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Jin X, Zhou M, Chen S, Li D, Cao X, Liu B. Effects of pH alterations on stress- and aging-induced protein phase separation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:380. [PMID: 35750966 PMCID: PMC9232405 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04393-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Upon stress challenges, proteins/RNAs undergo liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) to fine-tune cell physiology and metabolism to help cells adapt to adverse environments. The formation of LLPS has been recently linked with intracellular pH, and maintaining proper intracellular pH homeostasis is known to be essential for the survival of organisms. However, organisms are constantly exposed to diverse stresses, which are accompanied by alterations in the intracellular pH. Aging processes and human diseases are also intimately linked with intracellular pH alterations. In this review, we summarize stress-, aging-, and cancer-associated pH changes together with the mechanisms by which cells regulate cytosolic pH homeostasis. How critical cell components undergo LLPS in response to pH alterations is also discussed, along with the functional roles of intracellular pH fluctuation in the regulation of LLPS. Further studies investigating the interplay of pH with other stressors in LLPS regulation and identifying protein responses to different pH levels will provide an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms underlying pH-driven LLPS in cell adaptation. Moreover, deciphering aging and disease-associated pH changes that influence LLPS condensate formation could lead to a deeper understanding of the functional roles of biomolecular condensates in aging and aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Shuxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Danqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Xiuling Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Beidong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China. .,Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, 413 90, Goteborg, Sweden. .,Center for Large-Scale Cell-Based Screening, Faculty of Science, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, 413 90, Goteborg, Sweden.
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Tran BM, Prabha H, Iyer A, O'Byrne C, Abee T, Poolman B. Measurement of Protein Mobility in Listeria monocytogenes Reveals a Unique Tolerance to Osmotic Stress and Temperature Dependence of Diffusion. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:640149. [PMID: 33679676 PMCID: PMC7925416 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.640149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein mobility in the cytoplasm is essential for cellular functions, and slow diffusion may limit the rates of biochemical reactions in the living cell. Here, we determined the apparent lateral diffusion coefficient (DL) of GFP in Listeria monocytogenes as a function of osmotic stress, temperature, and media composition. We find that DL is much less affected by hyperosmotic stress in L. monocytogenes than under similar conditions in Lactococcus lactis and Escherichia coli. We find a temperature optimum for protein diffusion in L. monocytogenes at 30°C, which deviates from predicted trends from the generalized Stokes-Einstein equation under dilute conditions and suggests that the structure of the cytoplasm and macromolecular crowding vary as a function of temperature. The turgor pressure of L. monocytogenes is comparable to other Gram-positive bacteria like Bacillus subtilis and L. lactis but higher in a knockout strain lacking the stress-inducible sigma factor SigB. We discuss these findings in the context of how L. monocytogenes survives during environmental transmission and interaction with the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buu Minh Tran
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Haritha Prabha
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Aditya Iyer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Conor O'Byrne
- School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Tjakko Abee
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Bert Poolman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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3
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Nguyen T, Kim T, Ta HM, Yeo WS, Choi J, Mizar P, Lee SS, Bae T, Chaurasia AK, Kim KK. Targeting Mannitol Metabolism as an Alternative Antimicrobial Strategy Based on the Structure-Function Study of Mannitol-1-Phosphate Dehydrogenase in Staphylococcus aureus. mBio 2019; 10:e02660-18. [PMID: 31289190 PMCID: PMC6623548 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02660-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (M1PDH) is a key enzyme in Staphylococcus aureus mannitol metabolism, but its roles in pathophysiological settings have not been established. We performed comprehensive structure-function analysis of M1PDH from S. aureus USA300, a strain of community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus, to evaluate its roles in cell viability and virulence under pathophysiological conditions. On the basis of our results, we propose M1PDH as a potential antibacterial target. In vitro cell viability assessment of ΔmtlD knockout and complemented strains confirmed that M1PDH is essential to endure pH, high-salt, and oxidative stress and thus that M1PDH is required for preventing osmotic burst by regulating pressure potential imposed by mannitol. The mouse infection model also verified that M1PDH is essential for bacterial survival during infection. To further support the use of M1PDH as an antibacterial target, we identified dihydrocelastrol (DHCL) as a competitive inhibitor of S. aureus M1PDH (SaM1PDH) and confirmed that DHCL effectively reduces bacterial cell viability during host infection. To explain physiological functions of SaM1PDH at the atomic level, the crystal structure of SaM1PDH was determined at 1.7-Å resolution. Structure-based mutation analyses and DHCL molecular docking to the SaM1PDH active site followed by functional assay identified key residues in the active site and provided the action mechanism of DHCL. Collectively, we propose SaM1PDH as a target for antibiotic development based on its physiological roles with the goals of expanding the repertory of antibiotic targets to fight antimicrobial resistance and providing essential knowledge for developing potent inhibitors of SaM1PDH based on structure-function studies.IMPORTANCE Due to the shortage of effective antibiotics against drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, new targets are urgently required to develop next-generation antibiotics. We investigated mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase of S. aureus USA300 (SaM1PDH), a key enzyme regulating intracellular mannitol levels, and explored the possibility of using SaM1PDH as a target for developing antibiotic. Since mannitol is necessary for maintaining the cellular redox and osmotic potential, the homeostatic imbalance caused by treatment with a SaM1PDH inhibitor or knockout of the gene encoding SaM1PDH results in bacterial cell death through oxidative and/or mannitol-dependent cytolysis. We elucidated the molecular mechanism of SaM1PDH and the structural basis of substrate and inhibitor recognition by enzymatic and structural analyses of SaM1PDH. Our results strongly support the concept that targeting of SaM1PDH represents an alternative strategy for developing a new class of antibiotics that cause bacterial cell death not by blocking key cellular machinery but by inducing cytolysis and reducing stress tolerance through inhibition of the mannitol pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Antimicrobial Research and Therapeutics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Truc Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Antimicrobial Research and Therapeutics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hai Minh Ta
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Antimicrobial Research and Therapeutics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Won Sik Yeo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine Northwest, Gary, Indiana, USA
| | - Jongkeun Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungwoon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Pushpak Mizar
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Seung Seo Lee
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Taeok Bae
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine Northwest, Gary, Indiana, USA
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Chaurasia
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Antimicrobial Research and Therapeutics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Kyeong Kyu Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Antimicrobial Research and Therapeutics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Lee SY, Kang DH. Survival mechanism of Escherichia coli O157:H7 against combined treatment with acetic acid and sodium chloride. Food Microbiol 2016; 55:95-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Gordesli FP, Abu-Lail NI. Impact of ionic strength of growth on the physiochemical properties, structure, and adhesion of Listeria monocytogenes polyelectrolyte brushes to a silicon nitride surface in water. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 388:257-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Dupont C, Augustin JC. Relationship between the culturability of stressed Listeria monocytogenes cells in non-selective and selective culture media and the cellular esterase activity measured by solid phase cytometry. J Microbiol Methods 2011; 87:295-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Siegumfeldt H, Arneborg N. Assessment of survival of food-borne microorganisms in the food chain by fluorescence ratio imaging microscopy. Trends Food Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Olesen I, Vogensen FK, Jespersen L. Gene transcription and virulence potential of Listeria monocytogenes strains after exposure to acidic and NaCl stress. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2009; 6:669-80. [PMID: 19580450 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2008.0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene transcription and virulence potential of two strains of Listeria monocytogenes, EGD-e and 4140, were compared by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and in a Caco-2 in vitro model after exposure to acidic (pH 5.5) and NaCl (4.5% w/v) stress. Strain-dependent differences in gene transcription were observed both after exposure to shock (six genes) and after long-term adaptation to stress (18 genes). In the shock experiments, a transient induction of clpC and clpE was seen for both strains, while transient induction of sigB, inlA, and inlB was observed for strain 4140 only; actA was only induced in EGD-e after NaCl shock. The long-term stress experiments were included to imitate the stress conditions encountered by L. monocytogenes when present in food products. Long-term adaptation of EGD-e to acidic stress induced transcription of iap and repressed flaA, while genes related to stress response and invasion (clpC, clpP, inlA, inlB, prfA, and sigB) were induced in 4140. Long-term adaptation of EGD-e to NaCl stress increased transcription of genes important for the intracellular life cycle (actA, hly, iap, inlA, inlB, plcA, plcB, and prfA), while few changes were observed for 4140. Experiments with Caco-2 confirmed that long-term adaptation of EGD-e and 4140 to acidic and NaCl stress is capable of increasing the virulence potential: an improved adhesion to Caco-2 was observed for both EGD-e and 4140 after acidic and NaCl stress, and increased invasion was seen for both strains after long-term NaCl stress. The fact that several virulence genes were up-regulated and that adhesion and invasion properties were increased demonstrate that certain environmental conditions in food products might influence the virulence potential of L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Olesen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Kastbjerg VG, Nielsen DS, Arneborg N, Gram L. Response of Listeria monocytogenes to Disinfection Stress at the Single-Cell and Population Levels as Monitored by Intracellular pH measurements and viable-cell counts. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:4550-6. [PMID: 19411424 PMCID: PMC2704842 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02625-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes has a remarkable ability to survive and persist in food production environments. The purpose of the present study was to determine if cells in a population of L. monocytogenes differ in sensitivity to disinfection agents as this could be a factor explaining persistence of the bacterium. In situ analyses of Listeria monocytogenes single cells were performed during exposure to different concentrations of the disinfectant Incimaxx DES to study a possible population subdivision. Bacterial survival was quantified with plate counting and disinfection stress at the single-cell level by measuring intracellular pH (pH(i)) over time by fluorescence ratio imaging microscopy. pH(i) values were initially 7 to 7.5 and decreased in both attached and planktonic L. monocytogenes cells during exposure to sublethal and lethal concentrations of Incimaxx DES. The response of the bacterial population was homogenous; hence, subpopulations were not detected. However, pregrowth with NaCl protected the planktonic bacterial cells during disinfection with Incimaxx (0.0015%) since pH(i) was higher (6 to 6.5) for the bacterial population pregrown with NaCl than for cells grown without NaCl (pH(i) 5 to 5.5) (P < 0.05). The protective effect of NaCl was reflected by viable-cell counts at a higher concentration of Incimaxx (0.0031%), where the salt-grown population survived better than the population grown without NaCl (P < 0.05). NaCl protected attached cells through drying but not during disinfection. This study indicates that a population of L. monocytogenes cells, whether planktonic or attached, is homogenous with respect to sensitivity to an acidic disinfectant studied on the single-cell level. Hence a major subpopulation more tolerant to disinfectants, and hence more persistent, does not appear to be present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky G Kastbjerg
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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Nishida H, Ishida A, Oshima A, Sato E, Wang Y, Nagata S. Colony formations in a halotolerantBrevibacterium sp. JCM 6894 on solid medium with different pH values. ANN MICROBIOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03175017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Fang W, Budde BB, Siegumfeldt H. Leucocins 4010 fromLeuconostoc carnosumcause a matrix related decrease in intracellular pH ofListeria monocytogenes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006; 258:208-13. [PMID: 16640575 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A mixed culture of single cells of Listeria monocytogenes and the bacteriocin producing Leuconostoc carnosum 4010 showed growth inhibition of L. monocytogenes, although the intracellular pH (pHi) of L. monocytogenes followed by fluorescence ratio imaging microscopy was not affected. Furthermore, L. monocytogenes was exposed to the bacteriocins leucocins 4010 and nisin either in a liquid filled chamber or on the surface of an agar containing bacteriocins. Both bacteriocins caused dissipation of the pH gradient in L. monocytogenes and the effect was clearly dependent on the matrix, as the decrease in pHi occurred much more rapidly in liquid than in agar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihuan Fang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
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