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Carvalho FM, Azevedo A, Ferreira MM, Mergulhão FJM, Gomes LC. Advances on Bacterial and Fungal Biofilms for the Production of Added-Value Compounds. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081126. [PMID: 36009752 PMCID: PMC9405441 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The production of bio-based materials, including organic acids, antibiotics, enzymes, ethanol, and hydrogen, is generally done by the cultivation of suspended cells rather than using immobilized cells. However, several studies suggest the application of productive biofilms as a reliable alternative for biocatalysis, with many advantages over suspended-growth systems. This review gives an overview of the breakthrough in the application of biofilm platforms for the sustainable production of valuable compounds, with particular insight into the latest advances in the production of recombinant proteins. Productive biofilms are shown to improve production rates and product yields, demonstrating great potential for industrial applications. Abstract In recent years, abundant research has been performed on biofilms for the production of compounds with biotechnological and industrial relevance. The use of biofilm platforms has been seen as a compelling approach to producing fine and bulk chemicals such as organic acids, alcohols, and solvents. However, the production of recombinant proteins using this system is still scarce. Biofilm reactors are known to have higher biomass density, operational stability, and potential for long-term operation than suspended cell reactors. In addition, there is an increasing demand to harness industrial and agricultural wastes and biorefinery residues to improve process sustainability and reduce production costs. The synthesis of recombinant proteins and other high-value compounds is mainly achieved using suspended cultures of bacteria, yeasts, and fungi. This review discusses the use of biofilm reactors for the production of recombinant proteins and other added-value compounds using bacteria and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio M. Carvalho
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (F.M.C.); (A.A.); (M.M.F.); (F.J.M.M.)
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Azevedo
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (F.M.C.); (A.A.); (M.M.F.); (F.J.M.M.)
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta M. Ferreira
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (F.M.C.); (A.A.); (M.M.F.); (F.J.M.M.)
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipe J. M. Mergulhão
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (F.M.C.); (A.A.); (M.M.F.); (F.J.M.M.)
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luciana C. Gomes
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (F.M.C.); (A.A.); (M.M.F.); (F.J.M.M.)
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Patel A, Carlson RP, Henson MA. In silico analysis of synthetic multispecies biofilms for cellobiose-to-isobutanol conversion reveals design principles for stable and productive communities. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Valorization of agro-wastes for the biosynthesis and characterization of polyhydroxybutyrate by Bacillus sp. isolated from rice bran dumping yard. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:202. [PMID: 33927992 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02722-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations have been made to determine the usage of inexpensive agro-waste products as an alternative carbon source for the production of degradable bacterial polyester. Among 33 bacterial isolates, a gram-positive bacterium PPECLRB-16 isolated from rice bran dumping yard was found to accumulate a relatively higher quantity of PHB and identified as Bacillus sp. through 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The higher PHB producing bacterial isolate was grown with different inexpensive agro-wastes to determine the suitable carbon source for its growth and PHB production. The one-factor-at-a-time approach comparatively enhanced PHB yield (5.64 g/L) when grown for 48 h with 1.5% (w/v) of defatted oil cake at a pH of 7.0. The bacterially accumulated PHB was isolated from the cells, purified, and characterized using solid-state 13C NMR, FT-IR, Powder XRD, TGA, GPC, Tensile and HR-SEM analyses. The hydrophobicity and printing accessibility of recovered PHB were demonstrated using contact angle measurement by coating on different surfaces. The results obtained in the present investigation have thrown light on the potential usage of agro-waste by-products, mainly oil cake, as an appropriate carbon source for the commercial production of PHB by Bacillus sp. in a cost-effective way.
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Biofilm reactors for value-added products production: An in-depth review. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kovalcik A, Obruca S, Marova I. Valorization of spent coffee grounds: A review. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Optimization of the chemolithoautotrophic biofilm growth of Cupriavidus necator by means of electrochemical hydrogen synthesis. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-018-0382-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Todhanakasem T. Developing microbial biofilm as a robust biocatalyst and its challenges. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2017.1295230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsaporn Todhanakasem
- Department of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Assumption University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Khoei NS, Andreolli M, Lampis S, Vallini G, Turner RJ. A comparison of the response of twoBurkholderia fungorumstrains grown as planktonic cells versus biofilm to dibenzothiophene and select polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Can J Microbiol 2016; 62:851-860. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2016-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In natural environments, bacteria often exist in close association with surfaces and interfaces by establishing biofilms. Here, we report on the ability of Burkholderia fungorum strains DBT1 and 95 to survive in high concentrations of hydrocarbons, and we compare their growth as a biofilm vs. planktonic cells. The 2 compounds tested were dibenzothiophene (DBT) and a mixture of naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene (5:2:1) as representative compounds of thiophenes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), respectively. The results showed that both strains were able to degrade DBT and to survive in the presence of up to a 2000 mg·L−1concentration of this compound both as a biofilm and as free-living cells. Moreover, B. fungorum DBT1 showed reduced tolerance towards the mixed PAHs (2000 mg·L−1naphthalene, 800 mg·L−1phenanthrene, and 400 mg·L−1pyrene) both as a biofilm and as free-living cells. Conversely, biofilms of B. fungorum 95 enhanced resistance against these toxic compounds compared with planktonic cells (P < 0.05). Visual observation through confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that exposure of biofilms to DBT and PAHs altered their structure: high concentrations of DBT triggered an aggregation of biofilm cells. These findings provide new perspectives on the effectiveness of using DBT-degrading bacterial strains in bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Seyed Khoei
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Andreolli
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Silvia Lampis
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vallini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Raymond J. Turner
- Biofilm Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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Ray S, Kalia VC. Microbial Cometabolism and Polyhydroxyalkanoate Co-polymers. Indian J Microbiol 2016; 57:39-47. [PMID: 28148978 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-016-0622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHAs) are natural, biodegradable biopolymers, which can be produced from renewable materials. PHAs have potential to replace petroleum derived plastics. Quite a few bacteria can produce PHA under nutritional stress. They generally produce homopolymers of butyrate i.e., polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), as a storage material. The biochemical characteristics of PHB such as brittleness, low strength, low elasticity, etc. make these unsuitable for commercial applications. Co-polymers of PHA, have high commercial value as they overcome the limitations of PHBs. Co-polymers can be produced by supplementing the feed with volatile fatty acids or through hydrolysates of different biowastes. In this review, we have listed the potential bacterial candidates and the substrates, which can be co-metabolized to produce PHA co-polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasree Ray
- Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007 India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 2, Rafi Marg, Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, 110001 India
| | - Vipin Chandra Kalia
- Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007 India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 2, Rafi Marg, Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, 110001 India
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Sawant SS, Salunke BK, Tran TK, Kim BS. Lignocellulosic and marine biomass as resource for production of polyhydroxyalkanoates. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-016-0019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Application of biofilm bioreactors in white biotechnology. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 146:123-61. [PMID: 24402458 DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The production of valuable compounds in industrial biotechnology is commonly done by cultivation of suspended cells or use of (immobilized) enzymes rather than using microorganisms in an immobilized state. Within the field of wastewater as well as odor treatment the application of immobilized cells is a proven technique. The cells are entrapped in a matrix of extracellular polymeric compounds produced by themselves. The surface-associated agglomerate of encapsulated cells is termed biofilm. In comparison to common immobilization techniques, toxic effects of compounds used for cell entrapment may be neglected. Although the economic impact of biofilm processes used for the production of valuable compounds is negligible, many prospective approaches were examined in the laboratory and on a pilot scale. This review gives an overview of biofilm reactors applied to the production of valuable compounds. Moreover, the characteristics of the utilized materials are discussed with respect to support of surface-attached microbial growth.
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Halan B, Buehler K, Schmid A. Biofilms as living catalysts in continuous chemical syntheses. Trends Biotechnol 2012; 30:453-65. [PMID: 22704028 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms are resilient to a wide variety of environmental stresses. This inherited robustness has been exploited mainly for bioremediation. With a better understanding of their physiology, the application of these living catalysts has been extended to the production of bulk and fine chemicals as well as towards biofuels, biohydrogen, and electricity production in microbial fuel cells. Numerous challenges call for novel solutions and concepts of analytics, biofilm reactor design, product recovery, and scale-up strategies. In this review, we highlight recent advancements in spatiotemporal biofilm characterization and new biofilm reactor developments for the production of value-added fine chemicals as well as current challenges and future scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babu Halan
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Strasse 66, Dortmund 44227, Germany
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Javers J, Karunanithy C. Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production by <i>Pseudomonas putida</i> KT217 on a Condensed Corn Solubles Based Medium Fed with Glycerol Water or Sunflower Soapstock. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2012.23029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Brem J, Liljeblad A, Paizs C, Toşa MI, Irimie FD, Kanerva LT. Lipases A and B from Candida antarctica in the enantioselective acylation of ethyl 3-heteroaryl-3-hydroxypropanoates: aspects on the preparation and enantiopreference. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2011.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Halan B, Schmid A, Buehler K. Maximizing the productivity of catalytic biofilms on solid supports in membrane aerated reactors. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 106:516-27. [PMID: 20229513 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A new solid support membrane aerated biofilm reactor was designed for the synthesis of enantiopure (S)-styrene oxide utilizing Pseudomonas sp. strain VLB120DeltaC growing in a biofilm as biocatalyst. In analogy to traditional packed bed systems, maximizing the volumetric oxygen mass transfer capability (k(L)a) was identified as the most critical issue enabling a consistent productivity, as this parameter was shown to directly influence biofilm growth and biotransformation performance. A microporous ceramic unit was identified as an ideal microenvironment for biofilm growth and for efficient oxygen transfer. A uniform and dense biofilm developed on this matrix. Due to this dual function, the reactor configuration could be significantly simplified by eliminating additional packing materials, as used in traditional packed bed reactors. Up to now, a maximum productivity of 28 g L(ab) (-1) day(-1) was achieved by integrating an in situ substrate feed and an in situ product recovery technique based on a silicone membrane. The system was stable for more than 30 days before it was actively terminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babu Halan
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Strasse. 66, Dortmund 44227, Germany
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Obruca S, Marova I, Svoboda Z, Mikulikova R. Use of controlled exogenous stress for improvement of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) production in Cupriavidus necator. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2010; 55:17-22. [PMID: 20336499 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-010-0003-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The PHB production by Cupriavidus necator H16 depends on the type and concentration of stress factors and on the time of stress application. Hydrogen peroxide and ethanol significantly enhanced PHB accumulation in C. necator cells. Improved yields (10.9 g/L PHB) were observed after exposure of bacterial culture to 0.5 mmol/L H2O2 at the beginning of cultivation and to additional peroxide stress (5 mmol/L H2O2) after 60 h of cultivation (beginning of the stationary phase). Production was then approximately 28 % higher than in control (8.50 g/L PHB). The highest yields (11.2 g/L PHB) were observed when ethanol (0.5 %) was applied at the beginning of stationary phase. An application of exogenous stress could thus be used as a simple strategy for a significant improvement of PHB production in C. necator.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Obruca
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Biotechnology, Brno University of Technology, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Constructing multispecies biofilms with defined compositions by sequential deposition of bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 86:1941-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Turcu MC, Rantapaju M, Kanerva LT. Applying Lipase Catalysis to Access the Enantiomers of Dorzolamide Intermediates. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Rosche B, Li XZ, Hauer B, Schmid A, Buehler K. Microbial biofilms: a concept for industrial catalysis? Trends Biotechnol 2009; 27:636-43. [PMID: 19783314 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Revised: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm reactors have long been commercially used in the treatment of wastewater and off-gas. New opportunities are arising with the rapid expansion of our understanding of biofilm biology over the last few years. Biofilms have great potential as industrial workhorses for the sustainable production of chemicals because of their inherent characteristics of self-immobilization, high resistance to reactants and long-term activity, which all facilitate continuous processing. A variety of biofilm reactor configurations have been explored for productive catalysis and some reactors have been operated continuously for months. Sectors that might particularly benefit from this biofilm approach include synthetic chemistry (ranging from specialty to bulk chemicals), bioenergy, biologics and the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Rosche
- The University of New South Wales, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Anderson GG, O'Toole GA. Innate and induced resistance mechanisms of bacterial biofilms. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2008; 322:85-105. [PMID: 18453273 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-75418-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are highly recalcitrant to antibiotic treatment, which holds serious consequences for therapy of infections that involve biofilms. The genetic mechanisms of this biofilm antibiotic resistance appear to fall into two general classes: innate resistance factors and induced resistance factors. Innate mechanisms are activated as part of the biofilm developmental pathway, the factors being integral parts of biofilm structure and physiology. Innate pathways include decreased diffusion of antibiotics through the biofilm matrix, decreased oxygen and nutrient availability accompanied by altered metabolic activity, formation of persisters, and other specific molecules not fitting into the above groups. Induced resistance factors include those resulting from induction by the antimicrobial agent itself. Biofilm antibiotic resistance is likely manifested as an intricate mixture of innate and induced mechanisms. Many researchers are currently trying to overcome this extreme biofilm antibiotic resistance by developing novel therapies aimed at disrupting biofilms and killing the constituent bacteria. These studies have led to the identification of several molecules that effectively disturb biofilm physiology, often by interrupting bacterial quorum sensing. In this manner, manipulation of innate and induced resistance pathways holds much promise for treatment of biofilm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Anderson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Li XZ, Hauer B, Rosche B. Single-species microbial biofilm screening for industrial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 76:1255-62. [PMID: 17653709 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2007] [Revised: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 06/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
While natural microbial biofilms often consist of multiple species, single-species biofilms are of great interest to biotechnology. The current study evaluates biofilm formation for common industrial and laboratory microorganisms. A total of 68 species of biosafety level one bacteria and yeasts from over 40 different genera and five phyla were screened by growing them in microtiter plates and estimating attached biomass by crystal violet staining. Most organisms showed biofilm formation on surfaces of polystyrene within 24 h. By changing a few simple conditions such as substratum characteristics, inoculum and nutrient availability, 66 strains (97%) demonstrated biofilm formation under at least one of the experimental conditions and over half of these strains were classified as strong biofilm formers, potentially suitable as catalysts in biofilm applications. Many non-motile bacteria were also strong biofilm formers. Biofilm morphologies were visualized for selected strains. A model organism, Zymomonas mobilis, easily established itself as a biofilm on various reactor packing materials, including stainless steel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhong Li
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Transformation of racemic ethyl 3-hydroxybutanoate into the (R)-enantiomer exploiting lipase catalysis and inversion of configuration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2007.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Polyhydroxybutyrate production from a novel feedstock derived from a wheat-based biorefinery. Enzyme Microb Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Li XZ, Webb JS, Kjelleberg S, Rosche B. Enhanced benzaldehyde tolerance in Zymomonas mobilis biofilms and the potential of biofilm applications in fine-chemical production. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:1639-44. [PMID: 16461720 PMCID: PMC1392954 DOI: 10.1128/aem.72.2.1639-1644.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2005] [Accepted: 12/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotransformation plays an increasingly important role in the industrial production of fine chemicals due to its high product specificity and low energy requirement. One challenge in biotransformation is the toxicity of substrates and/or products to biocatalytic microorganisms and enzymes. Biofilms are known for their enhanced tolerance of hostile environments compared to planktonic free-living cells. Zymomonas mobilis was used in this study as a model organism to examine the potential of surface-associated biofilms for biotransformation of chemicals into value-added products. Z. mobilis formed a biofilm with a complex three-dimensional architecture comprised of microcolonies with an average thickness of 20 microm, interspersed with water channels. Microscopic analysis and metabolic activity studies revealed that Z. mobilis biofilm cells were more tolerant to the toxic substrate benzaldehyde than planktonic cells were. When exposed to 50 mM benzaldehyde for 1 h, biofilm cells exhibited an average of 45% residual metabolic activity, while planktonic cells were completely inactivated. Three hours of exposure to 30 mM benzaldehyde resulted in sixfold-higher residual metabolic activity in biofilm cells than in planktonic cells. Cells inactivated by benzaldehyde were evenly distributed throughout the biofilm, indicating that the resistance mechanism was different from mass transfer limitation. We also found that enhanced tolerance to benzaldehyde was not due to the conversion of benzaldehyde into less toxic compounds. In the presence of glucose, Z. mobilis biofilms in continuous cultures transformed 10 mM benzaldehyde into benzyl alcohol at a steady rate of 8.11 g (g dry weight)(-1) day(-1) with a 90% molar yield over a 45-h production period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhong Li
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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