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Sadanandan B, Vijayalakshmi V, Ashrit P, Babu UV, Sharath Kumar LM, Sampath V, Shetty K, Joglekar AP, Awaknavar R. Aqueous spice extracts as alternative antimycotics to control highly drug resistant extensive biofilm forming clinical isolates of Candida albicans. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281035. [PMID: 37315001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans form biofilm by associating with biotic and abiotic surfaces. Biofilm formation by C. albicans is relevant and significant as the organisms residing within, gain resistance to conventional antimycotics and are therefore difficult to treat. This study targeted the potential of spice-based antimycotics to control C. albicans biofilms. Ten clinical isolates of C. albicans along with a standard culture MTCC-3017 (ATCC-90028) were screened for their biofilm-forming ability. C. albicans M-207 and C. albicans S-470 were identified as high biofilm formers by point inoculation on Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA) medium as they formed a lawn within 16 h and exhibited resistance to fluconazole and caspofungin at 25 mcg and 8 mcg respectively. Aqueous and organic spice extracts were screened for their antimycotic activity against C. albicans M-207 and S-470 by agar and disc diffusion and a Zone of Inhibition was observed. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration was determined based on growth absorbance and cell viability measurements. The whole aqueous extract of garlic inhibited biofilms of C. albicans M-207, whereas whole aqueous extracts of garlic, clove, and Indian gooseberry were effective in controlling C. albicans S-470 biofilm within 12 h of incubation. The presence of allicin, ellagic acid, and gallic acid as dominant compounds in the aqueous extracts of garlic, clove, and Indian gooseberry respectively was determined by High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. The morphology of C. albicans biofilm at different growth periods was also determined through bright field microscopy, phase contrast microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy. The results of this study indicated that the alternate approach in controlling high biofilm-forming, multi-drug resistant clinical isolates of C. albicans M-207 and S-470 using whole aqueous extracts of garlic, clove, and Indian gooseberry is a safe, potential, and cost-effective one that can benefit the health care needs with additional effective therapeutics to treat biofilm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu Sadanandan
- Department of Biotechnology, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Priya Ashrit
- Department of Biotechnology, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Uddagiri Venkanna Babu
- Department of Phytochemistry, Research and Development, The Himalaya Drug Company, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Vasulingam Sampath
- Department of Phytochemistry, Research and Development, The Himalaya Drug Company, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Kalidas Shetty
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States of America
| | | | - Rashmi Awaknavar
- Department of Biotechnology, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Rodrigues ABF, Passos JCDS, Costa MS. Effect of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy, using Toluidine blue on dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Candida krusei. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 42:103600. [PMID: 37150491 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although Candida albicans is the most frequent etiological agent of candidiasis, it has been reported a sizable number of infections related to the non-albicans Candida (NAC) species, Candida krusei. In addition, dual biofilms (biofilms composed by two species) may easily occur in vivo, becoming even more challenging the treatment of an infection. The fungicide effect of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT), using toluidine blue O (TBO) on both C. albicans and C. krusei development has been demonstrated. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of PDT on dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Candida krusei. METHODS The effect of PDT was observed on the metabolic activity of mature dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Candida krusei by a metabolic assay based on the reduction of XTT (2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide sodium salt) assay and the identification of Candida albicans and Candida krusei was performed on CHROMagar Candida medium. RESULTS it was observed a reduction of ∼30% in the metabolic activity of a mature biofilm treated with PDT, using 0.05mg·mL-1 TBO and during biofilm formation a predominance of C. albicans on C. krusei was observed. The inhibition observed was related to reduction in the number of Colony Forming Units (CFU) of Candida albicans from 31.33 ± 3.7 to 17.0 ± 1.5. The number of CFU of C. krusei was not significantly modified. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated the efficiency of PDT in inhibiting the dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Candida krusei by reducing C. albicans development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz Furtado Rodrigues
- Instituto de Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento - IP&D, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba - UNIVAP. Av. Shishima Hifumi 2911, CEP: 12, 244-000, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Juliene Cristina da Silva Passos
- Instituto de Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento - IP&D, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba - UNIVAP. Av. Shishima Hifumi 2911, CEP: 12, 244-000, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Maricilia Silva Costa
- Instituto de Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento - IP&D, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba - UNIVAP. Av. Shishima Hifumi 2911, CEP: 12, 244-000, São José dos Campos, Brazil.
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Similarities and Differences among Species Closely Related to Candida albicans: C. tropicalis, C. dubliniensis, and C. auris. Cell Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/2599136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although Candida species are widespread commensals of the microflora of healthy individuals, they are also among the most important human fungal pathogens that under certain conditions can cause diseases (candidiases) of varying severity ranging from mild superficial infections of the mucous membranes to life-threatening systemic infections. So far, the vast majority of research aimed at understanding the molecular basis of pathogenesis has been focused on the most common species—Candida albicans. Meanwhile, other closely related species belonging to the CTG clade, namely, Candida tropicalis and Candida dubliniensis, are becoming more important in clinical practice, as well as a relatively newly identified species, Candida auris. Despite the close relationship of these microorganisms, it seems that in the course of evolution, they have developed distinct biochemical, metabolic, and physiological adaptations, which they use to fit to commensal niches and achieve full virulence. Therefore, in this review, we describe the current knowledge on C. tropicalis, C. dubliniensis, and C. auris virulence factors, the formation of a mixed species biofilm and mutual communication, the environmental stress response and related changes in fungal cell metabolism, and the effect of pathogens on host defense response and susceptibility to antifungal agents used, highlighting differences with respect to C. albicans. Special attention is paid to common diagnostic problems resulting from similarities between these species and the emergence of drug resistance mechanisms. Understanding the different strategies to achieve virulence, used by important opportunistic pathogens of the genus Candida, is essential for proper diagnosis and treatment.
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Mendoza-Reyes DF, Gómez-Gaviria M, Mora-Montes HM. Candida lusitaniae: Biology, Pathogenicity, Virulence Factors, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:5121-5135. [PMID: 36068831 PMCID: PMC9441179 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s383785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of fungal infections is increasing at an alarming rate and has posed a great challenge for science in recent years. The rise in these infections has been related to the increase in immunocompromised patients and the resistance of different species to antifungal drugs. Infections caused by the different Candida species, especially Candida albicans, are one of the most common mycoses in humans, and the etiological agents are considered opportunistic pathogens associated with high mortality rates when disseminated infections occur. Candida lusitaniae is considered an emerging opportunistic pathogen that most frequently affects immunocompromised patients with some comorbidity. Although it is a low-frequency pathogen, and the mortality rate of C. lusitaniae-caused candidemia does not exceed 5%, some isolates are known to be resistant to antifungals such as amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, and fluconazole. In this paper, a detailed review of the current literature on this organism and its different aspects, such as its biology, possible virulence factors, pathogen-host interaction, diagnosis, and treatment of infection, is provided. Of particular interest, through Blastp analysis we predicted possible virulence factors in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana F Mendoza-Reyes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto, C.P. 36050, México
| | - Manuela Gómez-Gaviria
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto, C.P. 36050, México
- Correspondence: Manuela Gómez-Gaviria; Héctor M Mora-Montes, Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, Guanajuato, Gto, C.P. 36050, México, Tel +52 473-7320006 Ext. 8193, Fax +52 473-7320006 Ext. 8153, Email ;
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto, C.P. 36050, México
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Morsby JJ, Smith BD. Advances in Optical Sensors of N-Acetyl-β-d-hexosaminidase ( N-Acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase). Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:544-554. [PMID: 35302753 PMCID: PMC9870670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
N-Acetyl-β-d-hexosaminidases (EC 3.2.1.52) are exo-acting glycosyl hydrolases that remove N-acetyl-β-d-glucosamine (Glc-NAc) or N-acetyl-β-d-galactosamine (Gal-NAc) from the nonreducing ends of various biomolecules including oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. The same enzymes are sometimes called N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidases, and this review article employs the shorthand descriptor HEX(NAG) to indicate that the terms HEX or NAG are used interchangeably in the literature. The wide distribution of HEX(NAG) throughout the biosphere and its intracellular location in lysosomes combine to make it an important enzyme in food science, agriculture, cell biology, medical diagnostics, and chemotherapy. For more than 50 years, researchers have employed chromogenic derivatives of N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminide in basic assays for biomedical research and clinical chemistry. Recent conceptual and synthetic innovations in molecular fluorescence sensors, along with concurrent technical improvements in instrumentation, have produced a growing number of new fluorescent imaging and diagnostics methods. A systematic summary of the recent advances in optical sensors for HEX(NAG) is provided under the following headings: assessing kidney health, detection and treatment of infectious disease, fluorescence imaging of cancer, treatment of lysosomal disorders, and reactive probes for chemical biology. The article concludes with some comments on likely future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bradley D. Smith
- Corresponding Author: Bradley D. Smith - Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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Moorhouse AJ, Moreno-Lopez R, Gow NAR, Hijazi K. Clonal evolution of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Candida dubliniensis at oral niche level in health and disease. J Oral Microbiol 2021; 13:1894047. [PMID: 33796227 PMCID: PMC7971237 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2021.1894047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Candida species have long been recognised as aetiological agents of opportunistic infections of the oral mucosa, and more recently, as players of polymicrobial interactions driving caries, periodontitis and oral carcinogenesis. Methods: We studied the clonal structure of Candida spp. at oral niche resolution in patients (n = 20) with a range of oral health profiles over 22 months. Colonies from oral micro-environments were examined with multilocus sequencing typing. Results:Candida spp. identified were C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. dubliniensis. Increased propensity for micro-variations giving rise to multiple diploid strain types (DST), as a result of loss of heterozygosity, was observed among C. albicans clade 1 isolates compared to other clades. Micro-variations among isolates were also observed in C. dubliniensis contra to expectations of stable population structures for this species. Multiple sequence types were retrieved from patients without clinical evidence of oral candidosis, while single sequence types were isolated from oral candidosis patients. Conclusion: This is the first study to describe the clonal population structure, persistence and stability of Candida spp. at oral niche level. Future research investigating links between Candida spp. clonality and oral disease should recognise the propensity to micro-variations amongst oral niches in C. albicans and C. dubliniensis identified here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Moorhouse
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK.,School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Rosa Moreno-Lopez
- Institute of Dentistry, School of Medicine Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Neil A R Gow
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK.,Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at The University of Exeter, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Karolin Hijazi
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK.,Institute of Dentistry, School of Medicine Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
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Monajemzadeh A, Ahmadi Asoor S, Aslani S, Sadeghi-Nejad B. In vitro antimicrobial effect of different root canal sealers against oral pathogens. Curr Med Mycol 2018; 3:7-12. [PMID: 29354775 DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.cmm.3.2.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Root canal therapy is the primary method for the treatment of an infected pulp in modern dentistry. The main aim of endodontic treatment is the elimination of bacteria and their products from infected root canals. In this study, we attempted to investigate the antimicrobial activity of three root canal sealers against oral pathogens. Materials and Methods The antimicrobial effectiveness of three endodontic sealers with different chemical compositions, namely resin (AH 26), zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE), and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), against Candida albicans, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus mutans, and Lactobacillus casei was assayed by agar well diffusion method (AWDM). The tested sealers were prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions and poured in the prepared wells of agar plates; diluted inocula (105 and 106 CFU/ml) of the tested microorganism strains were also used. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the selected canal sealers ranged between 3.12 and 50 mg.ml-1 against the employed microorganism strains. All the plates were incubated at 37°C under anaerobic condition for bacteria and at 30°C for C. albicans. After three days, the inhibition zones were measured. Results In this investigation, AH 26 exhibited strong activity against C. albicans with the minimum inhibitory concentration of 12.5 mg.ml-1, but ZOE and MTA did not act against C. albicans. ZOE sealer had the highest antimicrobial activity against the tested bacteria, while MTA showed the lowest antimicrobial activity. Conclusion The ascending sequence of microbial growth inhibition zones was as follows AH 26 > ZOE > MTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Monajemzadeh
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - S Ahmadi Asoor
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Arvand International Division, Iran
| | - S Aslani
- Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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A Decade of Development of Chromogenic Culture Media for Clinical Microbiology in an Era of Molecular Diagnostics. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 30:449-479. [PMID: 28122803 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00097-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last 25 years, chromogenic culture media have found widespread application in diagnostic clinical microbiology. In the last decade, the range of media available to clinical laboratories has expanded greatly, allowing specific detection of additional pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, group B streptococci, Clostridium difficile, Campylobacter spp., and Yersinia enterocolitica. New media have also been developed to screen for pathogens with acquired antimicrobial resistance, including vancomycin-resistant enterococci, carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp., and Enterobacteriaceae with extended-spectrum β-lactamases and carbapenemases. This review seeks to explore the utility of chromogenic media in clinical microbiology, with particular attention given to media that have been commercialized in the last decade. The impact of laboratory automation and complementary technologies such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is also assessed. Finally, the review also seeks to demarcate the role of chromogenic media in an era of molecular diagnostics.
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Ameen F, Moslem M, Al Tami M, Al-Ajlan H, Al-Qahtani N. Identification of Candida species in vaginal flora using conventional and molecular methods. J Mycol Med 2017; 27:364-368. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2017.04.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Monajemzadeh A, Ahmadi Asoor S, Aslani S, Sadeghi-Nejad B. In vitro antimicrobial effect of different root canal sealers against oral pathogens. Curr Med Mycol 2017. [PMID: 29354775 PMCID: PMC5763892 DOI: 10.29252/cmm.3.2.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Root canal therapy is the primary method for the treatment of an infected pulp in modern dentistry. The main aim of endodontic treatment is the elimination of bacteria and their products from infected root canals. In this study, we attempted to investigate the antimicrobial activity of three root canal sealers against oral pathogens. Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial effectiveness of three endodontic sealers with different chemical compositions, namely resin (AH 26), zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE), and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), against Candida albicans, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus mutans, and Lactobacillus casei was assayed by agar well diffusion method (AWDM). The tested sealers were prepared according to the manufacturer’s instructions and poured in the prepared wells of agar plates; diluted inocula (105 and 106 CFU/ml) of the tested microorganism strains were also used. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the selected canal sealers ranged between 3.12 and 50 mg.ml-1 against the employed microorganism strains. All the plates were incubated at 37°C under anaerobic condition for bacteria and at 30°C for C. albicans. After three days, the inhibition zones were measured. Results: In this investigation, AH 26 exhibited strong activity against C. albicans with the minimum inhibitory concentration of 12.5 mg.ml-1, but ZOE and MTA did not act against C. albicans. ZOE sealer had the highest antimicrobial activity against the tested bacteria, while MTA showed the lowest antimicrobial activity. Conclusion: The ascending sequence of microbial growth inhibition zones was as follows AH 26 > ZOE > MTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Monajemzadeh
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - S Ahmadi Asoor
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Arvand International Division, Iran
| | - S Aslani
- Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - B Sadeghi-Nejad
- Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
- Corresponding author: Batool Sadeghi-Nejad, Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
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Sampath A, Weerasekera M, Gunasekara C, Dilhari A, Bulugahapitiya U, Fernando N. A sensitive and a rapid multiplex polymerase chain reaction for the identification of Candida species in concentrated oral rinse specimens in patients with diabetes. Acta Odontol Scand 2017; 75:113-122. [PMID: 27960572 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2016.1265146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oral candidiasis is being frequently recognized in patients with diabetes, and is associated with multiple pathogens including Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis. The aim of this study was to evaluate a usefulness of a Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction as a rapid diagnostic tool for identification of four oral Candida pathogens in patients with diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS A multiplex PCR was optimized to identify four Candida species in concentrated oral rinse samples. Common reverse primer, ITS4 and four species-specific forward primers targeting ITS1 and ITS2 regions of yeast genome were used. Species-specific single amplicon were detected by agarose gel electrophoresis. Performance efficacy of multiplex PCR was compared with phenotypic identification. RESULTS Out of 100 oral rinse samples, 72 were culture positive and of these 43 were at risk of oral Candida infection (>600cfu/ml). Multiple Candida species including C. albicans, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis were identified in 22 samples which had risk of oral Candida infection. In total, 85 patients were positive for Candida by multiplex PCR and of them 49 had multiple Candida species. All 43 colonized specimens were also positive by multiplex PCR. C. albicans was the most predominant organism (75/85) followed by C. parapsilosis (47/85), C. tropicalis (17/85) and C. glabrata (6/85). In specimens with multiple species, the two most common organisms were C. albicans and C. parapsilosis. Multiplex PCR yielded a sensitivity of 10 Candida cells/ml of oral rinse sample. CONCLUSIONS Multiplex PCR is found to be rapid, sensitive and specific than phenotypic identification methods in discriminating multiple Candida species in oral rinse specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asanga Sampath
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Manjula Weerasekera
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Chinthika Gunasekara
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Ayomi Dilhari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Uditha Bulugahapitiya
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Colombo South Teaching Hospital, Dehiwala, Sri Lanka
| | - Neluka Fernando
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
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Hydroxychavicol: A phytochemical targeting cutaneous fungal infections. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37867. [PMID: 27897199 PMCID: PMC5126685 DOI: 10.1038/srep37867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the potency of hydroxychavicol on selected cutaneous human pathogenic fungi by the use of in vitro and in vivo assays and mechanistic characterization along with toxicological effects. Hydroxychavicol consistently displayed a fungicidal effect against all fungal species tested. Inoculum concentrations over the range of 104 to 107 CFU/ml did not significantly alter its antifungal potential and time–kill curve results revealed concentration–dependent killing. It also inhibited the growth of biofilm generated by Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Candida parapsilosis and reduced the preformed biofilms. Hydroxychavicol was highly effective in the treatment, and mycological eradication of an experimentally induced topical infection model of dermatophytosis (tinea corporis) and cutaneous candidiasis in guinea pigs, respectively. The mode of action of hydroxychavicol appears to originate from the disruption of cell membrane integrity. Administration of hydroxychavicol in mice at 500 mg per kg of body weight by orally produced no overt toxicity. The retention capacity of hydroxychavicol in vitro, in the presence of keratin has attributed to its in vivo effectiveness in the guinea pig model of topical infections. Furthermore, it is suggestive of its potential use as phytochemical for topical use in cutaneous fungal infections.
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Mfuti DK, Subramanian S, van Tol RWHM, Wiegers GL, de Kogel WJ, Niassy S, du Plessis H, Ekesi S, Maniania NK. Spatial separation of semiochemical Lurem-TR and entomopathogenic fungi to enhance their compatibility and infectivity in an autoinoculation system for thrips management. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:131-139. [PMID: 25643946 PMCID: PMC5024074 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of spatial separation of the semiochemical Lurem-TR, which has been found to inhibit conidia of entomopathogenic fungi when put together, on the persistence of conidia of Metarhizium brunneum and M. anisopliae was evaluated in the greenhouse and field in order to develop an autodissemination strategy for the management of Megalurothrips sjostedti on cowpea crop. Influence of spatial separation of the semiochemical on thrips attraction and conidial acquisition by thrips from the autoinoculation device was also investigated in the field. RESULTS Persistence of conidia of M. brunneum and M. anisopliae increased with distance of separation of Lurem-TR. Direct exposure of fungus without separation from Lurem-TR recorded the lowest conidial germination as compared with the other treatments. Attraction of thrips to the device also varied significantly according to distance between device and semiochemical, with a higher number of thrips attracted when Lurem-TR was placed in a container below the device and at 10 cm distance. There was no significant difference in conidial acquisition between spatial separation treatments of conidia and Lurem-TR. Attraction of other insect pests to the device did not significantly vary between treatments. Positive correlations were found between conidial acquisition and thrips attraction. CONCLUSION This study suggests that spatial separation of fungal conidia from Lurem-TR in an autoinoculation device could provide a low-cost strategy for effective management of thrips in grain legume cropping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Mfuti
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and EcologyNairobiKenya
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and ManagementNorth‐West UniversityPotchefstroomSouth Africa
| | | | | | | | | | - Saliou Niassy
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and EcologyNairobiKenya
| | - Hannalene du Plessis
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and ManagementNorth‐West UniversityPotchefstroomSouth Africa
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and EcologyNairobiKenya
| | - Nguya K Maniania
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and EcologyNairobiKenya
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Martinez RFF, Jaimes-Aveldañez A, Hernández-Pérez F, Arenas R, Miguel GFS. Oral Candida spp carriers: its prevalence in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. An Bras Dermatol 2014; 88:222-5. [PMID: 23739717 PMCID: PMC3750884 DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962013000200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Prevalence of oral candidiasis in diabetic patients is 13.7-64%. Candida albicans
was the most frequently isolated species (75-86.5%). OBJECTIVE: To obtain the prevalence of Candida carriers among patients with type 2
diabetes mellitus to identify the species of the yeast. Study
design: It is an open, observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, and
prospective study. METHODS: We included voluntary patients from the National Diabetes Marathon and performed
a blood glucose measurement, sialometry test, Gram-stained exfoliative cytology,
and culture on Sabouraud dextrose agar and CHROMagar Candida TM. Results were
analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: We examined 141 patients (mean age 57 years): 103 women (73%) and 38 men (26.9%).
Exfoliative cytology was positive in 32 cases (23 with oral lesions); 78 had oral
lesions but no Candida (93.9%). Candida was isolated in 58 patients (41.1%), 21
(45.6 %) had blood glucose greater than 126 mg/dl, and 37 (38.9%) had less than
126 mg/dl. The most frequent species was C. albicans (82.7%). Forty-two Candida
carriers had salivary flow greater than 20 mm (72.4%), and 16 (27.5%) had
hyposalivation. Candida was isolated in 25 of 79 patients with dental prosthesis
(31.6%), 9 of 15 were smokers (60%), and 22 of 71 had symptoms (30.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of oral Candida carriers in patients with type 2 diabetes
mellitus in Mexico was similar to that found in other countries;
exfoliative cytology was effective in finding Candida; salivary flow rate, use of
prosthesis, and presence of oral lesions and symptoms were similar in oral Candida
carriers and negative patients. Most smokers were Candida carriers.
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15
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Ince J, McNally A. Development of rapid, automated diagnostics for infectious disease: advances and challenges. Expert Rev Med Devices 2014; 6:641-51. [DOI: 10.1586/erd.09.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Bellanger AP, Grenouillet F, François N, Skana F, Millon L. Inhibitory effect of chromogenic culture media on the growth of Rhodotorula: relevance to the diagnosis of Rhodotorulaspp. infections. APMIS 2013; 121:1109-17. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Pauline Bellanger
- CNRS 6249/UMR Chrono-environnement; Univ Franche Comte; Besançon France
- Parasitology-Mycology Department; University Hospital of Besançon; Besançon France
- Clinical Investigation Center (Inserm CIT 808); University Hospital of Besançon; Besançon France
| | - Frédéric Grenouillet
- CNRS 6249/UMR Chrono-environnement; Univ Franche Comte; Besançon France
- Parasitology-Mycology Department; University Hospital of Besançon; Besançon France
| | - Nadine François
- Parasitology-Mycology Department; University Hospital of Lille; Lille France
| | - Florence Skana
- Parasitology-Mycology Department; University Hospital of Besançon; Besançon France
| | - Laurence Millon
- CNRS 6249/UMR Chrono-environnement; Univ Franche Comte; Besançon France
- Parasitology-Mycology Department; University Hospital of Besançon; Besançon France
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17
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Eddouzi J, Lohberger A, Vogne C, Manai M, Sanglard D. Identification and antifungal susceptibility of a large collection of yeast strains isolated in Tunisian hospitals. Med Mycol 2013; 51:737-46. [PMID: 23768242 DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2013.800239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was used as a rapid method to identify yeasts isolated from patients in Tunisian hospitals. When identification could not be exstablished with this procedure, sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer with 5.8S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) and D1/D2 domain of large-subunit (LSU rDNA) were employed as a molecular approach for species differentiation. Candida albicans was the dominant species (43.37% of all cases), followed by C. glabrata (16.55%), C. parapsilosis (13.23%), C. tropicalis (11.34%), C. dubliniensis (4.96%), and other species more rarely encountered in human diseases such as C. krusei, C. metapsilosis, C. lusitaniae, C. kefyr, C. palmioleophila, C. guilliermondii, C. intermedia, C. orthopsilosis, and C. utilis. In addition, other yeast species were obtained including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Debaryomyces hansenii (anamorph known as C. famata), Hanseniaspora opuntiae, Kodamaea ohmeri, Pichia caribbica (anamorph known as C. fermentati), Trichosporon spp. and finally a novel yeast species, C. tunisiensis. The in vitro antifungal activities of fluconazole and voriconazole were determined by the agar disk diffusion test and Etest, while the susceptibility to additional antifungal agents was determined with the Sensititre YeastOne system. Our results showed low incidence of azole resistance in C. albicans (0.54%), C. tropicalis (2.08%) and C. glabrata (4.28%). In addition, caspofungin was active against most isolates of the collection with the exception of two K. ohmeri isolates. This is the first report to describe caspofungin resistant isolates of this yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamel Eddouzi
- * Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Lausanne and University Hospital Center , Lausanne , Switzerland
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18
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Abstract
Candida albicans is increasing as an opportunistic pathogen causing candidemia and candidiasis worldwide. In addition, other non-albicans Candida species are now also associated with pertinent infections. These include the closely related C. dubliniensis, which shares many phenotypic similarities with C. albicans. These similarities pose problems in the identification of isolates and have previously led to misidentification of these species. As a result, several identification techniques based on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics have been developed to differentiate between these Candida species. This review will focus on the similarities and differences between these two Candida species highlighting different identification methods and their advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan Ells
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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19
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Anthony Charles Richardson. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385518-3.00001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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20
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Abstract
Candida tropicalis is one of the more common Candida causing human disease in tropical countries; the frequency of invasive disease varies by geography causing 3--66% of candidaemia. C. tropicalis is taxonomically close to C. albicans and shares many pathogenic traits. C. tropicalis is particularly virulent in neutropenic hosts commonly with hematogenous seeding to peripheral organs. For candidaemia and invasive candidiasis amphotericin B or an echinocandin are recommended as first-line treatment, with extended-spectrum triazoles acceptable alternatives. Primary fluconazole resistance is uncommon but may be induced on exposure. Physicians in regions where C. tropicalis is common need to be mindful of this lesser-described pathogen.
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21
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Distribution of dimorphic yeast species in commercial extra virgin olive oil. Food Microbiol 2010; 27:1035-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Alfonso C, López M, Arechavala A, Perrone MDC, Guelfand L, Bianchi M. [Presumptive identification of Candida spp. and other clinically important yeasts: usefulness of Brilliance Candida Agar]. Rev Iberoam Micol 2010; 27:90-3. [PMID: 20346288 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections caused by yeasts have increased during the last decades and invasive forms represent a serious problem for human health. Candida albicans is the species most frequently isolated from clinical samples. However, other emerging yeast pathogens are increasingly responsible for mycotic infections, and some of them are resistant to some antifungal drugs. Consequently, it is necessary to have methods that can provide a rapid presumptive identification at species level. Numerous chromogenic agar media have been shown to be of value as diagnostic tools. We have compared a chromogenic medium, Brilliance Candida Agar, with CHROMagar Candida, the chromogenic medium most used in our country. A multicentre study was conducted in 16 Hospitals belonging to the Mycology Net of Buenos Aires City Government. A total of 240 yeast isolates were included in this research. The new chromogenic agar showed results very similar to those obtained with CHROMagar Candida.
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23
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Browne NK, Huang Z, Dockrell M, Hashmi P, Price RG. Evaluation of new chromogenic substrates for the detection of coliforms. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 108:1828-38. [PMID: 19878523 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate a new range of chromogenic substrates for the detection of beta-galactosidase activity in coliforms and to compare their performance in agar media and broths. METHODS AND RESULTS Sixteen novel galactoside substrates were prepared and incorporated into agar and broth. Their performance was compared using Escherichia coli (five strains), Salmonella (two strains), Enterobacter (two strains), Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Listeria, Serratia, Shigella, Citrobacter, Proteus and Staphylococcus as well as pathological urine samples. The six substrates out of the initial 16 that showed the greatest sensitivity were VQE-gal, VQM-gal, VLPr-gal, VLE-gal, VLM-gal and VBzTM-gal, whose released chromophores were red, brown or purple. VQE-gal and VLPr-gal were studied in greater detail and were incorporated into agar medium. Coliform colonies appeared red and brown respectively, following incubation at 37 degrees C for 24 h; however, positive results were obtained within a working day. The VQE-gal medium was compared with some commercially available media. CONCLUSIONS The range of substrates described can be used in broths as well as in agars. The VQE agar allows the detection of coliforms within a working day. VQE-gal medium proved to be more sensitive when compared to other available chromogenic media and allows the unambiguous detection of coliforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Browne
- Research & Development, PPR Diagnostics Ltd., London, UK
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24
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Orenga S, James AL, Manafi M, Perry JD, Pincus DH. Enzymatic substrates in microbiology. J Microbiol Methods 2009; 79:139-55. [PMID: 19679151 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic substrates are powerful tools in biochemistry. They are widely used in microbiology to study metabolic pathways, to monitor metabolism and to detect, enumerate and identify microorganisms. Synthetic enzymatic substrates have been customized for various microbial assays, to detect an expanding range of both new enzymatic activities and target microorganisms. Recent developments in synthetic enzymatic substrates with new spectral, chemical and biochemical properties allow improved detection, enumeration and identification of food-borne microorganisms, clinical pathogens and multi-resistant bacteria in various sample types. In the past 20 years, the range of synthetic enzymatic substrates used in microbiology has been markedly extended supporting the development of new multi-test systems (e.g., Microscan, Vitek 2, Phoenix) and chromogenic culture media. The use of such substrates enables an improvement in time to detection and specificity over conventional tests that employ natural substrates. In the era of intense developments in molecular biology, phenotypic tests involving enzymatic substrates remain useful to analyse both simple and complex samples. Such tests are applicable to diagnostic and research laboratories all over the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Orenga
- Research & Development Microbiology, bioMérieux, 3 route de Port Michaud, La Balme-les-Grottes, France.
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25
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Gould SWJ, Chadwick M, Cuschieri P, Easmon S, Richardson AC, Price RG, Fielder MD. The evaluation of novel chromogenic substrates for the detection of lipolytic activity in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA from two European study groups. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2009; 297:10-6. [PMID: 19558587 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight novel chromogenic substrates were evaluated for their efficacy in detecting lipase activity in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from the United Kingdom and Malta. All isolates metabolized the chromogenic lipase substrates 5-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenylmethylene)-2-thioxothia-zolidin-4-one-3-ethanoic acid (SRA)-propionate, SRA-butyrate, SRA-octanoate and 2-[2-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-vinyl]-3-methy-benzothiazolium salt (SB(Z)TM)-acetate. Over 90% of the isolates metabolized the lipase substrates SRA-decanoate and SRA-laurate. However, only 0.6% of UK isolates and 2% of Maltese isolates metabolized the lipase substrate SRA-myristate; none of the isolates tested metabolized SB(Z)TM-butyrate. Traditional Tween 80 assays showed that over 73% of the UK methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates and 83% of the UK methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) isolates demonstrated lipolytic activity. In contrast, Maltese isolates showed lipase activity in 94% and 88% of the MRSA and MSSA strains, respectively. Lipases in MRSA and MSSA demonstrated substrate specificity whose activity appeared dependent upon hydrocarbon chain length of the chromogen. These novel chromogens can be used for lipase enzyme detection and have application for full characterization of numerous S. aureus lipases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon W J Gould
- School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, UK
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26
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Abstract
Since 1990, a wide range of chromogenic culture media has been made commercially available providing useful tools for diagnostic clinical microbiology. By the inclusion of chromogenic enzyme substrates targeting microbial enzymes, such media are able to target pathogens with high specificity. Examples of target pathogens include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Salmonella spp. and Candida spp. The inclusion of multiple chromogenic substrates into culture media facilitates the differentiation of polymicrobial cultures, thus allowing for the development of improved media for diagnosis of urinary tract infections and media for the enhanced discrimination of yeasts. The purpose of this review is to provide some insight into how such media work and appraise their utility in routine clinical diagnostics, in comparison with conventional media.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Perry
- Microbiology Department, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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27
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Abstract
The focus of this review is the evolution of biochemical phenotypic yeast identification methods with emphasis on conventional approaches, rapid screening tests, chromogenic agars, comprehensive commercial methods, and the eventual migration to genotypic methods. As systemic yeast infections can be devastating and resistance is common in certain species, accurate identification to the species level is paramount for successful therapy and appropriate patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Pincus
- bioMérieux, Inc., Hazelwood, Missouri 63042, USA.
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28
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Vogel C, Rogerson A, Schatz S, Laubach H, Tallman A, Fell J. Prevalence of yeasts in beach sand at three bathing beaches in South Florida. WATER RESEARCH 2007; 41:1915-20. [PMID: 17382990 PMCID: PMC9789725 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2007.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Revised: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The abundance and types of yeasts in the wet and dry sand of three recreational beaches in South Florida were determined. Samples were collected on 17 occasions between August 2001 and July 2002. After analyzing 102 sand samples, a total of 21 yeast species were identified by molecular methods. These isolates comprised four Basidiomycetes and 17 Ascomycetes and included eight species that had previously been reported from humans. The most frequently encountered yeasts were Candida tropicalis and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. A greater diversity of species (16 species) was found in the dry sand above the high tide mark compared with the wet sand in the intertidal zone (11 species). Densities were also highest in the dry sand relative to wet sand (20-fold higher at Hobie beach, 6-fold higher at Fort Lauderdale Beach and 1.3-fold higher at Hollywood beach). There were no clear temporal patterns in the data and overall densities were greatest at the busiest bathing beach (Hobie Beach) where total yeasts averaged 37,720 cfu 100g(-1) dry sand and 1852 cfu 100 g(-1) in the wet sand. This concentration of yeast was significantly higher than populations at the less populated beaches. Fort Lauderdale beach had a mean count of 4130 cfu 100 g(-1) dry sand and 705 cfu 100g(-1) in the wet sand while the least populated beach, Hollywood Beach averaged 1945 cfu 100g(-1) dry sand and 1483 cfu 100g(-1) wet sand. While definitive statements cannot be made, high levels of yeasts may have a deleterious bearing on human health and the presence of such a diverse aggregation of species suggests that yeasts could have a role as indicators of beach health.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Vogel
- SUNY, Marine Sciences Research Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, USA
| | - A. Rogerson
- College of Science, Marshall University, One Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - S. Schatz
- College of Optometry, Health Profession Division of Nova Southeastern University, 3200 S University Drive, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
- Oceanographic Center of Nova Southeastern University, 8000 N, Ocean Drive, Dania Beach, FL 33004, USA
- Corresponding author. College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 S University Drive, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA. Tel.: +1 954 423 8282; fax: +1 954 262 1818. E-mail address: (S. Schatz)
| | - H. Laubach
- College of Medical Sciences, Health Profession Division of Nova Southeastern University, 3200 S University Drive, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - A. Tallman
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickernbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - J. Fell
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickernbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA
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Sendid B, François N, Standaert A, Dehecq E, Zerimech F, Camus D, Poulain D. Prospective evaluation of the new chromogenic medium CandiSelect 4 for differentiation and presumptive identification of the major pathogenic Candida species. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56:495-499. [PMID: 17374890 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46715-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid identification of pathogenic yeasts is a crucial step in ensuring that effective antifungal treatment is started as early as possible. CandiSelect 4 (CS4; Bio-Rad) is a new chromogenic medium for the isolation of fungi, the direct identification of Candida albicans and the presumptive identification of the major pathogenic Candida species. The performance of CS4 was compared with that of another chromogenic medium, CHROMagar Candida (CA; Becton Dickinson). For primary cultures, 502 of the 1549 (32 %) samples were culture-positive. A total of 542 yeasts were isolated including 465 monomicrobial and 37 mixed cultures: 392 C. albicans, 60 Candida glabrata, 25 Candida tropicalis, 12 Candida krusei and 53 other Candida species. The percentage of C. albicans isolates that could be identified directly after 24, 48 and 72 h culture was 31.6, 82.9 and 92.1 %, respectively, for CS4, and 32.9, 82.9 and 91.1 % for CA. The presumptive identification of C. glabrata, C. tropicalis and C. krusei was evaluated after 48 h incubation. The percentage of strains with morphologically typical colonies was 80, 68 and 84.6 %, respectively, for CS4 compared with 75, 76 and 76.9 % for CA. For pure subcultures, from 24 h, all isolates of C. albicans (n=21) were directly identifiable on the two chromogenic media CA and CS4. At 48 h, the proportion of typical strains observed on the two chromogenic media was identical for C. glabrata (85 %) and C. krusei (100 %). A slight difference in favour of CS4 was observed for C. tropicalis (100 vs 95 %). CS4 also allowed the growth of several other fungi. CS4 can be recommended as a primary isolation medium for the identification of C. albicans, and for the rapid and effective differentiation of the major pathogenic Candida species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boualem Sendid
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHRU, Avenue J. Leclercq, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
- Laboratoire de Mycologie Fondamentale & Appliquée; Inserm, U799; CHRU, Avenue J. Leclercq, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Nadine François
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHRU, Avenue J. Leclercq, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Annie Standaert
- Laboratoire de Mycologie Fondamentale & Appliquée; Inserm, U799; CHRU, Avenue J. Leclercq, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Eric Dehecq
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hôpital Saint-Philibert, 115, rue du Grand-But, 59462 Lomme Cedex, France
| | - Farid Zerimech
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHRU, Avenue J. Leclercq, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Daniel Camus
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHRU, Avenue J. Leclercq, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Daniel Poulain
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHRU, Avenue J. Leclercq, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
- Laboratoire de Mycologie Fondamentale & Appliquée; Inserm, U799; CHRU, Avenue J. Leclercq, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
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30
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Antimicrobial effect of acidified nitrate and nitrite on six common oral pathogens in vitro. Chin Med J (Engl) 2006. [DOI: 10.1097/00029330-200611020-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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31
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Eraso E, Moragues MD, Villar-Vidal M, Sahand IH, González-Gómez N, Pontón J, Quindós G. Evaluation of the new chromogenic medium Candida ID 2 for isolation and identification of Candida albicans and other medically important Candida species. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:3340-5. [PMID: 16954270 PMCID: PMC1594741 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00213-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The usefulness of Candida ID 2 (CAID2) reformulated medium (bioMérieux, France) has been compared with that of the former Candida ID (CAID; bioMérieux), Albicans ID 2 (ALB2; bioMérieux), and CHROMagar Candida (CAC; Chromagar, France) chromogenic media for the isolation and presumptive identification of clinically relevant yeasts. Three hundred forty-five stock strains from culture collections, and 103 fresh isolates from different clinical specimens were evaluated. CAID2 permitted differentiation based on colony color between Candida albicans (cobalt blue; sensitivity, 91.7%; specificity, 97.2%) and Candida dubliniensis (turquoise blue; sensitivity, 97.9%; specificity, 96.6%). Candida tropicalis gave distinguishable pink-bluish colonies in 97.4% of the strains in CAID2 (sensitivity, 97.4%; specificity, 100%); the same proportion was reached in CAC, where colonies were blue-gray (sensitivity, 97.4%; specificity, 98.7%). CAC and CAID2 showed 100% sensitivity values for the identification of Candida krusei. However, with CAID2, experience is required to differentiate the downy aspect of the white colonies of C. krusei from other white-colony-forming species. The new CAID2 medium is a good candidate to replace CAID and ALB2, and it compares well to CAC for culture and presumptive identification of clinically relevant Candida species. CAID2 showed better results than CAC in some aspects, such as quicker growth and color development of colonies from clinical specimens, detection of mixed cultures, and presumptive differentiation between C. albicans and C. dubliniensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Eraso
- Laboratorio de Micología Médica, Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología, y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Apartado 699, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain
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32
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Mayoral MB, Martín R, Sanz A, Hernández PE, González I, García T. Detection of Kluyveromyces marxianus and other spoilage yeasts in yoghurt using a PCR-culture technique. Int J Food Microbiol 2005; 105:27-34. [PMID: 16026876 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Revised: 05/26/2005] [Accepted: 06/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A combined PCR-culture technique was developed for the detection of viable yeasts in yoghurt samples. Yoghurt samples were inoculated with either viable or heat-inactivated Kluyveromyces marxianus cells, and analyzed before and after incubation for 24 h at 25 degrees C under agitation. DNA was extracted from the samples and amplified using yeast-specific primers targeted at the gene coding for the 18S rRNA. A 251-bp fragment was amplified by the Polymerase Chain Reaction from the yoghurt samples containing initial yeasts counts of 10 cfu g(-1) or higher, whereas no PCR product was generated from control uninoculated yoghurt samples. Comparison of PCR results obtained before and after the incubation step was used to assess yeast viability. Viability was also confirmed by plating on Sabouraud-Dextrose-Chloramphenicol Agar. Moreover, comparison of the results obtained using PCR-culture and plate count methods for the analysis of commercial yoghurt samples, demonstrated that the PCR-culture technique developed in this work can be very useful for the rapid detection of viable spoilage yeasts in dairy industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Mayoral
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
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33
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Murray CK, Beckius ML, Green JA, Hospenthal DR. Use of chromogenic medium in the isolation of yeasts from clinical specimens. J Med Microbiol 2005; 54:981-985. [PMID: 16157554 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.45942-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over a 1 year period 3296 specimens submitted for fungal culture were plated onto routine mycological media (RM) and CHROMagar Candida (CaC) to evaluate the capability of CaC to improve on RM. With RM, cultures producing single yeast isolates were identified from 802 specimens. CaC produced similar results, with 76 % agreement. Of 761 specimens that yielded a single Candida species by RM, 615 (81 %) produced one or more yeast isolates using CaC. Of concern, 132 negative CaC cultures corresponded to specimens that yielded C. albicans alone on RM. When yeasts were recovered, CaC correctly identified 98 % of C. albicans, 93 % of Candida tropicalis, 96 % of Candida glabrata and 100 % of Candida krusei based on typical colours. CaC did potentially improve on RM by detecting yeasts in 91 specimens that yielded none by routine methods. CaC was noted to recover more yeast isolates than RM when mixed cultures were detected. Overall, the role of CaC in improving RM appears limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Murray
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Service1 and Department of Pathology and Area Laboratory Support2, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - M L Beckius
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Service1 and Department of Pathology and Area Laboratory Support2, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - J A Green
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Service1 and Department of Pathology and Area Laboratory Support2, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - D R Hospenthal
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Service1 and Department of Pathology and Area Laboratory Support2, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
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Bujdáková H, Melkusová S, Soji I, Mokrás M, Mikami Y. Discrimination between Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis isolated from HIV-positive patients by using commercial method in comparison with PCR assay. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2004; 49:484-90. [PMID: 15530017 DOI: 10.1007/bf02931613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nineteen clinical isolates of Candida albicans and C. dubliniensis were isolated from patients (majority of them HIV-positive) in Slovakia, Brazil, Thailand and Japan. Species discrimination was performed by using growth on CHROMagar Candida, commercial biochemical set API 20C AUX, germ-tube test in human serum, growth at 42 and 45 degrees C on Sabouraud-dextrose agar as well as on CHROMagar Candida, assimilation of D-xylose and methyl alpha-D-glucoside by glass-tube test, and production of chlamydospores. These tests were completed by PCR using Cd-oligo2/F and Cd-oligo2/R primer pair specific for C. dubliniensis. Six clinical isolates were confirmed to be C. dubliniensis, remaining 13 strains were determined as C. albicans. The use of conventional method showed that the determination is markedly influenced by personal evaluation suggesting the necessity of using the combination of many tests to obtain correct results comparing with accurate and rapid PCR assay. For discrimination between C. albicans and C. dubliniensis we recommend the combination of primo-cultivation on CHROMagar, followed by germ-tube test and PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bujdáková
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Science, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Waltimo TMT, Haapasalo M, Zehnder M, Meyer J. Clinical aspects related to endodontic yeast infections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-1546.2004.00086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yücesoy M, Marol S. Performance of CHROMAGAR candida and BIGGY agar for identification of yeast species. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2003; 2:8. [PMID: 14613587 PMCID: PMC280667 DOI: 10.1186/1476-0711-2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2003] [Accepted: 10/29/2003] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of identifying the pathogenic fungi rapidly has encouraged the development of differential media for the presumptive identification of yeasts. In this study two differential media, CHROMagar Candida and bismuth sulphite glucose glycine yeast agar, were evaluated for the presumptive identification of yeast species. METHODS A total number of 270 yeast strains including 169 Candida albicans, 33 C. tropicalis, 24 C. glabrata, 18 C. parapsilosis, 12 C. krusei, 5 Trichosporon spp., 4 C. kefyr, 2 C. lusitaniae, 1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae and 1 Geotrichum candidum were included. The strains were first identified by germ tube test, morphological characteristics on cornmeal tween 80 agar and Vitek 32 and API 20 C AUX systems. In parallel, they were also streaked onto CHROMagar Candida and bismuth sulphite glucose glycine yeast agar plates. The results were read according to the color, morphology of the colonies and the existance of halo around them after 48 hours of incubation at 37 degrees C. RESULTS The sensitivity and specificity values for C. albicans strains were found to be 99.4, 100% for CHROMagar Candida and 87.0, 75.2% for BiGGY agar, respectively. The sensitivity of CHROMagar Candida to identify C. tropicalis, C. glabrata and C. krusei ranged between 90.9 and 100% while the specificity was 100%. The sensitivity rates for BiGGY agar were 66.6 and 100% while the specificity values were found to be 95.4 and 100% for C. tropicalis and C. krusei, respectively. CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that the use of CHROMagar Candida is an easy and reliable method for the presumptive identification of most commonly isolated Candida species especially C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. krusei. The lower sensitivity and specificity of BiGGY agar to identify commonly isolated Candida species potentially limits the clinical usefulness of this agar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mine Yücesoy
- Dokuz Eylül University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Serhat Marol
- Dokuz Eylül University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Izmir, Turkey
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2002; 19:1373-80. [PMID: 12526113 DOI: 10.1002/yea.830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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