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Abbas Bukhari D, Bibi Z, Ullah A, Rehman A. Isolation, characterization, and cloning of thermostable pullulanase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus ADM-11. Saudi J Biol Sci 2024; 31:103901. [PMID: 38234990 PMCID: PMC10792974 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify thermo-stable pullulanase-producing bacteria in soil samples of potato fields and food-producing companies. Pullulan agar medium was used to screen 17 bacterial strains, which were incubated at 65 °C. The isolate with the maximum activity (375U/ml) was selected and recognized as Geobacillus stearothermophilus ADM-11 by morphological, biochemical characterization, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The pullulanase production required optimum pH of 7 and temperature of 75 °C, respectively. The electrophoresis of purified pullulanase on SDS-polyacrylamide gel revealed 83 kDa of a molecular weight that is active at 70 °C and pH 7.0. It was also stable at 90 °C but its activity was decreased by 10 % at 100 °C. The action of pullulanase was increased and stabilized by Ca+2 among the metal ions. Beta and gamma-cyclodextrins inhibited enzyme activity while ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) have no significant effect on pullulanase activity. A full-length pullulanase gene was amplified from G. stearothermophilus ADM-11 using genomic DNA 2.1 kb of PCR product which was then purified and ligated in the cloning vector pTZ57R using the TA cloning technique. Colony PCR confirmed cloning on the positive clones after the pullulanase gene had been ligated and subjected to restriction digestion. It revealed 74 % similarity with the reported pullulanase gene from Geobacillus sp. 44C. The thermostability of pullulanase and its ability to degrade raw pullulan may therefore have wide-scale applications in starch processing, the detergent business, and new biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zuhra Bibi
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Arif Ullah
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Rehman
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Al-Mamoori ZZ, Embaby AM, Hussein A, Mahmoud HE. A molecular study on recombinant pullulanase type I from Metabacillus indicus. AMB Express 2023; 13:40. [PMID: 37119334 PMCID: PMC10148936 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01545-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the great potential of cold-adapted pullulanase type I in tremendous industrial applications, the majority of commercialized pullulnases type I are of mesophilic and thermophilic origin so far. Hence, the present study underlines cloning, heterologous expression in Escherichia coli, characterization, and in silico structural modeling of Metabacillus indicus open reading frame of cold-adapted pullulanase type I (Pull_Met: 2133 bp & 710 a.a) for the first time ever. The predicted Pull_Met tertiary structure by I-TASSER, was structurally similar to PDB 2E9B pullulanase of Bacillus subtilis. Purified to homogeneity Pull_Met showed specific activity (667.6 U/mg), fold purification (31.7), molecular mass (79.1 kDa), monomeric subunit and Km (2.63 mg/mL) on pullulan. Pull_Met had optimal pH (6.0) and temperature (40 oC). After 10 h pre-incubation at pH 2.6-6.0, Pull_Met maintained 47.12 ± 0.0-35.28 ± 1.64% of its activity. After 120 min pre-incubation at 30 oC, the retained activity was 51.11 ± 0.29%. At 10 mM Mn2+, Na2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Cu2+ after 30 min preincubation, retained activity was 155.89 ± 8.97, 134.71 ± 1.82, 97.64 ± 7.06, 92.25 ± 4.18, and 71.28 ± 1.10%, respectively. After 30 min pre-incubation with Tween-80, Tween-20, Triton X-100, and commercially laundry detergents at 0.1% (v/v), the retained activity was 141.15 ± 3.50, 145.45 ± 0.20, 118.12 ± 11.00, and 90%, respectively. Maltotriose was the only end product of pullulan hydrolysis. Synergistic action of CA-AM21 (α-amylase) and Pull_Met on starch liberated 16.51 g reducing sugars /g starch after 1 h at 40 oC. Present data (cold-adeptness, detergent stability, and ability to exhibit starch saccharification of Pull_Met) underpins it as a promising pullulanase type I for industrial exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa Z Al-Mamoori
- Biotechnology Department, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amira M Embaby
- Biotechnology Department, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Hussein
- Biotechnology Department, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hoda E Mahmoud
- Biotechnology Department, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Han AR, Kim H, Park JT, Kim JW. Characterization of a cold-adapted debranching enzyme and its role in glycogen metabolism and virulence of Vibrio vulnificus MO6-24/O. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY (SEOUL, KOREA) 2022; 60:375-386. [PMID: 35157220 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-022-1507-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus MO6-24/O has three genes annotated as debranching enzymes or pullulanase genes. Among them, the gene encoded by VVMO6_03032 (vvde1) shares a higher similarity at the amino acid sequence level to the glycogen debranching enzymes, AmyX of Bacillus subtilis (40.5%) and GlgX of Escherichia coli (55.5%), than those encoded by the other two genes. The vvde1 gene encoded a protein with a molecular mass of 75.56 kDa and purified Vvde1 efficiently hydrolyzed glycogen and pullulan to shorter chains of maltodextrin and maltotriose (G3), respectively. However, it hydrolyzed amylopectin and soluble starch far less efficiently, and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) only rarely. The optimal pH and temperature of Vvde1 was 6.5 and 25°C, respectively. Vvde1 was a cold-adapted debranching enzyme with more than 60% residual activity at 5°C. It could maintain stability for 2 days at 25°C and 1 day at 35°C, but it destabilized drastically at 40°C. The Vvde1 activity was inhibited considerably by Cu2+, Hg2+, and Zn2+, while it was slightly enhanced by Co2+, Ca2+, Ni2+, and Fe2+. The vvde1 knock-out mutant accumulated more glycogen than the wild-type in media supplemented with 1.0% maltodextrin; however, the side chain length distribution of glycogen was similar to that of the wild-type except G3, which was much more abundant in the mutant. Therefore, Vvde1 seemed to debranch glycogen with the degree of polymerization 3 (DP3) as the specific target branch length. Virulence of the pathogen against Caenorhabditis elegans was attenuated significantly by the vvde1 mutation. These results suggest that Vvde1 might be a unique glycogen debranching enzyme that is involved in both glycogen utilization and shaping of glycogen molecules, and contributes toward virulence of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Reum Han
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Incheon National University, Incheon, 22102, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeyoung Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Incheon National University, Incheon, 22102, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Tae Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Wan Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Incheon National University, Incheon, 22102, Republic of Korea. .,Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22102, Republic of Korea.
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Li SF, Xu SY, Wang YJ, Zheng YG. Tailoring pullulanase PulAR from Anoxybacillus sp. AR-29 for enhanced catalytic performance by a structure-guided consensus approach. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:25. [PMID: 38647800 PMCID: PMC10992289 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00516-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pullulanase is a well-known debranching enzyme that can specifically hydrolyze α-1,6-glycosidic linkages in starch and oligosaccharides, however, it suffers from low stability and catalytic efficiency under industrial conditions. In the present study, four residues (A365, V401, H499, and T504) lining the catalytic pocket of Anoxybacillus sp. AR-29 pullulanase (PulAR) were selected for site-directed mutagenesis (SDM) by using a structure-guided consensus approach. Five beneficial mutants (PulAR-A365V, PulAR-V401C, PulAR-A365/V401C, PulAR-A365V/V401C/T504V, and PulAR-A365V/V401C/T504V/H499A) were created, which showed enhanced thermostability, pH stability, and catalytic efficiency. Among them, the quadruple mutant PulAR-A365V/V401C/T504V/H499A displayed 6.6- and 9.6-fold higher catalytic efficiency toward pullulan at 60 ℃, pH 6.0 and 5.0, respectively. In addition, its thermostabilities at 60 ℃ and 65 ℃ were improved by 2.6- and 3.1-fold, respectively, compared to those of the wild-type (WT). Meanwhile, its pH stabilities at pH 4.5 and 5.0 were 1.6- and 1.8-fold higher than those of WT, respectively. In summary, the catalytic performance of PulAR was significantly enhanced by a structure-guided consensus approach. The resultant quadruple mutant PulAR-A365V/V401C/T504V/H499A demonstrated potential applications in the starch industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, People's Republic of China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Shen-Yuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, People's Republic of China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, People's Republic of China.
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, People's Republic of China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
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Warrier DU, Dhanabalan AK, Krishnasamy G, Kolge H, Ghormade V, Gupta CR, Ambre PK, Shinde UA. Novel derivatives of arabinogalactan, pullulan & lactobionic acid for targeting asialoglycoprotein receptor: Biomolecular interaction, synthesis & evaluation. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 207:683-699. [PMID: 35248606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Targeted-drug administration to liver reduces side effects by minimising drug distribution to non-target organs and increases therapeutic efficacy by boosting drug concentration in target cells. In this study, arabinogalactan-(AG), pullulan-(PL) and lactobionic acid-(LA) were selected as natural ligands to target asialoglycoprotein receptor-(ASGPR-1) present on hepatocytes. In silico docking studies were performed and binding affinities of novel ligands viz. palmitoylated AG-(PAG), lauroylated AG-(LAG), palmitoylated PL-(PPL), lauroylated PL-(LPL) and lactobionic acid-adipic acid dihydrazide conjugate-(LAD) were compared with AG, PL and LA. These novel ligands were successfully synthesized and characterized. The ligands were incorporated into drug loaded nanostructured lipid carriers-(NLCs) for surface functionalization. HepG2 cellular internalization of hepatocyte-targeted NLCs was studied using fluorescence microscopy and LAD-decorated-drug loaded NLCs giving maximum cellular uptake were studied using confocal microscopy. Toxicity potential of LAD-decorated NLCs was assessed in vivo. Molecular docking results suggested that among the ligands, order of binding affinity was found to be LAD>PAG > PPL > LPL > LAG. Acute toxicity studies revealed hemocompatibility and absence of organ toxicity for ligand LAD. Additionally, the results establish proof-of-concept of enhanced targeting efficacy of novel ASGPR targeting ligands. These ligands can be used for surface modification of nanocarriers for future targeted delivery in treating various liver disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa U Warrier
- Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz, Mumbai 400098, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anantha K Dhanabalan
- Centre of Advance study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy campus, Chennai 600025, India
| | - Gunasekaran Krishnasamy
- Centre of Advance study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy campus, Chennai 600025, India
| | - Henry Kolge
- Nanobioscience Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, India
| | - Vandana Ghormade
- Nanobioscience Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, India
| | - Chandan R Gupta
- Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz, Mumbai 400098, Maharashtra, India
| | - Premlata K Ambre
- Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz, Mumbai 400098, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ujwala A Shinde
- Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz, Mumbai 400098, Maharashtra, India.
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Microbial starch debranching enzymes: Developments and applications. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 50:107786. [PMID: 34147588 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Starch debranching enzymes (SDBEs) hydrolyze the α-1,6 glycosidic bonds in polysaccharides such as starch, amylopectin, pullulan and glycogen. SDBEs are also important enzymes for the preparation of sugar syrup, resistant starch and cyclodextrin. As the synergistic catalysis of SDBEs and other starch-acting hydrolases can effectively improve the raw material utilization and production efficiency during starch processing steps such as saccharification and modification, they have attracted substantial research interest in the past decades. The substrate specificities of the two major members of SDBEs, pullulanases and isoamylases, are quite different. Pullulanases generally require at least two α-1,4 linked glucose units existing on both sugar chains linked by the α-1,6 bond, while isoamylases require at least three units of α-1,4 linked glucose. SDBEs mainly belong to glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 13 and 57. Except for GH57 type II pullulanse, GH13 pullulanases and isoamylases share plenty of similarities in sequence and structure of the core catalytic domains. However, the N-terminal domains, which might be one of the determinants contributing to the substrate binding of SDBEs, are distinct in different enzymes. In order to overcome the current defects of SDBEs in catalytic efficiency, thermostability and expression level, great efforts have been made to develop effective enzyme engineering and fermentation strategies. Herein, the diverse biochemical properties and distinct features in the sequence and structure of pullulanase and isoamylase from different sources are summarized. Up-to-date developments in the enzyme engineering, heterologous production and industrial applications of SDBEs is also reviewed. Finally, research perspective which could help understanding and broadening the applications of SDBEs are provided.
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7
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Improve Production of Pullulanase of Bacillus subtilis in Batch and Fed-Batch Cultures. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 193:296-306. [PMID: 32954482 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03419-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Pullulanase is a debranching enzyme that cleaves explicitly α-1,6 glycosidic bonds, which is widely used in starch saccharification, production of glucose, maltose, and bioethanol. The thermal-resistant pullulanase is isolated from a variety of microorganisms; however, the lack of industrial production of pullulanase has hindered the transformation of the laboratory to industry. In this study, the expensive maltose syrup and soybean meal powder were replaced with cheap corn starch and corn steep liquor, exhibiting 440 U/mL of pullulanase in shake flasks by changing the C/N value and the total energy of the medium. Subsequently, the cultivation conditions were explored in a 50-L and 50-m3 bioreactor. In batch culture, the pullulanase activity reached 896 U/mL, while it increased to 1743 U/mL in fed-batch culture by controlling the dissolved oxygen, pH, reducing sugar content, and temperature. Remarkably, the cultivation volume was enlarged to 50 m3 based on the technical parameters of fed-batch culture. The industrial production of pullulanase was successful, and the activity achieved 1546 U/mL. When the product was stored at room temperature (25 °C) for 6 months, the pullulanase activity was over 90%. The half-lives at 60 and 80 °C were 119.45 h and 51.18 h, respectively, which satisfied the industrial application requirements of pullulanase.
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Gene cloning, expression and biochemical characterization of a new multi-domain, halotolerant and SDS-resistant alkaline pullulanase from Alkalibacterium sp. SL3. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Li X, Bai Y, Ji H, Wang Y, Jin Z. Phenylalanine476 mutation of pullulanase from Bacillus subtilis str. 168 improves the starch substrate utilization by weakening the product β-cyclodextrin inhibition. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 155:490-497. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Yang Y, Zhu Y, Obaroakpo JU, Zhang S, Lu J, Yang L, Ni D, Pang X, Lv J. Identification of a novel type I pullulanase from Fervidobacterium nodosum Rt17-B1, with high thermostability and suitable optimal pH. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 143:424-433. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Erden-Karaoğlan F, Karakaş-Budak B, Karaoğlan M, Inan M. Cloning and expression of pullulanase from Bacillus subtilis BK07 and PY22 in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 162:83-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Li X, Bai Y, Ji H, Wang J, Cui Y, Jin Z. Functional characterization of tryptophan437 at subsite +2 in pullulanase from Bacillus subtilis str. 168. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 133:920-928. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Wang Y, Chen S, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Wang X, Nie Y, Xu Y. Enhancement of the production of Bacillus naganoensis pullulanase in recombinant Bacillus subtilis by integrative expression. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 159:42-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Jiao Y, Wu Y, Chen H, Wang S, Chen L, Lv M, Fang Y, Liu S. The impact of N-terminal nonessential domains on the enzymological properties of the pullulanase from a marine Bacillus megaterium. Biotechnol Lett 2019; 41:849-857. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-019-02686-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Wang X, Nie Y, Xu Y. Industrially produced pullulanases with thermostability: Discovery, engineering, and heterologous expression. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 278:360-371. [PMID: 30709762 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pullulanases (EC 3.2.1.41) are well-known starch-debranching enzymes widely used to hydrolyze α-1,6-glucosidic linkages in starch, pullulan, amylopectin, and other oligosaccharides, with application potentials in food, brewing, and pharmaceutical industries. Although extensive studies are done to discover and express pullulanases, only few are available with desirable characteristics for industrial applications. This raises the challenge to mine new enzyme sources, engineer proteins based on sequence/structure, and regulate expressions. We review here the identification of extremophilic and mesophilic microbes as sources of industrial pullulanases with desirable characteristics, including acid-resistance, thermostability, and psychrotrophism. We present current advances in site-directed mutagenesis and sequence/structure-guided protein engineering of pullulanases. In addition, we discuss heterologous expression of pullulanases in prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbial systems, and address the effectiveness of the expression elements and their regulation of enzyme production. Finally, we indicate future research needs to develop desired industrial pullulanases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinye Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yao Nie
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Yan Xu
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; The 2011 Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Akassou M, Groleau D. Advances and challenges in the production of extracellular thermoduric pullulanases by wild-type and recombinant microorganisms: a review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2019; 39:337-350. [PMID: 30700157 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2019.1566202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Thermoduric pullulanases, acting as starch-debranching enzymes, are required in many industrial applications, mainly in the production of concentrated glucose, maltose, and fructose syrups. To date, however, a single pullulanase, from Bacillus acidopullulyticus, is available on the market for industrial purposes. This review is an investigation of the major advances as well as the major challenges being faced with regard to optimization of the production of extracellular thermoduric pullulanases either by their original hosts or by recombinant organisms. The critical aspects linked to industrial pullulanase production, which should always be considered, are emphasized, including those parameters influencing solubility, thermostability, and catalytic efficiency of the enzyme. This review provides new insights for improving the production of extracellular thermoduric pullulanases in the hope that such information may facilitate their commercial utilization and potentially be applied to the development of other industrially relevant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounia Akassou
- a Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnological Engineering , Faculty of Engineering, University of Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , Canada
| | - Denis Groleau
- a Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnological Engineering , Faculty of Engineering, University of Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , Canada
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Lu Z, Hu X, Shen P, Wang Q, Zhou Y, Zhang G, Ma Y. A pH-stable, detergent and chelator resistant type I pullulanase from Bacillus pseudofirmus 703 with high catalytic efficiency. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 109:1302-1310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Elleuche S, Krull A, Lorenz U, Antranikian G. Parallel N- and C-Terminal Truncations Facilitate Purification and Analysis of a 155-kDa Cold-Adapted Type-I Pullulanase. Protein J 2017; 36:56-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-017-9703-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Improving the Thermostability of Acidic Pullulanase from Bacillus naganoensis by Rational Design. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165006. [PMID: 27764201 PMCID: PMC5072709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41) plays an important role in the specific hydrolysis of branch points in amylopectin. Enhancing its thermostability is required for its industrial application. In this study, rational protein design was used to improve the thermostability of PulB from Bacillus naganoensis (AB231790.1), which has strong enzymatic properties. Three positive single-site mutants (PulB-D328H, PulB-N387D, and PulB-A414P) were selected from six mutants. After incubation at 65°C for 5 min, the residual activities of PulB-D328H, PulB-N387D, and PulB-A414P were 4.5-, 1.7-, and 1.47-fold higher than PulB-WT, and their Tm values (the temperature at which half protein molecule denature) were 1.8°C, 0.4°C, and 0.9°C higher than PulB-WT, respectively. Then the final combined mutant PulB-328/387/414 was constructed. The t1/2 of it was 12.9-fold longer than that of PulB-WT at 65°C and the total increase in Tm of it (5.0°C) was almost 60% greater than the sum of individual increases (3.1°C). In addition, kinetic studies revealed that the kcat and the kcat/Km of PulB-328/387/414 increased by 38.8% and 12.9%. The remarkable improvement in thermostability and the high catalytic efficiency of PulB-328/387/414 make it suitable for industrial applications.
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Nisha M, Satyanarayana T. Characteristics, protein engineering and applications of microbial thermostable pullulanases and pullulan hydrolases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:5661-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7572-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Wang X, Nie Y, Mu X, Xu Y, Xiao R. Disorder prediction-based construct optimization improves activity and catalytic efficiency of Bacillus naganoensis pullulanase. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24574. [PMID: 27091115 PMCID: PMC4835747 DOI: 10.1038/srep24574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pullulanase is a well-known starch-debranching enzyme. However, the production level of pullulanase is yet low in both wide-type strains and heterologous expression systems. We predicted the disorder propensities of Bacillus naganoensis pullulanase (PUL) using the bioinformatics tool, Disorder Prediction Meta-Server. On the basis of disorder prediction, eight constructs, including PULΔN5, PULΔN22, PULΔN45, PULΔN64, PULΔN78 and PULΔN106 by deleting the first 5, 22, 45, 64, 78 and 106 residues from the N-terminus, and PULΔC9 and PULΔC36 by deleting the last 9 and 36 residues from the C-terminus, were cloned into the recombinant expression vector pET-28a-PelB and auto-induced in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells. All constructs were evaluated in production level, specific activities and kinetic parameters. Both PULΔN5 and PULΔN106 gave higher production levels of protein than the wide type and displayed increased specific activities. Kinetic studies showed that substrate affinities of the mutants were improved in various degrees and the catalytic efficiency of PULΔN5, PULΔN45, PULΔN78, PULΔN106 and PULΔC9 were enhanced. However, the truncated mutations did not change the advantageous properties of the enzyme involving optimum temperature and pH for further application. Therefore, Disorder prediction-based truncation would be helpful to efficiently improve the enzyme activity and catalytic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinye Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yao Nie
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaoqing Mu
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yan Xu
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.,The 2011 Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Chen SQ, Cai XH, Xie JL, Wei W, Wei DZ. Structural and biochemical properties of a novel pullulanase ofPaenibacillus lautusDSM 3035. STARCH-STARKE 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201500333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; Newworld Institute of Biotechnology; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Hai Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; Newworld Institute of Biotechnology; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Jing-Li Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; Newworld Institute of Biotechnology; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; Newworld Institute of Biotechnology; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Dong-Zhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; Newworld Institute of Biotechnology; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai P. R. China
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Kahar UM, Ng CL, Chan KG, Goh KM. Characterization of a type I pullulanase from Anoxybacillus sp. SK3-4 reveals an unusual substrate hydrolysis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:6291-6307. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7451-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Wei W, Ma J, Chen SQ, Cai XH, Wei DZ. A novel cold-adapted type I pullulanase of Paenibacillus polymyxa Nws-pp2: in vivo functional expression and biochemical characterization of glucans hydrolyzates analysis. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:96. [PMID: 26481143 PMCID: PMC4615870 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0215-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pullulanase is an important debranching enzyme and has been widely utilized to hydrolyse the α-1,6 glucosidic linkages in starch/sugar industry. Selecting new bacterial strains or improving bacterial strains is a prerequisite and effective solution in industrial applications. Although many pullulanase genes have been cloned and sequenced, there is no report of P. polymyxa type I pullulanase gene or the recombinant strain. Meanwhile most of the type I pullulanase investigated exhibit thermophilic or mesophilic properties. There are just few reports of cold-adapted pullulanases, which have optimum activity at moderate temperature and exhibit rather high catalytic activity at cold. Previously, six strains showing distinct pullulan degradation ability were isolated using enrichment procedures. As containing novel bacterium resource and significant pullulanase activity, strain Nws-pp2 was selected for in-depth study. Methods In this study, a type I pullulanase gene (pulN) was obtained from the strain P. polymyxa Nws-pp2 by degenerate primers. Through optimization of induced conditions, the recombinant PulN achieved functional soluble expression by low temperature induction. The enzyme characterizations including the enzyme activity/stability, optimum temperature, optimum pH and substrate specificity were also described through protein purification. Results The pullulanase gene (named pulN), encoding a novel cold-adapted type I pullulanase (named PulN), was obtained from isolated strain Paenibacillus polymyxa Nws-pp2. The gene had an open reading frame of 2532-bp and was functionally expressed in Escherichia coli through optimization of induced conditions. The level of functional PulN-like protein reached the maximum after induction for 16 h at 20 °C and reached about 0.34 mg/ml (about 20 % of total protein) with an activity of 6.49 U/ml. The purified recombinant enzyme with an apparent molecular mass of about 96 kDa was able to attack specifically the α-1,6 linkages in pullulan to generate maltotriose as the major product. The purified PulN showed optimal activity at pH 6.0 and 35 °C, and retained more than 40 % of the maximum activity at 10 °C (showing cold-adapted). The pullulanase activity was significantly enhanced by Co2+ and Mn2+, meanwhile Cu2+ and SDS inhibited pullulanase activity completely. The Km and Vmax values of purified PulN were 15.25 mg/ml and 20.1 U/mg, respectively. The PulN hydrolyzed pullulan, amylopectin, starch, and glycogen, but not amylose. Substrate specificity and products analysis proved that the purified pullulanase from Paenibacillus polymyxa Nws-pp2 belong to a type I pullulanase. Conclusions This report of the novel type I pullulanase in Paenibacillus polymyxa would contribute to pullulanase research from Paenibacillus spp. significantly. Also, the cold-adapted pullulanase produced in recombinant strain shows the potential application. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12896-015-0215-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, 200237, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Ma
- Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, 200237, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Qi Chen
- Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, 200237, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Hai Cai
- Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, 200237, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Zhi Wei
- Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, 200237, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Chen A, Li Y, Nie J, McNeil B, Jeffrey L, Yang Y, Bai Z. Protein engineering of Bacillus acidopullulyticus pullulanase for enhanced thermostability using in silico data driven rational design methods. Enzyme Microb Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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26
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Characterization of a pH and detergent-tolerant, cold-adapted type I pullulanase from Exiguobacterium sp. SH3. Extremophiles 2015; 19:1145-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-015-0786-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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27
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Li SF, Xu JY, Bao YJ, Zheng HC, Song H. Structure and sequence analysis-based engineering of pullulanase from Anoxybacillus sp. LM18-11 for improved thermostability. J Biotechnol 2015; 210:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.06.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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28
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Elleuche S, Qoura FM, Lorenz U, Rehn T, Brück T, Antranikian G. Cloning, expression and characterization of the recombinant cold-active type-I pullulanase from Shewanella arctica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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29
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Single Amino Acid Substitution in the Pullulanase of Klebsiella variicola for Enhancing Thermostability and Catalytic Efficiency. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 176:1736-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1675-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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30
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Asialoglycoprotein receptor mediated hepatocyte targeting — Strategies and applications. J Control Release 2015; 203:126-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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31
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The role of N1 domain on the activity, stability, substrate specificity and raw starch binding of amylopullulanase of the extreme thermophile Geobacillus thermoleovorans. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:5461-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6345-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Enhancing the secretion efficiency and thermostability of a Bacillus deramificans pullulanase mutant (D437H/D503Y) by N-terminal domain truncation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:1926-31. [PMID: 25556190 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03714-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41), an important enzyme in the production of starch syrup, catalyzes the hydrolysis of α-1,6 glycosidic bonds in complex carbohydrates. A double mutant (DM; D437H/D503Y) form of Bacillus deramificans pullulanase was recently constructed to enhance the thermostability and catalytic efficiency of the enzyme (X. Duan, J. Chen, and J. Wu, Appl Environ Microbiol 79:4072-4077, 2013, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00457-13). In the present study, three N-terminally truncated variants of this DM that lack the CBM41 domain (DM-T1), the CBM41 and X25 domains (DM-T2), or the CBM41, X25, and X45 domains (DM-T3) were constructed. Upon expression, DM-T3 existed as inclusion bodies, while 72.8 and 74.8% of the total pullulanase activities of DM-T1 and DM-T2, respectively, were secreted into the medium. These activities are 2.8- and 2.9-fold that of the DM enzyme, respectively. The specific activities of DM-T1 and DM-T2 were 380.0 × 10(8) and 449.3 × 10(8) U · mol(-1), respectively, which are 0.94- and 1.11-fold that of the DM enzyme. DM-T1 and DM-T2 retained 50% of their activity after incubation at 60°C for 203 and 160 h, respectively, which are 1.7- and 1.3-fold that of the DM enzyme. Kinetic studies showed that the Km values of DM-T1 and DM-T2 were 1.5- and 2.7-fold higher and the Kcat/Km values were 11 and 50% lower, respectively, than those of the DM enzyme. Furthermore, DM-T1 and DM-T2 produced d-glucose contents of 95.0 and 94.1%, respectively, in a starch saccharification reaction, which are essentially identical to that produced by the DM enzyme (95%). The enhanced secretion and improved thermostability of the truncation mutant enzymes make them more suitable than the DM enzyme for industrial processes.
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33
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Qiao Y, Peng Q, Yan J, Wang H, Ding H, Shi B. Gene cloning and enzymatic characterization of alkali-tolerant type I pullulanase from Exiguobacterium acetylicum. Lett Appl Microbiol 2014; 60:52-9. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Qiao
- Feed Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Q. Peng
- Feed Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
| | - J. Yan
- Feed Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
| | - H. Wang
- Feed Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
| | - H. Ding
- Feed Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
| | - B. Shi
- Feed Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
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Wei W, Ma J, Guo S, Wei DZ. A type I pullulanase of Bacillus cereus Nws-bc5 screening from stinky tofu brine: Functional expression in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis and enzyme characterization. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Qoura F, Elleuche S, Brueck T, Antranikian G. Purification and characterization of a cold-adapted pullulanase from a psychrophilic bacterial isolate. Extremophiles 2014; 18:1095-102. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-014-0678-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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36
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Jasilionis A, Petkauskaite R, Kuisiene N. A novel type I thermostable pullulanase isolated from a thermophilic starch enrichment culture. Microbiology (Reading) 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261714030084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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37
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Xu J, Ren F, Huang CH, Zheng Y, Zhen J, Sun H, Ko TP, He M, Chen CC, Chan HC, Guo RT, Song H, Ma Y. Functional and structural studies of pullulanase from Anoxybacillus
sp. LM18-11. Proteins 2014; 82:1685-93. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.24498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Xu
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Tianjin 300308 China
| | - Feifei Ren
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Tianjin 300308 China
| | - Chun-Hsiang Huang
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Tianjin 300308 China
| | - Yingying Zheng
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Tianjin 300308 China
| | - Jie Zhen
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Tianjin 300308 China
| | - Hong Sun
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Tianjin 300308 China
| | - Tzu-Ping Ko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica; Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Miao He
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Tianjin 300308 China
| | - Chun-Chi Chen
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Tianjin 300308 China
| | - Hsiu-Chien Chan
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Tianjin 300308 China
| | - Rey-Ting Guo
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Tianjin 300308 China
| | - Hui Song
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Tianjin 300308 China
| | - Yanhe Ma
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Tianjin 300308 China
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Wu H, Yu X, Chen L, Wu G. Cloning, overexpression and characterization of a thermostable pullulanase from Thermus thermophilus HB27. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 95:22-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Nie Y, Yan W, Xu Y, Chen WB, Mu XQ, Wang X, Xiao R. High-level expression of Bacillus naganoensis pullulanase from recombinant Escherichia coli with auto-induction: effect of lac operator. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78416. [PMID: 24194930 PMCID: PMC3806784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pullulanase plays an important role in specific hydrolysis of branch points in amylopectin and is generally employed as an important enzyme in starch-processing industry. So far, however, the production level of pullulanase is still somewhat low from wide-type strains and even heterologous expression systems. Here the gene encoding Bacillus naganoensis pullulanase was amplified and cloned. For expression of the protein, two recombinant systems, Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)/pET-20b(+)-pul and E. coli BL21(DE3)/pET-22b(+)-pul, were constructed, both bearing T7 promoter and signal peptide sequence, but different in the existance of lac operator and lacI gene encoding lac repressor. Recombinant pullulanase was initially expressed with the activity of up to 14 U/mL by E. coli BL21(DE3)/pET-20b(+)-pul with IPTG induction in LB medium, but its expression level reduced continually with the extension of cryopreservation time and basal expression was observed. However, E. coli BL21(DE3)/pET-22b(+)-pul , involving lac operator downstream of T7 promoter to regulate foreign gene transcription, exhibited pullulanase activity consistently without detected basal expression. By investigating the effect of lac operator, basal expression of foreign protein was found to cause expression instability and negative effect on production of target protein. Thus double-repression strategy was proposed that lac operators in both chromosome and plasmid were bound with lac repressor to repress T7 RNA polymerase synthesis and target protein expression before induction. Consequently, the total activity of pullulanase was remarkably increased to 580 U/mL with auto-induction by lac operator-involved E. coli BL21(DE3)/pET-22b(+)-pul. When adding 0.6% glycine in culture, the extracellular production of pullulanase was significantly improved with the extracellular activity of 502 U/mL, which is a relatively higher level achieved to date for extracellular production of pullulanase. The successful expression of pullulanase with lac operator regulation provides an efficient way for enhancement of expression stability and hence high-level production of target protein in recombinant E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Nie
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
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40
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Duan X, Chen J, Wu J. Optimization of pullulanase production in Escherichia coli by regulation of process conditions and supplement with natural osmolytes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 146:379-385. [PMID: 23948275 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of temperature, IPTG (Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside) concentration, and osmolytes (proline, K-glutamate, and betaine) on cell growth and soluble pullulanase productivity of recombinant Escherichia coli were investigated. The yield of soluble pullulanase was found to be enhanced with decrease in cultivation temperature, lower IPTG concentration, and betaine supplementation in a shake flask. In addition, a modified two-stage feeding strategy was proposed and applied in a 3-L fermentor supplied with 20mM betaine, which achieved a dry cell weight of 59.3 g L(-1). Through this cultivation approach at 25 °C, the total soluble activity of pullulanase reached 963.9 U mL(-1), which was 8.3-fold higher than that observed without addition of betaine at 30 °C (115.8 U mL(-1)). The higher expression of soluble pullulanase in a scalable semisynthetic medium showed the potential of the proposed process for the industrial production of soluble enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuguo Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China.
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41
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Chen WB, Nie Y, Xu Y, Xiao R. Enhancement of extracellular pullulanase production from recombinant Escherichia coli by combined strategy involving auto-induction and temperature control. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2013; 37:601-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-013-1026-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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42
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Han T, Zeng F, Li Z, Liu L, Wei M, Guan Q, Liang X, Peng Z, Liu M, Qin J, Zhang S, Jia B. Biochemical characterization of a recombinant pullulanase from Thermococcus kodakarensis
KOD1. Lett Appl Microbiol 2013; 57:336-43. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Han
- College of Plant Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - F. Zeng
- College of Plant Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Z. Li
- College of Plant Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - L. Liu
- College of Plant Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - M. Wei
- College of Plant Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Q. Guan
- College of Plant Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - X. Liang
- College of Plant Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Z. Peng
- College of Plant Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - M. Liu
- College of Plant Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - J. Qin
- College of Plant Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - S. Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - B. Jia
- College of Plant Sciences; Jilin University; Changchun China
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Guan Q, Guo X, Han T, Wei M, Jin M, Zeng F, Liu L, Li Z, Wang Y, Cheong GW, Zhang S, Jia B. Cloning, purification and biochemical characterisation of an organic solvent-, detergent-, and thermo-stable amylopullulanase from Thermococcus kodakarensis KOD1. Process Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Improving the thermostability and catalytic efficiency of Bacillus deramificans pullulanase by site-directed mutagenesis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:4072-7. [PMID: 23624477 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00457-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41) is a well-known starch-debranching enzyme. Its instability and low catalytic efficiency are the major factors preventing its widespread application. To address these issues, Asp437 and Asp503 of the pullulanase from Bacillus deramificans were selected in this study as targets for site-directed mutagenesis based on a structure-guided consensus approach. Four mutants (carrying the mutations D503F, D437H, D503Y, and D437H/D503Y) were generated and characterized in detail. The results showed that the D503F, D437H, and D503Y mutants had an optimum temperature of 55°C and a pH optimum of 4.5, similar to that of the wild-type enzyme. However, the half-lives of the mutants at 60°C were twice as long as that of the wild-type enzyme. In addition, the D437H/D503Y double mutant displayed a larger shift in thermostability, with an optimal temperature of 60°C and a half-life at 60°C of more than 4.3-fold that of the wild-type enzyme. Kinetic studies showed that the Km values for the D503F, D437H, D503Y, and D437H/D503Y mutants decreased by 7.1%, 11.4%, 41.4%, and 45.7% and the Kcat/Km values increased by 10%, 20%, 140%, and 100%, respectively, compared to those of the wild-type enzyme. Mechanisms that could account for these enhancements were explored. Moreover, in conjunction with the enzyme glucoamylase, the D503Y and D437H/D503Y mutants exhibited an improved reaction rate and glucose yield during starch hydrolysis compared to those of the wild-type enzyme, confirming the enhanced properties of the mutants. The mutants generated in this study have potential applications in the starch industry.
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Li Y, Zhang L, Niu D, Wang Z, Shi G. Cloning, expression, characterization, and biocatalytic investigation of a novel bacilli thermostable type I pullulanase from Bacillus sp. CICIM 263. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:11164-11172. [PMID: 23072450 DOI: 10.1021/jf303109u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The pulA1 gene, encoding a novel thermostable type I pullulanase PulA1 from Bacillus sp. CICIM 263, was identified from genomic DNA. The open reading frame of the pulA1 gene was 2655 base pairs long and encoded a polypeptide (PulA1) of 885 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 100,887 Da. The pulA1 gene was expressed in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Recombinant PuLA1 showed optimal activity at pH 6.5 and 70 °C. The enzyme demonstrated moderate thermostability as PuLA1 maintained more than 88% of its acitivity when incubated at 70 °C for 1 h. The enzyme could completely hydrolyze pullulan to maltotriose, and hydrolytic activity was also detected with glycogen, starch and amylopection, but not with amylose, which is consistent with the property of type I pullulanase. PulA1 may be suitable for industrial applications to improve the yields of fermentable sugars for bioethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youran Li
- Research Center of Bioresource & Bioenergy, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, People's Republic of China
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Signal peptide-independent secretory expression and characterization of pullulanase from a newly isolated Klebsiella variicola SHN-1 in Escherichia coli. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 169:41-54. [PMID: 23129508 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9948-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A strain with the power to produce extracellular pullulanase was obtained from the sample taken from a flour mill. By sequencing its 16S rDNA, the isolate was identified as Klebsiella variicola SHN-1. When the gene encoding pullulanase, containing the N-terminal signal sequence, was cloned into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), extracellular activity was detected up to 10 U/ml, a higher level compared with the results in published literature. Subsequently, the recombinant pullulanase was purified and characterized. The main end product from pullulan hydrolyzed by recombinant pullulanase was determined as maltotriose with HPLC, and hence, the recombinant pullulanase was identified as type I pullulanase, which could be efficiently employed in starch processing to produce maltotriose with higher purity and even to evaluate the purity of pullulan. To investigate the effect of signal peptide on secretion of the recombinant enzyme, the signal sequence was removed from the constructed vector. However, secretion of pullulanase in E. coli was not influenced, which was seldom reported previously. By localizing the distribution of pullulanase on subcellular fractions, the secretion of recombinant pullulanase in E. coli BL21 (DE3) was confirmed, even from the expression system of nonsecretory type without the assistance of signal peptide.
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Pullulanase: role in starch hydrolysis and potential industrial applications. Enzyme Res 2012; 2012:921362. [PMID: 22991654 PMCID: PMC3443597 DOI: 10.1155/2012/921362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41) has recently been the subject of increased applications in starch-based industries especially those aimed for glucose production. Pullulanase, an important debranching enzyme, has been widely utilised to hydrolyse the α-1,6 glucosidic linkages in starch, amylopectin, pullulan, and related oligosaccharides, which enables a complete and efficient conversion of the branched polysaccharides into small fermentable sugars during saccharification process. The industrial manufacturing of glucose involves two successive enzymatic steps: liquefaction, carried out after gelatinisation by the action of α-amylase; saccharification, which results in further transformation of maltodextrins into glucose. During saccharification process, pullulanase has been used to increase the final glucose concentration with reduced amount of glucoamylase. Therefore, the reversion reaction that involves resynthesis of saccharides from glucose molecules is prevented. To date, five groups of pullulanase enzymes have been reported, that is, (i) pullulanase type I, (ii) amylopullulanase, (iii) neopullulanase, (iv) isopullulanase, and (v) pullulan hydrolase type III. The current paper extensively reviews each category of pullulanase, properties of pullulanase, merits of applying pullulanase during starch bioprocessing, current genetic engineering works related to pullulanase genes, and possible industrial applications of pullulanase.
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Molecular cloning and biochemical characterization of a heat-stable type I pullulanase from Thermotoga neapolitana. Enzyme Microb Technol 2010; 48:260-6. [PMID: 22112909 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The gene encoding a type I pullulanase from the hyperthermophilic anaerobic bacterium Thermotoga neapolitana (pulA) was cloned in Escherichia coli and sequenced. The pulA gene from T. neapolitana showed 91.5% pairwise amino acid identity with pulA from Thermotoga maritima and contained the four regions conserved in all amylolytic enzymes. pulA encodes a protein of 843 amino acids with a 19-residue signal peptide. The pulA gene was subcloned and overexpressed in E. coli under the control of the T7 promoter. The purified recombinant enzyme (rPulA) produced a 93-kDa protein with pullulanase activity. rPulA was optimally active at pH 5-7 and 80°C and had a half-life of 88 min at 80°C. rPulA hydrolyzed pullulan, producing maltotriose, and hydrolytic activities were also detected with amylopectin, starch, and glycogen, but not with amylose. This substrate specificity is typical of a type I pullulanase. Thin layer chromatography of the reaction products in the reaction with pullulan and aesculin showed that the enzyme had transglycosylation activity. Analysis of the transfer product using NMR and isoamylase treatment revealed it to be α-maltotriosyl-(1,6)-aesculin, suggesting that the enzyme transferred the maltotriosyl residue of pullulan to aesculin by forming α-1,6-glucosidic linkages. Our findings suggest that the pullulanase from T. neapolitana is the first thermostable type I pullulanase which has α-1,6-transferring activity.
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Turkenburg JP, Brzozowski AM, Svendsen A, Borchert TV, Davies GJ, Wilson KS. Structure of a pullulanase fromBacillus acidopullulyticus. Proteins 2009; 76:516-9. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.22416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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50
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Group B streptococcus pullulanase crystal structures in the context of a novel strategy for vaccine development. J Bacteriol 2009; 191:3544-52. [PMID: 19329633 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01755-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The group B streptococcus type I pullulanase (SAP) is a class 13 glycoside hydrolase that is anchored to the bacterial cell surface via a conserved C-terminal anchoring motif and involved in alpha-glucan degradation. Recent in vitro functional studies have shown that SAP is immunogenic in humans and that anti-SAP sera derived from immunized animals impair both group A and group B streptococcus pullulanase activities, suggesting that in vivo immunization with this antigen could prevent streptococcal colonization. To further investigate the putative role of SAP in bacterial pathogenesis, we carried out functional studies and found that recombinant SAP binds to human cervical epithelial cells. Furthermore, with a view of using SAP as a vaccine candidate, we present high-resolution crystal structure analyses of an N-terminally truncated form of SAP lacking the carbohydrate binding module but containing the catalytic domain and displaying glycosidase hydrolase activity, both in its apo form and in complex with maltotetraose, at resolutions of 2.1 and 2.4 A, respectively.
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