADs have been translated successfully to their intended environments outside of academic settings. Often overlooked as a factor that inhibits translation, usability is a vital characteristic of any successful point-of-care test. Recent advancements in PAD design have demonstrated improved usability by simplifying various aspects of user operation, including sample collection, sample processing, device operation, detection, and readout/interpretation. Field testing at various stages of device design can offer critical feedback about device usability, especially when it involves the proposed end-user or other stakeholders. By highlighting advances in usability, we aim to encourage thoughtful and rigorous design at the academic prototyping stage to address one outstanding hurdle that limits the number of PADs that make it from the benchtop to the point-of-care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara P Murray
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Charles R Mace
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
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Jozić S, Vukić Lušić D, Ordulj M, Frlan E, Cenov A, Diković S, Kauzlarić V, Fiorido Đurković L, Stilinović Totić J, Ivšinović D, Eleršek N, Vučić A, Peroš-Pucar D, Unić Klarin B, Bujas L, Puljak T, Mamić M, Grilec D, Jadrušić M, Šolić M. Performance characteristics of the temperature-modified ISO 9308-1 method for the enumeration of Escherichia coli in marine and inland bathing waters. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 135:150-158. [PMID: 30301024 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study defines performance characteristics of the temperature-modified ISO 9308-1 method for E. coli enumeration in bathing water. After a 4-hour resuscitation period at 36 ± 2 °C, the incubation temperature was changed to 44 ± 0.5 °C. Elevated incubation temperature significantly suppressed the growth of thermo-intolerant bacteria, and enhanced the selectivity of Chromogenic Coliform Agar (CCA) up to 49.5% for inland and up to 66.0% for coastal water. Consequently, most of the selectivity-related performance characteristics are improved. Relative recovery was determined by comparing an alternative method against the reference, ISO 9308-1:2014 method, following the criteria set out in ISO 17994:2014. Temperature modification did not significantly alter the results and the methods were evaluated as "not different" for both, coastal and inland waters. Chromogenic Coliform Agar was assessed as a suitable medium for reliable E. coli enumeration in bathing water when incubated for 17-19 h at 44 ± 0.5 °C after the 4-5 h resuscitation period at 36 ± 2 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slaven Jozić
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Laboratory of Microbiology, P.O. Box 500, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Darija Vukić Lušić
- Teaching Institute of Public Health of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Department of Environmental Health, Krešimirova 52a, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Department of Environmental Health, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Marin Ordulj
- Univesity of Split, University Department of Marine Studies, Livanjska 5, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Erina Frlan
- Teaching Institute of Public Health of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Department of Environmental Health, Krešimirova 52a, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Arijana Cenov
- Teaching Institute of Public Health of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Department of Environmental Health, Krešimirova 52a, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Sonja Diković
- Institute of Public Health of Istra County, Health Ecology Service, Department for Protection and Improvement of the Environment, Nazorova 23, 52100 Pula, Croatia
| | - Vesna Kauzlarić
- Institute of Public Health of Istra County, Health Ecology Service, Department for Protection and Improvement of the Environment, Nazorova 23, 52100 Pula, Croatia
| | - Lara Fiorido Đurković
- Institute of Public Health of Istra County, Health Ecology Service, Department for Protection and Improvement of the Environment, Nazorova 23, 52100 Pula, Croatia
| | - Jasmina Stilinović Totić
- Institute of Public Health of Lika - Senj County, Department of Health Ecology, Senjskih žrtava 2, 53000 Gospić, Croatia
| | - Danijela Ivšinović
- Institute of Public Health of Lika - Senj County, Department of Health Ecology, Senjskih žrtava 2, 53000 Gospić, Croatia
| | - Nives Eleršek
- Institute of Public Health of Zadar County, Health Ecology Sevice, Department of Microbiology and Biology, Kolovare 2, 23000 Zadar, Croatia
| | - Anita Vučić
- Institute of Public Health of Zadar County, Health Ecology Sevice, Department of Microbiology and Biology, Kolovare 2, 23000 Zadar, Croatia
| | - Danijela Peroš-Pucar
- Institute of Public Health of Zadar County, Health Ecology Sevice, Department of Microbiology and Biology, Kolovare 2, 23000 Zadar, Croatia
| | - Branka Unić Klarin
- Institute of Public Health of Šibenik - Knin County, Department of Ecology, Matije Gupca 95, 22000 Šibenik, Croatia
| | - Lidija Bujas
- Institute of Public Health of Šibenik - Knin County, Department of Ecology, Matije Gupca 95, 22000 Šibenik, Croatia
| | - Tatjana Puljak
- Teaching Institute of Public Health of Split-Dalmatia County, Department of Environmental Ecology Division of Sanitary Microbiology, Laboratory for Seawater Quality and Environmental Biology, Vukovarska 46, 2000 Split, Croatia
| | - Mirna Mamić
- Teaching Institute of Public Health of Split-Dalmatia County, Department of Environmental Ecology Division of Sanitary Microbiology, Laboratory for Seawater Quality and Environmental Biology, Vukovarska 46, 2000 Split, Croatia
| | - Dolores Grilec
- Institute of Public Health of Dubrovnik - Neretva County, Department of Environmental Health, Environmental Section, Dr. Ante Šercera 4, 20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia
| | - Marija Jadrušić
- Institute of Public Health of Dubrovnik - Neretva County, Department of Environmental Health, Environmental Section, Dr. Ante Šercera 4, 20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia
| | - Mladen Šolić
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Laboratory of Microbiology, P.O. Box 500, 21000 Split, Croatia
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Huang IF, Lee WY, Wang JL, Hung CH, Hu HH, Hung WY, Hung YJ, Chen WC, Shen YT, Cheng MF. Fecal carriage of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli by community children in southern Taiwan. BMC Gastroenterol 2018; 18:86. [PMID: 29907090 PMCID: PMC6003077 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-018-0807-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli (E. coli), particularly E. coli sequence type ST131, is becoming a global concern. Commensal bacteria, an important reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes, facilitate the spread of such genes to pathogenic bacterial strains. The objective of the study is to investigate the fecal carriage of MDR E. coli and ST131 E. coli in community children in Southern Taiwan. METHODS In this prospective study, stool samples from children aged 0-18 years were obtained within 3 days of hospitalization from October 2013 to September 2014. Children with a history of underlying diseases, antibiotic treatment, or hospitalization in the 3 months before specimen collection were excluded. E. coli colonies were selected and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, and O25b-ST131, multilocus sequence typing, and blaCTX-M gene groups were detected. RESULTS Among 157 E. coli isolates, the rates of nonsusceptibility to ampicillin, amoxycillin + clavulanate, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and cefazolin were 70, 65.6, 47.1, and 32.5%, respectively. Twenty-nine (18.5%) isolates were nonsusceptible to ciprofloxacin. MDR E. coli accounted for 58 (37%) of all isolates. Thirteen (8.3%) isolates produced extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL). Furthermore, 26 (16.6%) and 13 (8.3%) isolates were O25b and ST131 positive, respectively. Five (38.5%) of the 13 ESBL-producing E. coli belonged to blaCTX-M group 9, among which were CTXM-14 and 4 (80%) were O25b-ST131 positive. Compared with the non-ESBL and ciprofloxacin-susceptible groups, the ESBL and ciprofloxacin-nonsusceptible groups showed significantly higher rates of O25b-ST131 positivity. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of the fecal carriage of nonsusceptible E. coli in children was high; among these E. coli, 37% were MDR, 18.5% were nonsusceptible to ciprofloxacin, and 8.3% produced ESBL. O25b-ST131 was the most common ESBL-producing E. coli clonal group present in the feces of children, and the ESBL and ciprofloxacin-nonsusceptible groups showed significantly higher rates of O25b-ST131 positivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Fei Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, No. 386, Ta-Chung 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 81362, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yang Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Municipal United Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Ling Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Hung
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Hsiang Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, No. 386, Ta-Chung 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 81362, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yu Hung
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ju Hung
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, No. 386, Ta-Chung 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 81362, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chi Chen
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Tso Shen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, No. 386, Ta-Chung 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 81362, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Fang Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, No. 386, Ta-Chung 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 81362, Taiwan. .,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Quiñones B, Campos Sauceda J, Lee B, Yambao J, Cháidez Quiroz C. Molecular sequence typing reveals genotypic diversity among
Escherichia coli
isolates recovered from a cantaloupe packinghouse in Northwestern Mexico. Lett Appl Microbiol 2017; 64:430-437. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Quiñones
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit Western Regional Research Center U.S. Department of Agriculture/ARS Albany CA USA
| | - J.P. Campos Sauceda
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Technological Institute of Culiacan (ITC) Culiacan Sinaloa Mexico
| | - B.G. Lee
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit Western Regional Research Center U.S. Department of Agriculture/ARS Albany CA USA
| | - J.C. Yambao
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit Western Regional Research Center U.S. Department of Agriculture/ARS Albany CA USA
| | - C. Cháidez Quiroz
- Food Safety National Research Laboratory (LANIIA) Research Center in Food & Development (CIAD) Culiacan Sinaloa Mexico
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Galat A, Dufresne J, Combrisson J, Thépaut J, Boumghar-Bourtchai L, Boyer M, Fourmestraux C. Novel method based on chromogenic media for discrimination and selective enumeration of lactic acid bacteria in fermented milk products. Food Microbiol 2016; 55:86-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Staji H, Khoshgoftar J, Javaheri Vayeghan A, Salimi Bejestani MR. Phylogenetic Grouping and Assessment of Virulence Genotypes, With Antibiotic Resistance Patterns, of Escherichia Coli Strains Implicated in Female Urinary Tract Infections. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENTERIC PATHOGENS 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/ijep31609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Characteristics of CTX-M Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Multiple Rivers in Southern Taiwan. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:1889-1897. [PMID: 26773082 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03222-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli sequence type ST131 has emerged as the leading cause of community-acquired urinary tract infections and bacteremia worldwide. Whether environmental water is a potential reservoir of these strains remains unclear. River water samples were collected from 40 stations in southern Taiwan from February to August 2014. PCR assay and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis were conducted to determine the CTX-M group and sequence type, respectively. In addition, we identified the seasonal frequency of ESBL-producing E. coli strains and their geographical relationship with runoffs from livestock and poultry farms between February and August 2014. ESBL-producing E. coli accounted for 30% of the 621 E. coli strains isolated from river water in southern Taiwan. ESBL-producing E. coli ST131 was not detected among the isolates. The most commonly detected strain was E. coli CTX-M group 9. Among the 92 isolates selected for MLST analysis, the most common ESBL-producing clonal complexes were ST10 and ST58. The proportion of ESBL-producing E. coli was significantly higher in areas with a lower river pollution index (P = 0.025) and regions with a large number of chickens being raised (P = 0.013). ESBL-producing E. coli strains were commonly isolated from river waters in southern Taiwan. The most commonly isolated ESBL-producing clonal complexes were ST10 and ST58, which were geographically related to chicken farms. ESBL-producing E. coli ST131, the major clone causing community-acquired infections in Taiwan and worldwide, was not detected in river waters.
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10
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Sorensen JPR, Lapworth DJ, Read DS, Nkhuwa DCW, Bell RA, Chibesa M, Chirwa M, Kabika J, Liemisa M, Pedley S. Tracing enteric pathogen contamination in sub-Saharan African groundwater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 538:888-95. [PMID: 26363144 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative PCR (qPCR) can rapidly screen for an array of faecally-derived bacteria, which can be employed as tracers to understand groundwater vulnerability to faecal contamination. A microbial DNA qPCR array was used to examine 45 bacterial targets, potentially relating to enteric pathogens, in 22 groundwater supplies beneath the city of Kabwe, Zambia in both the dry and subsequent wet season. Thermotolerant (faecal) coliforms, sanitary risks, and tryptophan-like fluorescence, an emerging real-time reagentless faecal indicator, were also concurrently investigated. There was evidence for the presence of enteric bacterial contamination, through the detection of species and group specific 16S rRNA gene fragments, in 72% of supplies where sufficient DNA was available for qPCR analysis. DNA from the opportunistic pathogen Citrobacter freundii was most prevalent (69% analysed samples), with Vibrio cholerae also perennially persistent in groundwater (41% analysed samples). DNA from other species such as Bifidobacterium longum and Arcobacter butzleri was more seasonally transient. Bacterial DNA markers were most common in shallow hand-dug wells in laterite/saprolite implicating rapid subsurface pathways and vulnerability to pollution at the surface. Boreholes into the underlying dolomites were also contaminated beneath the city highlighting that a laterite/saprolite overburden, as occurs across much of sub-Saharan aquifer, does not adequately protect underlying bedrock groundwater resources. Nevertheless, peri-urban boreholes all tested negative establishing there is limited subsurface lateral transport of enteric bacteria outside the city limits. Thermotolerant coliforms were present in 97% of sites contaminated with enteric bacterial DNA markers. Furthermore, tryptophan-like fluorescence was also demonstrated as an effective indicator and was in excess of 1.4μg/L in all contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P R Sorensen
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK.
| | - D J Lapworth
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
| | - D S Read
- Centre of Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
| | - D C W Nkhuwa
- University of Zambia, Great East Road Campus, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - R A Bell
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
| | - M Chibesa
- Lukanga Water and Sewerage Company Limited, P.O. Box 81745, Kabwe, Zambia
| | - M Chirwa
- University of Zambia, Great East Road Campus, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - J Kabika
- University of Zambia, Great East Road Campus, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - M Liemisa
- Lukanga Water and Sewerage Company Limited, P.O. Box 81745, Kabwe, Zambia
| | - S Pedley
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
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Distribution of Shiga toxin genes subtypes in B1 phylotypes of Escherichia coli isolated from calves suffering from diarrhea in Tehran suburb using DNA oligonucleotide arrays. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2015; 7:191-7. [PMID: 26697157 PMCID: PMC4685162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) have emerged as human pathogens and contamination via animal origin has been a major public health concern. We compared the distribution of phylogenetic groups and prevalence of stx gene variants among the pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli isolated from feces of diarrheatic calves in Tehran suburb farms. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study we screened 140 diarrheatic calves (1-15 days old) for E. coli strains during a 3 months period of time. The isolated strains were grouped into different phylotypes according to the presence of chuA, yjaA and TSPE4.C2 genes. Then, the prevalence of stx gene subtypes was evaluated in the B1 phylotypes. RESULTS From diarrheatic calves, 51 bacterial isolates were biochemically identified as E. coli and 31 isolates out of 51 were considered B1 phylotype using DNA Microarray technology. Of these isolates, 20 contained stx1a and stx1b and one harbored all mentioned variants of stx genes except stx2b2 . CONCLUSION This study showed that in Tehran suburb, the B1 phylotype of E. coli is prevalent as a causative agent of diarrhea in calves and the prevalence of stx1 gene subtypes is dominant in comparison with other subtypes. Considering the possibility that these stx genes can be spread to other strains, bovine E. coli strains are an important source of stx genes for other strains and further study and surveillance seems to be required for the exact identification of virulence profile of E. coli phylotypes in different hosts.
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Fiello M, Mikell AT, Moore MT, Cooper CM. Variability in the characterization of total coliforms, fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli in recreational water supplies of north Mississippi, USA. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 93:133-137. [PMID: 24952738 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-014-1299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The fecal coliform, Escherichia coli, is a historical organism for the detection of fecal pollution in water supplies. The presence of E. coli indicates a potential contamination of the water supply by other more hazardous human pathogens. In order to accurately determine the presence and degree of fecal contamination, it is important that standard methods approved by the US Environmental Protection Agency are designed to determine the presence of E. coli in a water supply, and distinguish E. coli from other coliform bacteria (e.g. Citrobacter, Klebsiella and Enterobacter). These genera of bacteria are present not only in fecal matter, but also in soil and runoff water and are not good indicators of fecal contamination. There is also ambiguity in determining a positive result for fecal coliforms on M-FC filters by a blue colony. When all variations of blue, including light blue or glossy blue, were examined, confirmation methods agreed with the positive M-FC result less often than when colonies that the technician would merely call "blue", with no descriptors, were examined. Approximately 48 % of M-FC positive colonies were found to be E. coli with 4 methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucuronide (MUG), and only 23 % of samples producing a positive result on M-FC media were found to be E. coli using API-20E test strips and current API-20E profiles. The majority of other M-FC blue colonies were found to be Klebsiella or were unidentifiable with current API-20E profiles. Two positive M-FC colonies were found to be Kluyvera with API-20E, both of which cleaved MUG and produced fluorescence under UV light, a characteristic used to differentiate E. coli from other fecal coliforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fiello
- University of Southern Mississippi Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, 703 East Beach Drive, Ocean Springs, MS, 39564, USA,
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Lin J, Ganesh A. Water quality indicators: bacteria, coliphages, enteric viruses. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2013; 23:484-506. [PMID: 23438312 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2013.769201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Water quality through the presence of pathogenic enteric microorganisms may affect human health. Coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli and coliphages are normally used as indicators of water quality. However, the presence of above-mentioned indicators do not always suggest the presence of human enteric viruses. It is important to study human enteric viruses in water. Human enteric viruses can tolerate fluctuating environmental conditions and survive in the environment for long periods of time becoming causal agents of diarrhoeal diseases. Therefore, the potential of human pathogenic viruses as significant indicators of water quality is emerging. Human Adenoviruses and other viruses have been proposed as suitable indices for the effective identification of such organisms of human origin contaminating water systems. This article reports on the recent developments in the management of water quality specifically focusing on human enteric viruses as indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnson Lin
- a School of Life Sciences , University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa
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Pahl DM, Telias A, Newell M, Ottesen AR, Walsh CS. Comparing source of agricultural contact water and the presence of fecal indicator organisms on the surface of 'juliet' grape tomatoes. J Food Prot 2013; 76:967-74. [PMID: 23726191 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of fresh tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) has been implicated as the cause of several foodborne illness outbreaks in the United States, most notably in cases of salmonellosis. How the levels of fecal indicator organisms (FIOs) in water relate to the counts of these microorganisms on the tomato fruit surface is unknown, although microbial water quality standards exist for agricultural use. This study utilized four types of FIOs currently and historically used in microbial water quality standards (Enterobacteriaceae, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and Escherichia coli) to monitor the water quality of two surface ponds and a groundwater source. The groundwater tested contained significantly lower counts of all FIOs than the two surface water sources (P < 0.05). Considerable variability in bacterial counts was found in the surface water sources over the course of the season, perhaps explained by environmental variables, such as water temperature, pH, precipitation, and air temperature (R(2) of 0.13 to 0.27). We also monitored the fruit surface of grape tomatoes treated with overhead applications of the different water sources over the 2009 and 2010 growing seasons. The type of water source and time of year significantly affected the populations of FIOs in irrigation water (P < 0.05). Despite up to 5-log differences in fecal coliforms and 3-log differences in E. coli between the water sources, there was little difference in the populations measured in washes taken from tomato fruits. This lack of association between the aforementioned FIOs present in the water samples and on the tomato fruit surface demonstrates the difficulty in developing reliable metrics needed for testing of agricultural water to ensure the effectiveness of food safety programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Pahl
- Plant Science and Landscape Architecture Department, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
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Hachich EM, Di Bari M, Christ APG, Lamparelli CC, Ramos SS, Sato MIZ. Comparison of thermotolerant coliforms and Escherichia coli densities in freshwater bodies. Braz J Microbiol 2012; 43:675-81. [PMID: 24031879 PMCID: PMC3768823 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822012000200032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fecal bacterial indicator analyses have been widely used for monitoring the water quality. This study was designed to determine the ratio between the density of Escherichia coli and other Thermotolerant Coliforms (TtC) bacteria from freshwater samples collected for a two-year period of monitoring. TtC were enumerated by membrane filtration on mFC agar. E. coli enumeration was done by two methods: TtC colonies identified in mFC were inoculated in EC-MUG or water samples were filtered and inoculated in modified mTEC agar media, and both methods were compared for quantitative recovery of E. coli. The results pointed out a mean percentage of E. coli among other thermotolerant coliforms (E. coli/TtC ratio) of 84.3% in mFC media. Taking these results into account, a mandatory standard of 1000 thermotolerant coliforms would correspond to 800 E. coli and the adoption of these E. coli based standards will represent a major improvement for the monitoring of freshwater quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elayse M Hachich
- Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo , Sao Paulo, SP , Brasil
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Sangadkit W, Rattanabumrung O, Supanivatin P, Thipayarat A. Practical coliforms and Escherichia coli detection and enumeration for industrial food samples using low-cost digital microscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2012.01.1246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Genetic Characterization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Strains Isolated from the One-Humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius) by Using Microarray DNA Technology. Mol Biotechnol 2011; 51:283-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-011-9466-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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McLain JE, Rock CM, Lohse K, Walworth J. False-positive identification ofEscherichia coliin treated municipal wastewater and wastewater-irrigated soils. Can J Microbiol 2011; 57:775-84. [DOI: 10.1139/w11-070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The increasing use of treated wastewater for irrigation heightens the importance of accurate monitoring of water quality. Chromogenic media, because they are easy to use and provide rapid results, are often used for detection of Escherichia coli in environmental samples, but unique levels of organic and inorganic compounds alter the chemistry of treated wastewater, potentially hindering the accurate performance of chromogenic media. We used MI agar and molecular confirmatory methods to assess false-positive identification of E. coli in treated wastewater samples collected from municipal utilities, an irrigation holding pond, irrigated soils, and in samples collected from storm flows destined for groundwater recharge. False-positive rates in storm flows (4.0%) agreed closely with USEPA technical literature but were higher in samples from the pond, soils, and treatment facilities (33.3%, 38.0%, and 48.8%, respectively). Sequencing of false-positive isolates confirmed that most were, like E. coli, of the family Enterobacteriaceae, and many of the false-positive isolates were reported to produce the β-d-glucuronidase enzyme targeted by MI agar. False-positive identification rates were inversely related to air temperature, suggesting that seasonal variations in water quality influence E. coli identification. Knowledge of factors contributing to failure of chromogenic media will lead to manufacturer enhancements in media quality and performance and will ultimately increase the accuracy of future water quality monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean E.T. McLain
- USDA–ARS, US Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, 21881 North Cardon Lane, Maricopa, AZ 85138, USA
| | - Channah M. Rock
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Kathleen Lohse
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA
| | - James Walworth
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Wohlsen TD. Comparative evaluation of chromogenic agar CM1046 and mFC agar for detection of E. coli and thermotolerant coliform bacteria from water samples. Lett Appl Microbiol 2011; 53:155-60. [PMID: 21585405 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2011.03086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The equivalence of Oxoid (CM 1046) Brilliance((TM)) E. coli/coliform selective agar to mFC agar, as used in the Australian/New Zealand Standard Method to detect thermotolerant coliforms and Escherichia coli in water samples, was assessed. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 244 water samples were analysed in parallel over a 5-month period. Sewage effluent samples (n = 131, sites = 43), freshwater (n = 62, sites = 18) and marine/brackish water samples (n = 51, sites = 23) were analysed. The Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test showed a varying degree of statistical difference between the two methods. All matrices had a higher recovery in the trial method. Enterococci faecalis, Aeromonas spp. and Vibrio spp. did not grow on the CM1046 agar, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter aerogenes were inhibited. CONCLUSIONS The use of CM 1046 for the detection and enumeration of E. coli and thermotolerant coliforms in water samples is a suitable alternative to the AS/NZS Standard Method. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The use of CM1046 agar was less labour intensive and time consuming, as no secondary confirmation steps were required. Confirmed results could be reported within 24 h of sample analysis, as compared to 48 h with the reference method. Public health concerns can be addressed in a more efficient manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Wohlsen
- Unitywater, Maroochydore Sewage Treatment Plant, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia.
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Samarajeewa A, Glasauer S, Dunfield K. Evaluation of Petrifilm™ EC method for enumeration ofE. colifrom soil. Lett Appl Microbiol 2010; 50:457-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2010.02819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Farrapeira CMR, Mendes ES, Dourado J, Guimarães J. Coliform accumulation in Amphibalanus amphitrite (Darwin, 1854) (Cirripedia) and its use as an organic pollution bioindicator in the estuarine area of Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. BRAZ J BIOL 2010; 70:301-9. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-69842010000200011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Samples of water and barnacles Amphibalanus amphitrite were collected from Recife, Brazil, to assess if it accumulates total (TC) and thermotolerant coliforms (TTC) related with sewage pollution. The Most Probable Number (MPN) values and the standard procedures for examination of shellfish were used. Comparatively with the water samples, the highest coliform values came from the barnacles, with TC values ranging from < 3.0 × 10³ to > 2.4 × 10(6) MPN.g-1, and TTC ranging from > 2.4 × 10³ to 2.9 × 10(5) MPN.g-1. Barnacles accumulate the TC Ewingella americana, and the TTC Escherichia coli, Enterobacter gergoviae, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Enterobacter sakazakii. The results provided an indication of the level of organic contamination at the sampling locations and that this species could be a good organic pollution bioindicator.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - ES Mendes
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - J. Dourado
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - J Guimarães
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brazil
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Sharan R, Chhibber S, Attri S, Reed RH. Inactivation and sub-lethal injury of Escherichia coli in a copper water storage vessel: effect of inorganic and organic constituents. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2010; 98:103-15. [PMID: 20358286 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-010-9435-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This study provides information on the effects of inorganic and organic constituents on inactivation and sub-lethal injury of Escherichia coli in water stored in a copper vessel. E. coli suspensions were stored for up to 24 h in copper vessels containing one of the following dissolved constituents at 1 g/l: salts of inorganic ions, carbohydrates, proteins and complex natural organic mixtures. Samples were surface plated onto (i) nutrient agar, incubated under standard aerobic conditions to provide conventional counts for uninjured bacteria count and onto (ii) nutrient agar plates with 0.5 g/l sodium pyruvate incubated under anaerobic conditions to enumerate sub-lethally injured (oxygen-sensitive) bacteria alongside their healthy counterparts. The concentration of dissolved copper in the stored water was determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The addition of chloride salts resulted in a faster inactivation of E. coli compared to pure water with no dissolved additives, irrespective of the counterion. In contrast, a slower inactivation was observed in the presence of Na(2)SO(4), NaNO(3) and NaNO(2) when compared to NaCl. Addition of the carbohydrates glucose, lactose and starch gave broadly similar results to those obtained using unsupplemented water. However, the addition of amino acids, proteins, humic acid or complex organic mixtures caused a dramatic decrease in inactivation of E. coli, with evidence of a greater number of sub-lethally injured bacteria than was seen with other added constituents. The amount of copper was highest in stored water containing amino acids and complex organic constituents, with the slow inactivation most likely to be due to complex formation between leached copper and these organic constituents. The present study clearly demonstrates that water composition, particularly natural organic constituents, has a substantial impact on the antibacterial effectiveness and dissolved copper concentration of water stored in copper vessels and that both aspects will need to be considered in terms of their impact on the practical use of copper-based systems for small-scale water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riti Sharan
- Centre for Plant & Water Science, CQUniversity, Brisbane, Australia
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Habash M, Johns R. Comparison study of membrane filtration direct count and an automated coliform and Escherichia coli detection system for on-site water quality testing. J Microbiol Methods 2009; 79:128-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2009.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Singh BR. Thermotolerance and multidrug resistance in bacteria isolated from equids and their environment. Vet Rec 2009; 164:746-50. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.164.24.746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. R. Singh
- National Research Centre on Equines; Sirsa Road Hisar Haryana 125 001 India
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Fluorescent in situ hybridization in combination with filter cultivation (FISHFC) method for specific detection and enumeration of viable Clostridium perfringens. Food Microbiol 2009; 26:425-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Friedemann M. [Enterobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2008; 51:664-74. [PMID: 18465099 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-008-0543-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Under inadequate hygienic conditions, opportunistic bacteria may multiply in powdered infant formula (PIF) and cause severe, often fatal neonatal infections. Enterobacter sakazakii has obtained Public Health relevance causing neonatal meningitis (often fatal), bacteremia and necrotizing enterocolitis. At highest risk are neonates up to two months of age. The new genus designation Cronobacter spp. nov. has been proposed to replace Enterobacter sakazakii. Enterobacter sakazakii is relatively resistant to osmotic and dry stress and may survive in PIF more than 2 years. (Inter)national organisations (EFSA, FAO, WHO, ESPGHAN, DGKJ, OGKJ, ISO) published their opinions recently. Manufacturers can minimize the risk of contamination of PIF by continuously improving technologies and by microbiological surveillance. Institutional and private consumers may reduce the risk of infection by using appropriate hygienic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Friedemann
- Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, Berlin, BRD.
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Mazari-Hiriart M, Ponce-de-León S, López-Vidal Y, Islas-Macías P, Amieva-Fernández RI, Quiñones-Falconi F. Microbiological implications of periurban agriculture and water reuse in Mexico City. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2305. [PMID: 18509453 PMCID: PMC2384003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recycled treated or untreated wastewater represents an important health challenge in developing countries due to potential water related microbiological exposure. Our aim was to assess water quality and health implications in a Mexico City periurban agricultural area. Methodology/Principal Findings A longitudinal study in the Xochimilco wetland area was conducted, and 42 sites were randomly selected from 211, including irrigation water canals and effluents of treatment plants. Sample collection took place during rainy and dry seasons (2000–2001). Microbiological parameters (total coliforms, fecal coliforms, streptococci/enterococci, and bacteria other than Vibrio grown on TCBS), Helicobacter pylori, and physicochemical parameters including trihalomethanes (THM) were determined. Fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci are appropriate indicators of human or animal fecal contamination. Fecal coliform counts surpass Mexican and World Health Organization irrigation water guidelines. Identified microorganisms associated with various pathologies in humans and domestic animals comprise Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Salmonella spp., Enterobacter spp., Enterococcus spp., and Pseudomonas spp; H. pylori was also present in the water. An environmental characteristic of the canal system showed high Total Organic Carbon content and relatively low dissolved oxygen concentration; residual chlorine as a disinfection control is not efficient, but THMs do not represent a problem. During the rainy season, temperature and conductivity were higher; in contrast, pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, and residual chlorine were lower. This is related with the continuous load of feces from human and animal sources, and to the aquatic systems, which vary seasonally and exhibit evidence of lower water quality in effluents from treatment plants. Conclusions/Significance There is a need for improvement of wastewater treatment systems, as well as more efficient monitoring, regulation, and enforcement procedures for wastewater disposal into bodies of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Mazari-Hiriart
- Instituto de Ecología, Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Friedemann M. Enterobacter sakazakii in food and beverages (other than infant formula and milk powder). Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 116:1-10. [PMID: 17331606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2006] [Revised: 12/28/2006] [Accepted: 12/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ubiqitous microorganism Enterobacter sakazakii is a rare contaminant of infant formula and may cause severe systemic infection in neonates. So far, other food is not known to cause E. sakazakii-infections. The scarce information about the ecology of E. sakazakii and the uncertainty concerning the source of infection in children and adults warrant a summary of the current knowledge about the presence of this opportunistic microorganism in food other than infant formula. This review systematizes publications on the presence of E. sakazakii in food and beverages until June 2006. Food other than infant formula has been rarely investigated for the presence of E. sakazakii. Nevertheless, this microorganism could be isolated from a wide spectrum of food and food ingredients. E. sakazakii was isolated from plant food and food ingredients like cereal, fruit and vegetables, legume products, herbs and spices as well as from animal food sources like milk, meat and fish and products made from these foods. The spectrum of E. sakazakii-contaminated food covers both raw and processed food. The kind of processing of E. sakazakii-contaminated food was not restricted to dry products. Fresh, frozen, ready-to-eat, fermented and cooked food products as well as beverages and water suitable for the preparation of food, were found to be contaminated by E. sakazakii. Although E. sakazakii-contaminated food do not have general public health significance, measures for prevention should consider the presence of E. sakazakii in food, food ingredients, their processing and preparation as possible source of contamination, colonization or infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Friedemann
- Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Alt-Marienfelde 17-21, D-12277 Berlin, Germany.
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Ishii S, Ksoll WB, Hicks RE, Sadowsky MJ. Presence and growth of naturalized Escherichia coli in temperate soils from Lake Superior watersheds. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:612-21. [PMID: 16391098 PMCID: PMC1352292 DOI: 10.1128/aem.72.1.612-621.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of Escherichia coli in water is used as an indicator of fecal contamination, but recent reports indicate that soil populations can also be detected in tropical, subtropical, and some temperate environments. In this study, we report that viable E. coli populations were repeatedly isolated from northern temperate soils in three Lake Superior watersheds from October 2003 to October 2004. Seasonal variation in the population density of soilborne E. coli was observed; the greatest cell densities, up to 3 x 10(3) CFU/g soil, were found in the summer to fall (June to October), and the lowest numbers, < or =1 CFU/g soil, occurred during the winter to spring months (February to May). Horizontal, fluorophore-enhanced repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR (HFERP) DNA fingerprint analyses indicated that identical soilborne E. coli genotypes, those with > or =92% similarity values, overwintered in frozen soil and were present over time. Soilborne E. coli strains had HFERP DNA fingerprints that were unique to specific soils and locations, suggesting that these E. coli strains became naturalized, autochthonous members of the soil microbial community. In laboratory studies, naturalized E. coli strains had the ability to grow and replicate to high cell densities, up to 4.2 x 10(5) CFU/g soil, in nonsterile soils when incubated at 30 or 37 degrees C and survived longer than 1 month when soil temperatures were < or =25 degrees C. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the growth of naturalized E. coli in nonsterile, nonamended soils. The presence of significant populations of naturalized populations of E. coli in temperate soils may confound the use of this bacterium as an indicator of fecal contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ishii
- University of Minnesota, Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, 439 Borlaug Hall, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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. MK. Thermotolerant Coliform and Escherichia coli Detection and Enumeration Through Multiple Tube Fermentation. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2006. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2006.125.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Ishii S, Ksoll WB, Hicks RE, Sadowsky MJ. Presence and growth of naturalized Escherichia coli in temperate soils from Lake Superior watersheds. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006. [PMID: 16391098 DOI: 10.1128/aem.72.1.612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of Escherichia coli in water is used as an indicator of fecal contamination, but recent reports indicate that soil populations can also be detected in tropical, subtropical, and some temperate environments. In this study, we report that viable E. coli populations were repeatedly isolated from northern temperate soils in three Lake Superior watersheds from October 2003 to October 2004. Seasonal variation in the population density of soilborne E. coli was observed; the greatest cell densities, up to 3 x 10(3) CFU/g soil, were found in the summer to fall (June to October), and the lowest numbers, < or =1 CFU/g soil, occurred during the winter to spring months (February to May). Horizontal, fluorophore-enhanced repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR (HFERP) DNA fingerprint analyses indicated that identical soilborne E. coli genotypes, those with > or =92% similarity values, overwintered in frozen soil and were present over time. Soilborne E. coli strains had HFERP DNA fingerprints that were unique to specific soils and locations, suggesting that these E. coli strains became naturalized, autochthonous members of the soil microbial community. In laboratory studies, naturalized E. coli strains had the ability to grow and replicate to high cell densities, up to 4.2 x 10(5) CFU/g soil, in nonsterile soils when incubated at 30 or 37 degrees C and survived longer than 1 month when soil temperatures were < or =25 degrees C. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the growth of naturalized E. coli in nonsterile, nonamended soils. The presence of significant populations of naturalized populations of E. coli in temperate soils may confound the use of this bacterium as an indicator of fecal contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ishii
- University of Minnesota, Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, 439 Borlaug Hall, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Hamilton WP, Kim M, Thackston EL. Comparison of commercially available Escherichia coli enumeration tests: implications for attaining water quality standards. WATER RESEARCH 2005; 39:4869-78. [PMID: 16313941 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2005.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2003] [Revised: 12/17/2004] [Accepted: 02/02/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Many states are replacing microbiological water quality standards based on "fecal" or thermotolerant coliforms (ThCs) with new standards that employ Escherichia coli as the indicator organism. Implicit in these new standards are assumptions about the equivalence of E. coli enumeration tests and the E. coli levels that will provide protection equivalent to former ThC standards. To investigate these assumptions, E. coli levels in split samples (tests conducted on portions of the same grab sample) collected from small urban streams were determined using enzyme-specific media (Colilert, m-ColiBlue24, and nutrient agar with MUG) and compared to levels determined with conventional culture media (m-FC and m-TEC). Although levels observed with all tests were highly correlated, significantly fewer E. coli were enumerated with m-TEC than with enzyme-specific media (paired Student's t-test, alpha>99%). In addition, E. coli were found to comprise a larger fraction (84-104%, depending on the test) of the total presumptive ThC concentration than that suggested by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (63%). Both of these observations (1) the improvement in E. coli yields observed with enzyme-specific media, and (2) the greater proportion of ThC organisms that are E. coli, indicate that more water quality violations will occur when enzyme-specific media are used for testing than if conventional culture media are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Hamilton
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 400 24th Avenue South, VU Station B 351831, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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Iversen C, Druggan P, Forsythe S. A selective differential medium for Enterobacter sakazakii, a preliminary study. Int J Food Microbiol 2004; 96:133-9. [PMID: 15364468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2003] [Revised: 12/02/2003] [Accepted: 01/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Enterobacter sakazakii can cause fatal invasive infection of neonates associated with the presence of this organism in powdered infant milk formula. A new chromogenic medium (Druggan-Forsythe-Iversen agar, DFI) is described for the selective detection of this emergent pathogen. The medium is based on the alpha-glucosidase reaction which is detected using 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-alpha,D-glucopyranoside (XalphaGlc). Ent. sakazakii hydrolyses this substrate to an indigo pigment, producing blue-green colonies on this medium. DFI was compared with the current method of detection on violet red bile glucose agar (VRBGA) followed by pigment production on tryptone soy agar (TSA) after 48-72 h at 25 degrees C and subsequent biochemical profile determination using Biomerieux API20E. Ninety-five clinical and food strains of Ent. sakazakii were detected on the DFI chromogenic medium 2 days sooner than the alternative method. The characteristics of 148 strains representing 17 genera of non-Ent. sakazakii Enterobacteriaceae were compared using the two methods. Only 16/18 Escherichia vulneris strains, 2/3 strains of Pantoea spp. and 1/8 Citrobacter koseri strains gave false positive results on DFI agar. Eight alpha-glucosidase positive strains were identified as Pantoea using their API20E biochemical profile, but had higher percentage identification as Ent. sakazakii using ID32E. Therefore the DFI medium enables the detection of Ent. sakazakii within mixed cultures of Enterobacteriaceae, whereas the organism could be missed when using VRBGA since the latter is a general Enterobacteriaceae selective medium. In addition, the common use of API20E to check yellow pigmented colonies on TSA may lead to false negative results and consequently the acceptance of a batch of infant formula milk (IFM) that contains Ent. sakazakii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Iversen
- School of Science, The Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
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Gracias KS, McKillip JL. A review of conventional detection and enumeration methods for pathogenic bacteria in food. Can J Microbiol 2004; 50:883-90. [PMID: 15644905 DOI: 10.1139/w04-080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
With continued development of novel molecular-based technologies for rapid, high-throughput detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria, the future of conventional microbiological methods such as viable cell enumeration, selective isolation of bacteria on commercial media, and immunoassays seems tenuous. In fact, a number of unique approaches and variations on existing techniques are currently on the market or are being implemented that offer ease of use, reliability, and low cost compared with molecular tools. Approaches that enhance recovery of sublethally injured bacteria, differentiation among species using fluorogenics or chromogenics, dry plate culturing, differentiation among bacteria of interest using biochemical profiling, enumeration using impedence technology, techniques to confirm the presence of target pathogens using immunological methods, and bioluminescence applications for hygiene monitoring are summarized here and discussed in relation to their specific advantages or disadvantages when implemented in a food microbiology setting.Key words: food pathogen, detection, enumeration methods, food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiev S Gracias
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA
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Vivas J, Carracedo B, Riaño J, Razquin BE, López-Fierro P, Acosta F, Naharro G, Villena AJ. Behavior of an Aeromonas hydrophila aroA live vaccine in water microcosms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:2702-8. [PMID: 15128521 PMCID: PMC404459 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.5.2702-2708.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2003] [Accepted: 01/20/2004] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetically modified auxotrophic mutants of different fish pathogens have been used as live vaccines in laboratory experiments, but the behavior of the strains after release into aquatic ecosystems has not been characterized. We previously constructed and characterized an aroA mutant of Aeromonas hydrophila and studied the protection afforded by this mutant as a live vaccine in rainbow trout. In this work, we describe the survival of this strain in aquatic microcosms prepared from fish water tanks. The aroA mutant disappeared rapidly in nonfiltered, nonautoclaved fish tank water, declining below detection levels after 15 days, suggesting an inhibitory effect of the autochthonous microflora of the water. When the aroA strain was used to inoculate sterilized water, its culturability was lower than that of wild-type strain A. hydrophila AG2; after long periods of incubation, aroA cells were able to enter a viable but nonculturable state. Entry into this nonculturable state was accompanied by changes in the cell morphology from rods to spheres, but the cells appeared to remain potentially viable, as assessed by the preservation of cell membrane integrity. Supplementation of the culture medium with sodium pyruvate favored the culturability and resuscitation of the two A. hydrophila strains at low temperatures (6 and 16 degrees C). These results contribute to a better understanding of the behavior of the aroA strain in natural environments and suggest that the inactivation of the aroA gene may be beneficial for the safety of this live vaccine for aquacultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Vivas
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Arucas, Spain
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González R, Tamagnini L, Olmos P, de Sousa G. Evaluation of a chromogenic medium for total coliforms and Escherichia coli determination in ready-to-eat foods. Food Microbiol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0740-0020(02)00178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Finney M, Smullen J, Foster HA, Brokx S, Storey DM. Evaluation of Chromocult coliform agar for the detection and enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae from faecal samples from healthy subjects. J Microbiol Methods 2003; 54:353-8. [PMID: 12842481 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7012(03)00068-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the use of Chromocult agar medium for isolation and enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae from human faecal samples, to compare it to MacConkey agar and to evaluate its usefulness as a possible alternative selective medium in human faecal studies. The medium was shown to be effective in identifying Escherichia coli and coliforms in faeces without the need for extensive accompanying biochemical tests for confirmation of identity. A positive correlation (r=0.86) was found between the recovery of Enterobacteriaceae on the two media, and no significant difference (P>0.05) between overall mean bacterial counts for the whole study group or at different intervals of faecal collection were observed. Chromocult agar is an effective replacement for MacConkey agar in human faecal studies and has the advantage of differentiating E. coli from other coliforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Finney
- Nutritional Biosciences Group, Biosciences Research Institute, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester M5 4WT, UK
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Abstract
This review describes some recent developments in chromogenic and fluorogenic culture media in microbiological diagnostic. The detection of beta-D-glucuronidase (GUD) activity for enumeration of Escherichia coli is well known. E. coli O157:H7 strains are usually GUD-negative and do not ferment sorbitol. These characteristics are used in selective media for these organisms and new chromogenic media are available. Some of the new chromogenic media make the Salmonella diagnostic easier and faster. The use of chromogenic and fluorogenic substrates for detection of beta-D-glucosidase (beta-GLU) activity to differentiate enterococci has received considerable attention and new media are described. Rapid detection of Clostridium perfringens, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus are other application of enzyme detection methods in food and water microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Manafi
- Hygiene Institute, University of Vienna, Austria.
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