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Booth JM, Fusi M, Marasco R, Daffonchio D. The microbial landscape in bioturbated mangrove sediment: A resource for promoting nature-based solutions for mangroves. Microb Biotechnol 2023. [PMID: 37209285 PMCID: PMC10364319 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, soils and sediments are affected by the bioturbation activities of benthic species. The consequences of these activities are particularly impactful in intertidal sediment, which is generally anoxic and nutrient-poor. Mangrove intertidal sediments are of particular interest because, as the most productive forests and one of the most important stores of blue carbon, they provide global-scale ecosystem services. The mangrove sediment microbiome is fundamental for ecosystem functioning, influencing the efficiency of nutrient cycling and the abundance and distribution of key biological elements. Redox reactions in bioturbated sediment can be extremely complex, with one reaction creating a cascade effect on the succession of respiration pathways. This facilitates the overlap of different respiratory metabolisms important in the element cycles of the mangrove sediment, including carbon, nitrogen, sulphur and iron cycles, among others. Considering that all ecological functions and services provided by mangrove environments involve microorganisms, this work reviews the microbial roles in nutrient cycling in relation to bioturbation by animals and plants, the main mangrove ecosystem engineers. We highlight the diversity of bioturbating organisms and explore the diversity, dynamics and functions of the sediment microbiome, considering both the impacts of bioturbation. Finally, we review the growing evidence that bioturbation, through altering the sediment microbiome and environment, determining a 'halo effect', can ameliorate conditions for plant growth, highlighting the potential of the mangrove microbiome as a nature-based solution to sustain mangrove development and support the role of this ecosystem to deliver essential ecological services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M Booth
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Coastal Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Marco Fusi
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Centre for Conservation and Restoration Science, School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
- Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, UK
| | - Ramona Marasco
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daniele Daffonchio
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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2
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A regulatory hydrogenase gene cluster observed in the thioautotrophic symbiont of Bathymodiolus mussel in the East Pacific Rise. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22232. [PMID: 36564432 PMCID: PMC9789115 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26669-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mytilid mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus lives in the deep-sea hydrothermal vent regions due to its relationship with chemosynthetic symbiotic bacteria. It is well established that symbionts reside in the gill bacteriocytes of the mussel and can utilize hydrogen sulfide, methane, and hydrogen from the surrounding environment. However, it is observed that some mussel symbionts either possess or lack genes for hydrogen metabolism within the single-ribotype population and host mussel species level. Here, we found a hydrogenase cluster consisting of additional H2-sensing hydrogenase subunits in a complete genome of B. thermophilus symbiont sampled from an individual mussel from the East Pacific Rise (EPR9N). Also, we found methylated regions sparsely distributed throughout the EPR9N genome, mainly in the transposase regions and densely present in the rRNA gene regions. CRISPR diversity analysis confirmed that this genome originated from a single symbiont strain. Furthermore, from the comparative analysis, we observed variation in genome size, gene content, and genome re-arrangements across individual hosts suggesting multiple symbiont strains can associate with B. thermophilus. The ability to acquire locally adaptive various symbiotic strains may serve as an effective mechanism for successfully colonizing different chemosynthetic environments across the global oceans by host mussels.
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Baldassarre L, Levy S, Bar-Shalom R, Steindler L, Lotan T, Fraune S. Contribution of Maternal and Paternal Transmission to Bacterial Colonization in Nematostella vectensis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:726795. [PMID: 34707584 PMCID: PMC8544946 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.726795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities confer multiple beneficial effects to their multicellular hosts. To evaluate the evolutionary and ecological implications of the animal-microbe interactions, it is essential to understand how bacterial colonization is secured and maintained during the transition from one generation to the next. However, the mechanisms of symbiont transmission are poorly studied for many species, especially in marine environments, where the surrounding water constitutes an additional source of microbes. Nematostella vectensis, an estuarine cnidarian, has recently emerged as model organism for studies on host-microbes interactions. Here, we use this model organism to study the transmission of bacterial colonizers, evaluating the contribution of parental and environmental transmission to the establishment of bacterial communities of the offspring. We induced spawning in adult male and female polyps of N. vectensis and used their gametes for five individual fertilization experiments. While embryos developed into primary polyps, we sampled each developmental stage and its corresponding medium samples. By analyzing the microbial community compositions of all samples through 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, we showed that all host tissues harbor microbiota significantly different from the surrounding medium. Interestingly, oocytes and sperms are associated with distinct bacterial communities, indicating the specific vertical transmission of bacterial colonizers by the gametes. These differences were consistent among all the five families analyzed. By overlapping the identified bacterial ASVs associated with gametes, offspring and parents, we identified specific bacterial ASVs that are well supported candidates for vertical transmission via mothers and fathers. This is the first study investigating bacteria transmission in N. vectensis, and among few on marine spawners that do not brood larvae. Our results shed light on the consistent yet distinct maternal and paternal transfer of bacterial symbionts along the different life stages and generations of an aquatic invertebrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Baldassarre
- Institute for Zoology and Organismic Interactions, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale - OGS, Sezione di Oceanografia, Trieste, Italy
| | - Shani Levy
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rinat Bar-Shalom
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Laura Steindler
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tamar Lotan
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sebastian Fraune
- Institute for Zoology and Organismic Interactions, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Cutting out the middle clam: lucinid endosymbiotic bacteria are also associated with seagrass roots worldwide. ISME JOURNAL 2020; 14:2901-2905. [PMID: 32929207 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00771-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Seagrasses and lucinid bivalves inhabit highly reduced sediments with elevated sulphide concentrations. Lucinids house symbiotic bacteria (Ca. Thiodiazotropha) capable of oxidising sediment sulphide, and their presence in sediments has been proposed to promote seagrass growth by decreasing otherwise phytotoxic sulphide levels. However, vast and productive seagrass meadows are present in ecosystems where lucinids do not occur. Hence, we hypothesised that seagrasses themselves host these sulphur-oxidising Ca. Thiodiazotropha that could aid their survival when lucinids are absent. We analysed newly generated and publicly available 16S rRNA gene sequences from seagrass roots and sediments across 14 seagrass species and 10 countries and found that persistent and colonising seagrasses across the world harbour sulphur-oxidising Ca. Thiodiazotropha, regardless of the presence of lucinids. We used fluorescence in situ hybridisation to visually confirm the presence of Ca. Thiodiazotropha on roots of Halophila ovalis, a colonising seagrass species with wide geographical, water depth range, and sedimentary sulphide concentrations. We provide the first evidence that Ca. Thiodiazotropha are commonly present on seagrass roots, providing another mechanism for seagrasses to alleviate sulphide stress globally.
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Sass K, Güllert S, Streit WR, Perner M. A hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium enriched from the open ocean resembling a symbiont. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020; 12:396-405. [PMID: 32338395 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A new autotrophic hydrogen-oxidizing Chromatiaceae bacterium, namely bacterium CTD079, was enriched from a water column sample at 1500 m water depth in the southern Pacific Ocean. Based on the phylogeny of 16S rRNA genes, it was closely related to a scaly snail endosymbiont (99.2% DNA sequence identity) whose host so far is only known to colonize hydrothermal vents along the Indian ridge. The average nucleotide identity between the genomes of CTD079 and the snail endosymbiont was 91%. The observed differences likely reflect adaptations to their specific habitats. For example, CTD079 encodes additional enzymes like the formate dehydrogenase increasing the organism's spectrum of energy generation pathways. Other additional physiological features of CTD079 included the increase of viral defence strategies, secretion systems and specific transporters for essential elements. These important genome characteristics suggest an adaptation to life in the open ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Sass
- Molecular Biology of Microbial Consortia, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Microbiology and Biotechnology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon Güllert
- Microbiology and Biotechnology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang R Streit
- Microbiology and Biotechnology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mirjam Perner
- Molecular Biology of Microbial Consortia, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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6
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Taxonomic and functional heterogeneity of the gill microbiome in a symbiotic coastal mangrove lucinid species. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 13:902-920. [PMID: 30518817 PMCID: PMC6461927 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0318-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Lucinidae clams harbor gammaproteobacterial thioautotrophic gill endosymbionts that are environmentally acquired. Thioautotrophic lucinid symbionts are related to metabolically similar symbionts associated with diverse marine host taxa and fall into three distinct phylogenetic clades. Most studies on the lucinid–bacteria chemosymbiosis have been done with seagrass-dwelling hosts, whose symbionts belong to the largest phylogenetic clade. In this study, we examined the taxonomy and functional repertoire of bacterial endosymbionts at an unprecedented resolution from Phacoides pectinatus retrieved from mangrove-lined coastal sediments, which are underrepresented in chemosymbiosis studies. The P. pectinatus thioautotrophic endosymbiont expressed metabolic gene variants for thioautotrophy, respiration, and nitrogen assimilation distinct from previously characterized lucinid thioautotrophic symbionts and other marine symbionts. At least two other bacterial species with different metabolisms were also consistently identified in the P. pectinatus gill microbiome, including a Kistimonas-like species and a Spirochaeta-like species. Bacterial transcripts involved in adhesion, growth, and virulence and mixotrophy were highly expressed, as were host-related hemoglobin and lysozyme transcripts indicative of sulfide/oxygen/CO2 transport and bactericidal activity. This study suggests the potential roles of P. pectinatus and its gill microbiome species in mangrove sediment biogeochemistry and offers insights into host and microbe metabolisms in the habitat.
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7
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Life and death in facultative chemosymbioses: control of bacterial population dynamics in the Thyasiridae. Symbiosis 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-017-0525-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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8
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Nitrogen fixation in a chemoautotrophic lucinid symbiosis. Nat Microbiol 2016; 2:16193. [PMID: 27775698 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The shallow water bivalve Codakia orbicularis lives in symbiotic association with a sulfur-oxidizing bacterium in its gills. The endosymbiont fixes CO2 and thus generates organic carbon compounds, which support the host's growth. To investigate the uncultured symbiont's metabolism and symbiont-host interactions in detail we conducted a proteogenomic analysis of purified bacteria. Unexpectedly, our results reveal a hitherto completely unrecognized feature of the C. orbicularis symbiont's physiology: the symbiont's genome encodes all proteins necessary for biological nitrogen fixation (diazotrophy). Expression of the respective genes under standard ambient conditions was confirmed by proteomics. Nitrogenase activity in the symbiont was also verified by enzyme activity assays. Phylogenetic analysis of the bacterial nitrogenase reductase NifH revealed the symbiont's close relationship to free-living nitrogen-fixing Proteobacteria from the seagrass sediment. The C. orbicularis symbiont, here tentatively named 'Candidatus Thiodiazotropha endolucinida', may thus not only sustain the bivalve's carbon demands. C. orbicularis may also benefit from a steady supply of fixed nitrogen from its symbiont-a scenario that is unprecedented in comparable chemoautotrophic symbioses.
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9
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Szafranski KM, Deschamps P, Cunha MR, Gaudron SM, Duperron S. Colonization of plant substrates at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in the northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean and occurrence of symbiont-related bacteria. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:162. [PMID: 25774156 PMCID: PMC4343019 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing conditions with elevated sulfide and methane concentrations in ecosystems such as hydrothermal vents, cold seeps or organic falls, are suitable for chemosynthetic primary production. Understanding processes driving bacterial diversity, colonization and dispersal is of prime importance for deep-sea microbial ecology. This study provides a detailed characterization of bacterial assemblages colonizing plant-derived substrates using a standardized approach over a geographic area spanning the North-East Atlantic and Mediterranean. Wood and alfalfa substrates in colonization devices were deployed for different periods at 8 deep-sea chemosynthesis-based sites in four distinct geographic areas. Pyrosequencing of a fragment of the 16S rRNA-encoding gene was used to describe bacterial communities. Colonization occurred within the first 14 days. The diversity was higher in samples deployed for more than 289 days. After 289 days, no relation was observed between community richness and deployment duration, suggesting that diversity may have reached saturation sometime in between. Communities in long-term deployments were different, and their composition was mainly influenced by the geographical location where devices were deployed. Numerous sequences related to horizontally-transmitted chemosynthetic symbionts of metazoans were identified. Their potential status as free-living forms of these symbionts was evaluated based on sequence similarity with demonstrated symbionts. Results suggest that some free-living forms of metazoan symbionts or their close relatives, such as Epsilonproteobacteria associated with the shrimp Rimicaris exoculata, are efficient colonizers of plant substrates at vents and seeps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil M Szafranski
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR 7208, Adaptation aux Milieux Extrêmes Paris, France ; UMR MNHN UPMC CNRS IRD UCBN 7208, Biologie des Organismes Aquatiques et Ecosystèmes Paris, France
| | - Philippe Deschamps
- UMR8079 Unité d'Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, CNRS Université Paris-Sud 11 Orsay, France
| | - Marina R Cunha
- Departamento de Biologia and CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sylvie M Gaudron
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR 7208, Adaptation aux Milieux Extrêmes Paris, France ; UMR MNHN UPMC CNRS IRD UCBN 7208, Biologie des Organismes Aquatiques et Ecosystèmes Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Duperron
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR 7208, Adaptation aux Milieux Extrêmes Paris, France ; UMR MNHN UPMC CNRS IRD UCBN 7208, Biologie des Organismes Aquatiques et Ecosystèmes Paris, France ; Institut Universitaire de France Paris, France
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10
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Characterization of Bacterial Symbionts in Deep-Sea Fauna: Protocols for Sample Conditioning, Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization, and Image Analysis. SPRINGER PROTOCOLS HANDBOOKS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/8623_2015_73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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11
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König S, Le Guyader H, Gros O. Thioautotrophic bacterial endosymbionts are degraded by enzymatic digestion during starvation: Case study of two lucinidsCodakia orbicularisandC. orbiculata. Microsc Res Tech 2014; 78:173-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sten König
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR 7138 - Evolution Paris-Seine, Equipe Biologie de la Mangrove, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, UFR des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles; Département de Biologie; BP 592. 97159 Pointe-à-Pitre Cedex Guadeloupe France
| | - Hervé Le Guyader
- Sorbonne Universités Paris VI, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR 7138 - Evolution Paris-Seine, Equipe Phylogénie, Anatomie, Evolution, C.N.R.S, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR 7138 - Evolution Paris-Seine, Equipe Biologie de la Mangrove
| | - Olivier Gros
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR 7138 - Evolution Paris-Seine, Equipe Biologie de la Mangrove, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, UFR des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles; Département de Biologie; BP 592. 97159 Pointe-à-Pitre Cedex Guadeloupe France
- C3MAG, UFR des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles; Université des Antilles et de la Guyane; BP 592 - 97159 Pointe-à-Pitre Guadeloupe French West Indies
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12
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Dufour SC, Laurich JR, Batstone RT, McCuaig B, Elliott A, Poduska KM. Magnetosome-containing bacteria living as symbionts of bivalves. ISME JOURNAL 2014; 8:2453-62. [PMID: 24914799 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2014.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria containing magnetosomes (protein-bound nanoparticles of magnetite or greigite) are common to many sedimentary habitats, but have never been found before to live within another organism. Here, we show that octahedral inclusions in the extracellular symbionts of the marine bivalve Thyasira cf. gouldi contain iron, can exhibit magnetic contrast and are most likely magnetosomes. Based on 16S rRNA sequence analysis, T. cf. gouldi symbionts group with symbiotic and free-living sulfur-oxidizing, chemolithoautotrophic gammaproteobacteria, including the symbionts of other thyasirids. T. cf. gouldi symbionts occur both among the microvilli of gill epithelial cells and in sediments surrounding the bivalves, and are therefore facultative. We propose that free-living T. cf. gouldi symbionts use magnetotaxis as a means of locating the oxic-anoxic interface, an optimal microhabitat for chemolithoautotrophy. T. cf. gouldi could acquire their symbionts from near-burrow sediments (where oxic-anoxic interfaces likely develop due to the host's bioirrigating behavior) using their superextensile feet, which could transfer symbionts to gill surfaces upon retraction into the mantle cavity. Once associated with their host, however, symbionts need not maintain structures for magnetotaxis as the host makes oxygen and reduced sulfur available via bioirrigation and sulfur-mining behaviors. Indeed, we show that within the host, symbionts lose the integrity of their magnetosome chain (and possibly their flagellum). Symbionts are eventually endocytosed and digested in host epithelial cells, and magnetosomes accumulate in host cytoplasm. Both host and symbiont behaviors appear important to symbiosis establishment in thyasirids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne C Dufour
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Jason R Laurich
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Rebecca T Batstone
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Bonita McCuaig
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Alexander Elliott
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Kristin M Poduska
- Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X7, Canada
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Direct evidence for maternal inheritance of bacterial symbionts in small deep-sea clams (Bivalvia: Vesicomyidae). Naturwissenschaften 2014; 101:373-83. [PMID: 24622961 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-014-1165-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial symbiont transmission is a key step in the renewal of the symbiotic interaction at each host generation, and different modes of transmission can be distinguished. Vesicomyidae are chemosynthetic bivalves from reducing habitats that rely on symbiosis with sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, in which two studies suggesting vertical transmission of symbionts have been published, both limited by the imaging techniques used. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization and transmission electron microscopy, we demonstrate that bacterial symbionts of Isorropodon bigoti, a gonochoristic Vesicomyidae from the Guiness cold seep site, occur intracellularly within female gametes at all stages of gametogenesis from germ cells to mature oocytes and in early postlarval stage. Symbionts are completely absent from the male gonad and gametes. This study confirms the transovarial transmission of symbionts in Vesicomyidae and extends it to the smaller species for which no data were previously available.
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14
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Gros O, Elisabeth NH, Gustave SDD, Caro A, Dubilier N. Plasticity of symbiont acquisition throughout the life cycle of the shallow-water tropical lucinid Codakia orbiculata (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Environ Microbiol 2012; 14:1584-95. [PMID: 22672589 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02748.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In marine invertebrates that acquire their symbionts from the environment, these are generally only taken up during early developmental stages. In the symbiosis between lucinid clams and their intracellular sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, it has been shown that the juveniles acquire their symbionts from an environmental stock of free-living symbiont forms, but it is not known if adult clams are still competent to take up symbiotic bacteria from the environment. In this study, we investigated symbiont acquisition in adult specimens of the lucinid clam Codakia orbiculata, using transmission electron microscopy, fluorescence in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and PCR. We show here that adults that had no detectable symbionts after starvation in aquaria for 6 months, rapidly reacquired symbionts within days after being returned to their natural environments in the field. Control specimens that were starved and then exposed to seawater aquaria with sulfide did not reacquire symbionts. This indicates that the reacquisition of symbionts in the starved clams returned to the field was not caused by high division rates of a small pool of remaining symbionts that we were not able to detect with the methods used here. Immunohistochemistry with an antibody against actin, a protein involved in the phagocytosis of intracellular bacteria, showed that actin was expressed at the apical ends of the gill cells that took up symbionts, providing further evidence that the symbionts were acquired from the environment. Interestingly, actin expression was also observed in symbiont-containing cells of untreated lucinids freshly collected from the environment, indicating that symbiont acquisition from the environment occurs continuously in these clams throughout their lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Gros
- UMR-CNRS 7138, Systématique-Adaptation-Evolution, Equipe Biologie de la mangrove, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, UFR des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Département de Biologie, Pointe-à-Pitre Cedex, Guadeloupe, France.
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15
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Elisabeth NH, Gustave SD, Gros O. Cell proliferation and apoptosis in gill filaments of the lucinid Codakia orbiculata (Montagu, 1808) (Mollusca: Bivalvia) during bacterial decolonization and recolonization. Microsc Res Tech 2012; 75:1136-46. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Lechaire JP, Frébourg G, Gaill F, Gros O. In situ localization of sulphur in the thioautotrophic symbiotic model Lucina pectinata (Gmelin, 1791) by cryo-EFTEM microanalysis. Biol Cell 2012; 98:163-70. [PMID: 15892692 DOI: 10.1042/bc20040502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Lucina pectinata is a large tropical lucinid known to harbour sulphide-oxidizing bacteria in specialized gill cells. Conventional TEM (transmission electron microscopy) has shown that bacteriocytes also harbour visibly 'empty' vesicles whose chemical content remains, to date, only roughly determined. RESULTS In the present study, L. pectinata gill tissues were cryo-fixed as fast as possible by performing high-pressure freezing before a freeze-substitution process and finally performing a cryo-embedding in Lowicryl. Ultrathin sections were then used for a cryo-EFTEM (where EFTEM stands for energy-filtered TEM) microanalysis. Results show that bacteriocytes within the gill tissues contain elemental sulphur in small vesicles produced by the host itself. In instances of sporadic depletion of sulphur in the environment, such structures may act as energy sources for bacterial endosymbionts. CONCLUSIONS The cryo-EFTEM techniques represent (i) the only method used to date to locate and preserve sulphur at the cellular level and (ii) a powerful tool for sulphur metabolism analysis in thioautotrophic symbiont relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Lechaire
- UMR 7138 Systématique, Adaptation, Evolution, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Bât A, 4ème étage, 7, Quai Saint Bernard 75005, Paris, France.
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Heindl NR, Gruber-Vodicka HR, Bayer C, Lücker S, Ott JA, Bulgheresi S. First detection of thiotrophic symbiont phylotypes in the pelagic marine environment. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2011; 77:223-7. [PMID: 21434948 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01096.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine oligochaete and nematode thiotrophic symbionts (MONTS) form a phylogenetic cluster within the Gammaproteobacteria. For the symbionts that live on the nematode surface, environmental transmission is likely. However, until now, no free-living relatives have been found. In this study, we detected MONTS cluster members in offshore surface seawater of both the Caribbean and the Mediterranean Sea by PCR amplification of their 16S rRNA genes. This is the first evidence of members of this cluster in the pelagic environment. These may either be free-living forms of the symbionts or closely related, nonsymbiotic strains. In either case, their existence sheds light on the evolution of beneficial symbioses between shallow water invertebrates and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels R Heindl
- Department of Genetics in Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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18
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Maurin LC, Himmel D, Mansot JL, Gros O. Raman microspectrometry as a powerful tool for a quick screening of thiotrophy: an application on mangrove swamp meiofauna of Guadeloupe (F.W.I.). MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2010; 69:382-389. [PMID: 20202680 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The mangrove swamp environment constitutes a sulphide rich habitat harbouring some thioautotrophic organisms. The ciliate Zoothamnium niveum and the nematode Eubostrichus dianae, both known to live associated with bacterial sulphide-oxidizing ectosymbionts, were analysed as positive controls by Raman microspectrometry. The detection of the 3 Raman bands characteristic of elemental sulphur (S(8)) allows us to define a positive model of sulphide-oxidizing symbiotic invertebrates and by extrapolation, of thioautotrophic organisms. A fast screening using this tool was carried out on eukaryotic organisms such as hydrozoan, nematodes, annelids, copepods, and ciliate (Pseudovorticella sp.) and on free-living filamentous bacteria found on decomposing leaves in order to detect thioautotrophic organisms. The Raman microspectrometry permits us: (i) to reveal thioautotrophic metabolism of free-living bacteria (Beggiatoa sp.) and even for Archaea and (ii) to detect sulphide-oxidizing endosymbiotic and ectosymbiotic bacteria associated with the Bivalve Lucina pectinata and Pseudovorticella sp., respectively. Raman microspectrometry represents a fast, easy and non destructive technique which can be used on living organisms without constraints of sample size. The Raman analysis can also be completed by ultrastructural analysis (SEM, TEM) on the same sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie C Maurin
- UMR-CNRS 7138, Systématique-Adaptation-Evolution, Equipe Biologie de la mangrove, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, UFR des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Département de Biologie, Pointe-à-Pitre Cedex, Guadeloupe, France.
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19
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Abstract
The perpetuation of symbioses through host generations relies on symbiont transmission. Horizontally transmitted symbionts are taken up from the environment anew by each host generation, and vertically transmitted symbionts are most often transferred through the female germ line. Mixed modes also exist. In this Review we describe the journey of symbionts from the initial contact to their final residence. We provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms that mediate symbiont attraction and accumulation, interpartner recognition and selection, as well as symbiont confrontation with the host immune system. We also discuss how the two main transmission modes shape the evolution of the symbiotic partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bright
- University of Vienna, Department of Marine Biology, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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20
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21
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Petersen JM, Ramette A, Lott C, Cambon-Bonavita MA, Zbinden M, Dubilier N. Dual symbiosis of the vent shrimp Rimicaris exoculata with filamentous gamma- and epsilonproteobacteria at four Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vent fields. Environ Microbiol 2009; 12:2204-18. [PMID: 21966914 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The shrimp Rimicaris exoculata from hydrothermal vents on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) harbours bacterial epibionts on specialized appendages and the inner surfaces of its gill chamber. Using comparative 16S rRNA sequence analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), we examined the R. exoculata epibiosis from four vents sites along the known distribution range of the shrimp on the MAR. Our results show that R. exoculata lives in symbiosis with two types of filamentous epibionts. One belongs to the Epsilonproteobacteria, and was previously identified as the dominant symbiont of R. exoculata. The second is a novel gammaproteobacterial symbiont that belongs to a clade consisting exclusively of sequences from epibiotic bacteria of hydrothermal vent animals, with the filamentous sulfur oxidizer Leucothrix mucor as the closest free-living relative. Both the epsilon- and the gammaproteobacterial symbionts dominated the R. exoculata epibiosis at all four MAR vent sites despite striking differences between vent fluid chemistry and distances between sites of up to 8500 km, indicating that the symbiosis is highly stable and specific. Phylogenetic analyses of two mitochondrial host genes showed little to no differences between hosts from the four vent sites. In contrast, there was significant spatial structuring of both the gamma- and the epsilonproteobacterial symbiont populations based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences that was correlated with geographic distance along the MAR. We hypothesize that biogeography and host-symbiont selectivity play a role in structuring the epibiosis of R. exoculata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian M Petersen
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, 28359, Bremen, Germany
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22
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Bayer C, Heindl NR, Rinke C, Lücker S, Ott JA, Bulgheresi S. Molecular characterization of the symbionts associated with marine nematodes of the genus Robbea. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2009; 1:136-144. [PMID: 19838308 PMCID: PMC2761003 DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-2229.2009.00019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Marine nematodes that carry sulfur-oxidizing bacteria on their cuticle (Stilbonematinae, Desmodoridae) migrate between oxidized and reduced sand layers thereby supplying their symbionts with oxygen and sulfide. These symbionts, in turn, constitute the worms' major food source. Due to the accessibility, abundance and relative simplicity of this association, stilbonematids may be useful to understand symbiosis establishment. Nevertheless, only the symbiont of Laxus oneistus has been found to constitute one single phylotype within the Gammaproteobacteria. Here, we characterized the symbionts of three yet undescribed nematodes that were morphologically identified as members of the genus Robbea. They were collected at the island of Corsica, the Cayman Islands and the Belize Barrier Reef. The surface of these worms is covered by a single layer of morphologically undistinguishable bacteria. 18S rDNA-based phylogenetic analysis showed that all three species belong to the Stilbonematinae, although they do not form a distinct cluster within that subfamily. 16S rDNA-based analysis of the symbionts placed them interspersed in the cluster comprising the sulfur-oxidizing symbionts of L. oneistus and of marine gutless oligochaetes. Finally, the presence and phylogeny of the aprA gene indicated that the symbionts of all three nematodes can use reduced sulfur compounds as an energy source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Bayer
- Departments of Marine Biology, University of ViennaAlthanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Niels R Heindl
- Departments of Marine Biology, University of ViennaAlthanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Rinke
- Departments of Marine Biology, University of ViennaAlthanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian Lücker
- Departments of Microbial Ecology, University of ViennaAlthanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Joerg A Ott
- Departments of Marine Biology, University of ViennaAlthanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvia Bulgheresi
- Departments of Marine Biology, University of ViennaAlthanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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23
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Brissac T, Gros O, Merçot H. Lack of endosymbiont release by two Lucinidae (Bivalvia) of the genus Codakia: consequences for symbiotic relationships. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2009; 67:261-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00626.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Dubilier N, Bergin C, Lott C. Symbiotic diversity in marine animals: the art of harnessing chemosynthesis. Nat Rev Microbiol 2008; 6:725-40. [DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 687] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that deep-sea vestimentiferan tube worms acquire their endosymbiotic bacteria from the environment each generation; thus, free-living symbionts should exist. Here, free-living tube worm symbiont phylotypes were detected in vent seawater and in biofilms at multiple deep-sea vent habitats by PCR amplification, DNA sequence analysis, and fluorescence in situ hybridization. These findings support environmental transmission as a means of symbiont acquisition for deep-sea tube worms.
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26
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Duperron S, Fiala-Médioni A, Caprais JC, Olu K, Sibuet M. Evidence for chemoautotrophic symbiosis in a Mediterranean cold seep clam (Bivalvia: Lucinidae): comparative sequence analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA, APS reductase and RubisCO genes. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2007; 59:64-70. [PMID: 17233745 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00194.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbioses between lucinid clams (Bivalvia: Lucinidae) and autotrophic sulphide-oxidizing bacteria have mainly been studied in shallow coastal species, and information regarding deep-sea species is scarce. Here we study the symbiosis of a clam, resembling Lucinoma kazani, which was recently collected in sediment cores from new cold-seep sites in the vicinity of the Nile deep-sea fan, eastern Mediterranean, at depths ranging from 507 to 1691 m. A dominant bacterial phylotype, related to the sulphide-oxidizing symbiont of Lucinoma aequizonata, was identified in gill tissue by comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. A second phylotype, related to spirochete sequences, was identified twice in a library of 94 clones. Comparative analyses of gene sequences encoding the APS reductase alpha subunit and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase support the hypothesis that the dominant symbiont can perform sulphide oxidation and autotrophy. Transmission electron micrographs of gills confirmed the dominance of sulphide-oxidizing bacteria, which display typical vacuoles, and delta(13)C values measured in gill and foot tissue further support the hypothesis for a chemoautotrophic-sourced host carbon nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Duperron
- UMR 7138, Adaptation aux milieux extrêmes, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
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27
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Stewart FJ, Newton ILG, Cavanaugh CM. Chemosynthetic endosymbioses: adaptations to oxic–anoxic interfaces. Trends Microbiol 2005; 13:439-48. [PMID: 16054816 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2005.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2005] [Revised: 06/30/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemosynthetic endosymbioses occur ubiquitously at oxic-anoxic interfaces in marine environments. In these mutualisms, bacteria living directly within the cell of a eukaryotic host oxidize reduced chemicals (sulfur or methane), fueling their own energetic and biosynthetic needs, in addition to those of their host. In habitats such as deep-sea hydrothermal vents, chemosynthetic symbioses dominate the biomass, contributing substantially to primary production. Although these symbionts have yet to be cultured, physiological, biochemical and molecular approaches have provided insights into symbiont genetics and metabolism, as well as into symbiont-host interactions, adaptations and ecology. Recent studies of endosymbiont biology are reviewed, with emphasis on a conceptual model of thioautotrophic metabolism and studies linking symbiont physiology with the geochemical environment. We also discuss current and future research directions, focusing on the use of genome analyses to reveal mechanisms that initiate and sustain the symbiont-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Stewart
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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28
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Naganuma T, Elsaied HE, Hoshii D, Kimura H. Bacterial endosymbioses of gutless tube-dwelling worms in nonhydrothermal vent habitats. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2005; 7:416-28. [PMID: 16088356 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-004-5089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Accepted: 04/28/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Gutless tube-dwelling worms of pogonophorans (also known as frenulates) and vestimentiferans depend on primary production of endosymbiotic bacteria. The endosymbionts include thiotrophs that oxidize sulfur for autotrophic production and methanotrophs that oxidize and assimilate methane. Although most of the pogonophoran and vestimentiferan tube worms possess single thiotrophic 16S rRNA genes (16S rDNA) related to gamma-proteobacteria, some pogonohorans are known to bear single methanotroph species or even dual symbionts of thiotrophs and methanotrophs. The vestimentiferan Lamellibrachia sp. L1 shows symbiotic 16S rDNA sequences of alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and epsilon-proteobacteria, varying among specimens, with RuBisCO form II gene (cbbM) sequences related to beta-proteobacteria. An unidentified pogonophoran from the world's deepest cold seep, 7326-m deep in the Japan Trench, hosts a symbiotic thiotroph based on 16S rDNA with the RuBisCO form I gene (cbbL). In contrast, a shallow-water pogonophoran (Oligobrachia mashikoi) in coastal Japan Sea has a methanotrophic 16S rDNA and thiotrophic cbbL, which may suggest the feature of type X methanotrophs. These observations demonstrate that pogonophoran and vestimentiferan worms have higher plasticity in bacterial symbioses than previously suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Naganuma
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan.
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29
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Stewart FJ, Cavanaugh CM. Symbiosis of Thioautotrophic Bacteria with Riftia pachyptila. MOLECULAR BASIS OF SYMBIOSIS 2005; 41:197-225. [PMID: 16623395 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-28221-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Stewart
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, The Biological Laboratories, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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