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Metagenomic detection of viruses in aerosol samples from workers in animal slaughterhouses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72226. [PMID: 23967289 PMCID: PMC3743808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Published studies have shown that workers in animal slaughterhouses are at a higher risk of lung cancers as compared to the general population. No specific causal agents have been identified, and exposures to several chemicals have been examined and found to be unrelated. Evidence suggests a biological aetiology as the risk is highest for workers who are exposed to live animals or to biological material containing animal faeces, urine or blood. To investigate possible biological exposures in animal slaughterhouses, we used a metagenomic approach to characterise the profile of organisms present within an aerosol sample. An assessment of aerosol exposures for individual workers was achieved by the collection of personal samples that represent the inhalable fraction of dust/bioaerosol in workplace air in both cattle and sheep slaughterhouses. Two sets of nine personal aerosol samples were pooled for the cattle processing and sheep processing areas respectively, with a total of 332,677,346 sequence reads and 250,144,492 sequence reads of 85 bp in length produced for each. Eukaryotic genome sequence was found in both sampling locations, and bovine, ovine and human sequences were common. Sequences from WU polyomavirus and human papillomavirus 120 were detected in the metagenomic dataset from the cattle processing area, and these sequences were confirmed as being present in the original personal aerosol samples. This study presents the first metagenomic description of personal aerosol exposure and this methodology could be applied to a variety of environments. Also, the detection of two candidate viruses warrants further investigation in the setting of occupational exposures in animal slaughterhouses.
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Adkin A, Donaldson N, Kelly L. A quantitative assessment of the amount of prion diverted to Category 1 materials and wastewater during processing. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2013; 33:1197-1211. [PMID: 23278804 DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this article the development and parameterization of a quantitative assessment is described that estimates the amount of TSE infectivity that is present in a whole animal carcass (bovine spongiform encephalopathy [BSE] for cattle and classical/atypical scrapie for sheep and lambs) and the amounts that subsequently fall to the floor during processing at facilities that handle specified risk material (SRM). BSE in cattle was found to contain the most oral doses, with a mean of 9864 BO ID50 s (310, 38840) in a whole carcass compared to a mean of 1851 OO ID50 s (600, 4070) and 614 OO ID50 s (155, 1509) for a sheep infected with classical and atypical scrapie, respectively. Lambs contained the least infectivity with a mean of 251 OO ID50 s (83, 548) for classical scrapie and 1 OO ID50 s (0.2, 2) for atypical scrapie. The highest amounts of infectivity falling to the floor and entering the drains from slaughtering a whole carcass at SRM facilities were found to be from cattle infected with BSE at rendering and large incineration facilities with 7.4 BO ID50 s (0.1, 29), intermediate plants and small incinerators with a mean of 4.5 BO ID50 s (0.1, 18), and collection centers, 3.6 BO ID50 s (0.1, 14). The lowest amounts entering drains are from lambs infected with classical and atypical scrapie at intermediate plants and atypical scrapie at collection centers with a mean of 3 × 10(-7) OO ID50 s (2 × 10(-8) , 1 × 10(-6) ) per carcass. The results of this model provide key inputs for the model in the companion paper published here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amie Adkin
- Epidemiology, Surveillance and Risk Group, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, Weybridge, KT15 3NB, UK.
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Dubná S, Rada V, Vlková E, Hořejšová V, Havlík J. Growth of bifidobacteria in a fermented wheat germ medium. ACTA ALIMENTARIA 2010. [DOI: 10.1556/aalim.39.2010.3.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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KALE M, KURŞUN Ö, AKCAN KALE A, PEHLİVANOĞLU F, GÜNER A, BAŞKAYA R, DOĞRUER Y, ÖZTÜRK Ç. DETECTION OF SPINAL CORD TISSUES AS BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SPECIFIED RISK MATERIAL IN BEEF CARCASSES DURING SPLITTING IN TURKISH ABATTOIRS. J Food Saf 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2009.00178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Algers B, Anil H, Blokhuis H, Fuchs K, Hultgren J, Lambooij B, Nunes T, Paulsen P, Smulders F. Project to develop Animal Welfare Risk Assessment Guidelines on Stunning and Killing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2009.en-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Algers
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Haluk Anil
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
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Gibson TJ, Johnson CB, Murrell JC, Mitchinson SL, Stafford KJ, Mellor DJ. Electroencephalographic responses to concussive non-penetrative captive-bolt stunning in halothane - anaesthetised calves. N Z Vet J 2009; 57:90-5. [PMID: 19471327 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2009.36884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the electroencephalographic (EEG) and cardiovascular responses of halothane-anaesthetised calves to non-penetrative captive-bolt stunning. METHODS Ten calves were minimally anaesthetised with halothane, using an established anaesthesia protocol. The EEG, blood pressure and electrocardiogram (ECG) were recorded before and after non-penetrative captive-bolt stunning. Visual inspection and alterations in the total power of the EEG (Ptot) were used to investigate the effects of stunning. RESULTS Captive-bolt stunning significantly altered cerebrocortical function in all animals. In four animals, Ptot decreased immediately following stunning and remained low throughout the recording period. In another five animals, Ptot responded to stunning in a biphasic manner characterised by an immediate decrease followed by a transient increase and then a final decrease to values similar to those of the non-biphasic animals. CONCLUSIONS Non-penetrative captive-bolt stunning significantly altered cerebrocortical function in halothane-anaesthetised calves. The changes in cerebrocortical function would be sufficient to produce insensibility within 0 to 14 seconds in conscious animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Gibson
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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Cox NA, Richardson LJ, Berrang ME, Fedorka-Cray RJ, Buhr RJ. Campylobacter coli naturally resistant to elevated levels of gentamicin as a marker strain in poultry research. J Food Prot 2009; 72:1288-92. [PMID: 19610342 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-72.6.1288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter inoculation studies are limited without a suitable marker strain. The lurpose of this study was to screen Campylobacter strains (n=2073) obtained from poultry carcass rinses through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Antimicrobial Resistant Monitoring System for resistance to gentamicin and evaluate one strain's efficacy as a marker. A C. coli strain was found resistant to gentamicin at >32 microg/ml. Gentamicin was incorporated into media (Campy-Cefex agar, Brucella agar, and blood agar) from 0 to 1000 microg/ml, and the upper level of gentamicin resistance was determined. C. coli strain's upper level of growth on Campy-Cefex plates, blood agar plates, and Brucella agar plates was 400, 300, and 200 pg/ml, respectively. Ceca and postpick carcass rinses were obtained and streaked onto Campy-Cefex agar at the above gentamicin levels to evaluate background microflora exclusion. Campy-Cefex agar containing gentamicin at 100 ag/ml prevented from the ceca, and reduced from the rinse, background microflora. The C. coli strain was orally or intracloacally inoculated into chicks. At 1, 3, and 6 weeks of age, inoculated broilers were removed and several tissue types sampled for the presence of the marker strain. At 6 weeks of age, 10 additional noninoculated penmates were sampled. The C. coli strain colonized chicks, disseminated to body tissues, colonized penmates, and persisted throughout the 6-week grow-out. The C. coli strain's unique characteristic, being resistant to high levels of gentamicin, allows for a marker that can be used in a wide range of Campylobacter research projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Cox
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Poultry Microbiology Safety Research Unit, Russell Research Center, 950 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA.
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Maluquer de Motes C, Simon S, Grassi J, Torres J, Pumarola M, Girones R. Assessing the presence of BSE and scrapie in slaughterhouse wastewater. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 105:1649-57. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03916.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Novakofski J, Brewer MS, Mateus-Pinilla N, Killefer J, McCusker RH. Prion biology relevant to bovine spongiform encephalopathy. J Anim Sci 2007; 83:1455-76. [PMID: 15890824 DOI: 10.2527/2005.8361455x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and chronic wasting disease (CWD) of deer and elk are a threat to agriculture and natural resources, as well as a human health concern. Both diseases are transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE), or prion diseases, caused by autocatalytic conversion of endogenously encoded prion protein (PrP) to an abnormal, neurotoxic conformation designated PrPsc. Most mammalian species are susceptible to TSE, which, despite a range of species-linked names, is caused by a single highly conserved protein, with no apparent normal function. In the simplest sense, TSE transmission can occur because PrPsc is resistant to both endogenous and environmental proteinases, although many details remain unclear. Questions about the transmission of TSE are central to practical issues such as livestock testing, access to international livestock markets, and wildlife management strategies, as well as intangible issues such as consumer confidence in the safety of the meat supply. The majority of BSE cases seem to have been transmitted by feed containing meat and bone meal from infected animals. In the United Kingdom, there was a dramatic decrease in BSE cases after neural tissue and, later, all ruminant tissues were banned from ruminant feed. However, probably because of heightened awareness and widespread testing, there is growing evidence that new variants of BSE are arising "spontaneously," suggesting ongoing surveillance will continue to find infected animals. Interspecies transmission is inefficient and depends on exposure, sequence homology, TSE donor strain, genetic polymorphism of the host, and architecture of the visceral nerves if exposure is by an oral route. Considering the low probability of interspecies transmission, the low efficiency of oral transmission, and the low prion levels in nonnervous tissues, consumption of conventional animal products represents minimal risk. However, detection of rare events is challenging, and TSE literature is characterized by subsequently unsupported claims of species barriers or absolute tissue safety. This review presents an overview of TSE and summarizes recent research on pathogenesis and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Novakofski
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801-4737, USA.
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Lim D, Erwanto Y, Lee M. Comparison of stunning methods in the dissemination of central nervous system tissue on the beef carcass surface. Meat Sci 2007; 75:622-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2006.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2006] [Revised: 09/18/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Duffy G, Walsh C, Blair IS, McDowell DA. Survival of antibiotic resistant and antibiotic sensitive strains of E. coli O157 and E. coli O26 in food matrices. Int J Food Microbiol 2006; 109:179-86. [PMID: 16504330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2005] [Revised: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 or E. coli O26, which were AS (antibiotic sensitive), AR (laboratory created antibiotic resistant mutants), or naturally MAR (multi-antibiotic resistant), were inoculated into laboratory media, yoghurt or orange juice and their growth/survival monitored during enrichment at 37 degrees C or storage at 4 degrees C. The strains were also inoculated into minced beef and their thermal inactivation (D-values) examined at 55 degrees C, with and without a prior heat shock at 48 degrees C. The growth kinetics (lag phases, growth rates) of the VTEC (verocytotoxigenic E. coli), incubated over 24 h at 37 degrees C in laboratory media, were similar regardless of the presence or absence of antibiotic resistance. In yoghurt and orange juice, E. coli O157:H7 MAR died off significantly faster (P<0.05) than any of other VTEC strains examined. E. coli O157:H7 MAR was also found to be significantly more heat sensitive (P<0.05) than the other VTEC strains tested. The reasons for the observed differences in survival of the different VTEC strains and the link between antibiotic resistance and survival in VTEC organisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Duffy
- The National Food Centre, Teagasc, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland.
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) on a request from the Commission related with the welfare aspects of the main systems of stunning and killing applied to commercially farmed deer, goats, rabbits, ostriches, ducks, geese. EFSA J 2006. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2006.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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WALSH C, DUFFY G, SHERIDAN J, FANNING S, BLAIR I, MCDOWELL D. THERMAL RESISTANCE OF ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT AND ANTIBIOTIC-SENSITIVE SALMONELLA SPP. ON CHICKEN MEAT. J Food Saf 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2005.00021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Recent concerns about stunning and slaughter. Meat Sci 2005; 70:481-91. [PMID: 22063747 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2004.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2004] [Revised: 05/25/2004] [Accepted: 06/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review summarises information that is relevant to concerns that have recently been expressed about stunning and slaughter. It is known that captive bolt stunning can result in brain material passing to the lungs via the jugular veins. If future studies show that BSE prions pass beyond the lungs to the edible carcass, there will be a move away from captive bolt stunning in large cattle towards electrical stunning. Greater use of electrical stunning in large cattle will increase the importance of blood splash in the beef industry. The theoretical causes of blood splash are reviewed to improve our understanding of this problem. In some situations it can be due to excessive venous pressure causing rupture of a capillary bed some distance from the source of the pressure rise, but it is not known whether this applies to electrical stunning. Gas stunning is replacing electrical stunning for poultry because it can reduce blood spots, which is a similar condition to blood splash. Several gas stunning methods are now being used, but it is not clear which of these is the most humane. Anoxic stunning leads to carcass convulsions and this causes more carcass damage. In fish, recent developments in electrical stunning are showing promise in overcoming problems with carcass damage. It is recommended that rock lobsters should be chilled or frozen before butchery, to ensure a humane death.
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on biological hazards (BIOHAZ) on BSE risk from dissemination of brain particles in blood and carcass following stunning. EFSA J 2004. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2004.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Prendergast DM, Sheridan JJ, Daly DJ, McDowell DA, Blair IS. The use of a marked strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens to model the spread of brain tissue to the musculature of cattle after shooting with a captive bolt gun. J Appl Microbiol 2004; 96:437-46. [PMID: 14962123 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to use a marked strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens to model the spread of central nervous system (CNS) tissue in cattle following captive bolt stunning. METHODS AND RESULTS The marked organism was introduced by injection through the captive bolt aperture immediately after stunning and was subsequently detected in a wide range of derived tissues, including blood, organs, and the musculature of the entire forequarters of test animals. This was dependent on the use of high concentrations of the organism that were recovered sufficiently and rapidly to minimize the bactericidal properties of the circulatory system. These results suggest that a marked organism could potentially be used to model the effects of captive bolt stunning on the dissemination of CNS tissue from the brain. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that current commercial methods of captive bolt stunning may induce widespread and significant mobilization of CNS tissue within beef carcasses. This may lead to the widespread dissemination of such materials within meat destined for human consumption. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY In the absence of rapid, simple and sufficiently sensitive methods for the direct detection of prion in commercially slaughtered animals, marked organisms can provide useful models in studies of the dissemination kinetics of prion disease in captive bolt stunned animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Prendergast
- Food Safety Department, The National Food Centre, Teagasc, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland.
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Prendergast DM, Sheridan JJ, Daly DJ, McDowell DA, Blair IS. Dissemination of central nervous system tissue during the slaughter of cattle in three Irish abattoirs. Vet Rec 2004; 154:21-4. [PMID: 14725425 DOI: 10.1136/vr.154.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Sponge samples were taken from the carcases, meat, personnel and surfaces involved in stunning, slaughter and dressing/boning activities at three abattoirs, and from retail beef products. The samples were examined for the presence of central nervous system (CNS)-specific proteins (syntaxin 1B and/or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), as indicators of contamination with CNS tissue. Syntaxin 1B and GFAP were detected in many of the sponge samples taken along the slaughter line and in the chill rooms of all three abattoirs; GFAP was also detected in one sample of longissimus muscle (striploin) taken in the boning hall of one of the abattoirs but not in the other two abattoirs or in retail meats.
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Dissemination of central nervous system tissue from the brain and spinal cord of cattle after captive bolt stunning and carcass splitting. Meat Sci 2003; 65:1201-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s0309-1740(03)00026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2002] [Accepted: 12/20/2002] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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