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An R, Qi Y, Zhang XX, Ma L. Xenogenetic evolutionary of integrons promotes the environmental pollution of antibiotic resistance genes - Challenges, progress and prospects. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 231:119629. [PMID: 36689882 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) has been a great public concern. Integrons, as mobile genetic elements, with versatile gene acquisition systems facilitate the horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and pollution disseminations of ARGs. However, little is understood about the characteristics of ARGs mediated by integrons, which hampers our monitoring and control of the mobile antimicrobial resistance risks. To address these issues, we reviewed 3,322 publications concerning detection methods and pipeline, ARG diversity and evolutionary progress, environmental and geographical distribution, bacterial hosts, gene cassettes arrangements, and based on which to identify ARGs with high risk levels mediated by integrons. Diverse ARGs of 516 subtypes attributed to 12 types were capable of being carried by integrons, with 62 core ARG subtypes prevalent in pollution source, natural and human-related environments. Hosts of ARG-carrying integrons reached 271 bacterial species, most frequently carried by opportunistic pathogens Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Moreover, the observed emergence of ARGs together with their multiple arrangements indicated the accumulation of ARGs mediated by integrons, and thus pose increasing HGT risks under modern selective agents. With the concerns of public health, we urgently call for a better monitoring and control of these high-risk ARGs. Our identified Risk Rank I ARGs (aacA7, blaOXA10, catB3, catB8, dfrA5) with high mobility, reviewed key trends and noteworthy advancements, and proposed future directions could be reference and guidance for standard formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran An
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Yuting Qi
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Xu-Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Liping Ma
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China.
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Wang YZ, Zhou SYD, Zhou XY, An XL, Su JQ. Manure and biochar have limited effect on lettuce leaf endophyte resistome. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160515. [PMID: 36442632 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soil amendment with manure compost and biochar is widely adopted to improve soil fertility and promote plant growth, and their effects on soil microbial communities and resistome have been well documented. However, there is sparse information regarding their effects on vegetable endophytes, which represent a major source of human exposure to pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) when eaten raw. Here, we investigated the impacts of manure compost or biochar addition on the bacterial community compositions and ARGs in the soil-lettuce continuum including soil, seed, leaf, and root samples. A total of 137 ARGs and 31 mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were detected in all the samples after 60 days of cultivation. The relative abundance of ARGs and the diversity of bacteria communities presented a consistent decreasing trend from soil to root endophytes, then leaf endophytes. Manure compost addition increased the diversity and abundance of ARGs in soil, while significant changes in the ARG profiles and bacterial communities were not observed in leaf endophytes after manure compost or biochar addition, or both. Bipartite networks analysis suggested that seed microbiome was one of the major sources of plant endophytes and ARGs. Twenty potential human pathogens were isolated from lettuce, indicating potential exposure risk to pathogens via the consumption of raw lettuce. These results suggest limited impacts of manure compost and biochar addition on lettuce endophytes and highlight the contribution of seed microbiome to endophyte ARG profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Zi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shu-Yi-Dan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin-Li An
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Jian-Qiang Su
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China.
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Song D, He X, Chi Y, Zhang Z, Shuai J, Wang H, Li Q, Du M. Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella enterica Subspecies Isolated from Raised Reptiles in Beijing, China. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020315. [PMID: 36670855 PMCID: PMC9854948 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reptiles are asymptomatic carriers of Salmonella spp. Reptile-associated Salmonella infections have been noticed as a significant contributor to overall human salmonellosis. However, it remains unclear regarding the prevalence of reptile-associated Salmonella in China. METHODS Fecal and gastrointestinal mucosal samples were taken from 104 snakes, 21 lizards, and 52 chelonians and cultured on selective medium. The positive clones were validated and annotated by biochemical screening and multiplex PCR verification. In addition, the antibiotic resistance of identified Salmonella isolates was detected and followed by cytotoxic activity detection on human colon cells via co-culturation. RESULTS The overall prevalence of Salmonella in reptiles was 25.99%, with rates of 30.77%, 47.62%, and 7.69% in snakes, lizards, and chelonians, respectively. Further, all isolates showed variable drug-resistant activity to 18 antibiotics, of which 14 strains (30.43%) were resistant to more than eight kinds of antibiotics. More than half of isolated Salmonella strains were more toxic to host cells than the standard strain, SL1344. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) results showed that all lizard-associated strains belong to 4 serovar types, and 7 of them fall into the highly pathogenic serovars "Carmel" and "Pomona." CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight the potential threat of zoonotic salmonellosis from captive reptiles in the Beijing area of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingka Song
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Animal Education, Beijing 102206, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xuebai He
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Animal Education, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yiming Chi
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Animal Education, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Animal Education, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jing Shuai
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Animal Education, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (Q.L.); (M.D.); Tel.: +86-021-63846590 (H.W.); +86-010-80799141 (Q.L.); +86-010-80799149 (M.D.)
| | - Qiuming Li
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Animal Education, Beijing 102206, China
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (Q.L.); (M.D.); Tel.: +86-021-63846590 (H.W.); +86-010-80799141 (Q.L.); +86-010-80799149 (M.D.)
| | - Mengze Du
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Animal Education, Beijing 102206, China
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (Q.L.); (M.D.); Tel.: +86-021-63846590 (H.W.); +86-010-80799141 (Q.L.); +86-010-80799149 (M.D.)
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Prevalence and Characterization of Gentamicin Resistance Genes in Escherichia coli Isolates from Beef Cattle Feces in Japan. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:217. [PMID: 35704076 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Gentamicin is an important antibiotic for the treatment of opportunistic infections in the clinical field. Gentamicin-resistant bacteria have been detected in livestock animals and can be transmitted to humans through the food supply or direct contact. We have previously revealed that gentamicin-resistant Escherichia coli are distributed at a comparatively high rate from beef cattle in Japan, but few studies have focused on the molecular epidemiology of gentamicin-resistant bacteria. To understand these bacteria, this study examined the prevalence of various gentamicin resistance genes in gentamicin-resistant E. coli isolates from beef cattle feces. Of the 239 gentamicin-resistant E. coli isolates, the presence of the aacC2, aadB, or aac(3)-VIa genes was confirmed in 147, 84, and 8 isolates, respectively. All aac(3)-VIa-harboring isolates had an MIC value of 64 μg/mL for gentamicin and exhibited resistance to 11 antibiotic agents. An analysis of the representative aac(3)-VIa-harboring E. coli strain GC1-3-GR-4 revealed that the aac(3)-VIa gene was present on the IncA/C plasmid together with the aadA and blaCMY genes. Furthermore, the upstream region of the aac(3)-VIa gene contained the aadA gene and the class 1 integron-integrase gene (intI1). The aac(3)-VIa gene was detected for the first time in Japan and is expected to be able to transfer between bacteria via the IncA/C plasmid and integron. These results reveal the expansion of the distribution or diversity of gentamicin resistance genes in Japan.
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Varela K, Brown JA, Lipton B, Dunn J, Stanek D, Behravesh CB, Chapman H, Conger TH, Vanover T, Edling T, Holzbauer S, Lennox AM, Lindquist S, Loerzel S, Mehlenbacher S, Mitchell M, Murphy M, Olsen CW, Yager CM. A Review of Zoonotic Disease Threats to Pet Owners: A Compendium of Measures to Prevent Zoonotic Diseases Associated with Non-Traditional Pets: Rodents and Other Small Mammals, Reptiles, Amphibians, Backyard Poultry, and Other Selected Animals. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2022; 22:303-360. [PMID: 35724316 PMCID: PMC9248330 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2022.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Varela
- One Health Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Brown
- National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians
- Indiana Department of Health
| | - Beth Lipton
- National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians
- Seattle & King County Public Health
| | - John Dunn
- National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians
- Tennessee Department of Health
| | - Danielle Stanek
- National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians
- Florida Department of Health
| | | | - Helena Chapman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine
- American Association for the Advancement of Science at NASA Applied Sciences
| | - Terry H. Conger
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal (USDA) and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Veterinary Services
| | | | | | - Stacy Holzbauer
- Minnesota Department of Health
- CDC Preparedness and Response Career Epidemiology Field Officer Program
| | | | | | | | | | - Mark Mitchell
- Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Clinical Sciences
| | - Michael Murphy
- Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine
| | - Christopher W. Olsen
- AVMA Council on Public Health
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine
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García-Martín JM, Sarmiento-Ramírez JM, Diéguez-Uribeondo J. Beyond Sea Turtles: Fusarium keratoplasticum in Eggshells of Podocnemis unifilis, a Threatened Amazonian Freshwater Turtle. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:742. [PMID: 34575781 PMCID: PMC8470610 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The endangered yellow-spotted river turtle (Podocnemis unifilis) has experienced a dramatic population decline in the Ecuadorian Amazonia, mainly due to overexploitation of its eggs. To reverse this trend, the Wildlife Conservation Society has developed a head-start program in Yasuní National Park since 2008, but the potential risk that microbes associated with its eggs might represent for hatching success has not been evaluated yet. Members of the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) are involved in egg failure in sea turtles under natural and hatchery conditions, but their role in infecting the eggs of P. unifilis is unknown. In this study, we collected eggshells of P. unifilis and obtained 50 fungal and bacterial isolates. Some potentially pathogenic fungi of the genera Fusarium, Penicillium and Rhizopus were identified based on molecular data. Most importantly, the sea turtle pathogenic species F. keratoplasticum not only was present, but it was the most frequently found. Conversely, we have also isolated other microorganisms, such as Pseudomonas or Phoma-like species, producing a wide spectrum of antifungal compounds that may have a protective role against fungal diseases. Our survey provides useful information on potential pathogens found in P. unifilis eggshells, upon which the success of conservation programs may depend.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Javier Diéguez-Uribeondo
- Departamento de Micología, Real Jardín Botánico-CSIC, 28014 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.G.-M.); (J.M.S.-R.)
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Hossain S, Heo GJ. Detection of Antimicrobial and Heavy-Metal Resistance Genes in Aeromonas spp. Isolated from Hard-Shelled Mussel ( Mytilus Coruscus). Microb Drug Resist 2021; 28:127-135. [PMID: 34297616 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2020.0590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hard-shelled mussel (Mytilus coruscus) is a popular seafood in South Korea because of its delicacy and high nutritional value. Our study aimed to identify antimicrobial and heavy-metal resistance determinants in Aeromonas isolates from marketed hard-shelled mussel in South Korea. A total of 33 Aeromonas species were isolated, and antimicrobial disk diffusion test was done to observe antimicrobial resistance patterns. In addition, broth microdilution test was performed to determine resistance to heavy-metals. PCR amplification was done to detect resistance genes. High resistance to amoxicillin (100.0%), ampicillin (93.9%), rifampicin (78.8%), and cephalothin (48.5%) was observed where least resistance to other antimicrobials was also detected. In addition, the isolates showed high resistance to cadmium (Cd) (57.6%), and 42.4% and 27.3% were resistant to chromium (Cr) and copper (Cu). The occurrence of antimicrobial resistance genes, such as blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, tetB, tetE, and intI1 genes, was observed in 9 (27.3%), 8 (24.2%), 8 (24.2%), 6 (18.2%), 5 (15.2%), and 9 (27.3%) isolates, respectively. Also, heavy-metal resistance genes, czcA, copA, and merA were detected in 17 (51.5%), 11 (33.3%), and 7 (21.2%) of the isolates, respectively. The results suggest that mussels are a reservoir of multidrug and heavy-metal-resistant Aeromonas spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Hossain
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Gang-Joon Heo
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
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Marin C, Lorenzo-Rebenaque L, Laso O, Villora-Gonzalez J, Vega S. Pet Reptiles: A Potential Source of Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:613718. [PMID: 33490138 PMCID: PMC7815585 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.613718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. is widely considered one of the most important zoonotic pathogens worldwide. The close contact between reptiles and their owners provides favourable conditions for the transmission of zoonotic pathogen infections, and ~6% of human salmonellosis cases are acquired after direct or indirect contact with reptiles. Moreover, antimicrobial resistance is one of the most important health threats of the twenty-first century and has been reported in Salmonella strains isolated from pet reptiles, which could entail therapeutic consequences for their owners and breeders. The aim of this study was to assess Salmonella carriage by pet reptiles in pet shops and households, and their role in the transmission of antimicrobial resistance, to inform the owners about the possible risks factors. During the period between January 2019 and December 2019, 54 reptiles from pet shops and 69 reptiles from households were sampled in the Valencian Region (Eastern Spain). Three different sample types were collected from each reptile: oral cavity, skin, and cloacal swabs. Salmonella identification was based on ISO 6579-1:2017 (Annex D), serotyped in accordance with Kauffman-White-Le-Minor technique, and antibiotic susceptibility was assessed according to Decision 2013/652. The results of this study showed that 48% of the pet reptiles examined from households and pet shops carry Salmonella spp. All the strains isolated presented resistance to at least one antibiotic, and 72% were multidrug-resistant strains, the most frequently observed resistance patterns being gentamicin-colistin and gentamicin-colistin-ampicillin. The present study demonstrates that pet reptiles could be a source of human multidrug-resistant Salmonella infection. In this context, the most optimal prevention of multidrug-resistant Salmonella infections necessarily involves strict control of the sanitary status of reptile pet shops and hygienic handling by the individual owners at home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Marin
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Alfara del Patriarca, Spain
| | - Laura Lorenzo-Rebenaque
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Alfara del Patriarca, Spain
| | - Omar Laso
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Alfara del Patriarca, Spain
| | | | - Santiago Vega
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Alfara del Patriarca, Spain
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9
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Hossain S, Heo GJ. Ornamental fish: a potential source of pathogenic and multidrug-resistant motile Aeromonas spp. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 72:2-12. [PMID: 32805752 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aeromonas spp. are ubiquitous bacteria that cause diseases in fish and other aquatic animals. They are the natural inhabitants of different aquatic environments, such as freshwater, brackishwater and marinewater. Extrinsic stressors, such as crowding, unhygienic handling, poor water quality, polluted feeding and inadequate nutrition, can predispose fish to Aeromonas infection. In ornamental fish, motile Aeromonas spp. are known as aetiological agents of motile aeromonad infections, which cause significant mortality in fish and economic loss in the ornamental fish industry. The existence of different virulence factors leads to the virulence potential of motile Aeromonas spp. There are several antimicrobials used to treat bacterial infections in ornamental fish. However, the extensive use of antimicrobials in the ornamental fish industry causes multidrug resistance. This article reviewed a multitude of virulence factors that are related to the ornamental fish-borne Aeromonas pathogenicity and the antimicrobial resistance determinants related to the multidrug resistance phenotypes of motile Aeromonas spp. in ornamental fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hossain
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - G-J Heo
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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10
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Renfert K, Rabsch W, Fruth A, Marschang RE, Speck S, Pees M. Influence of Salmonella specific bacteriophages (O1; S16) on the shedding of naturally occurring Salmonella and an orally applied Salmonella Eastbourne strain in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps). Vet Med Sci 2020; 7:534-547. [PMID: 33161646 PMCID: PMC8025629 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study determined the passage time and phage propagation time of salmonella specific phages, Felix O1 and S16, in 10 bearded dragons, based on re‐isolation from cloacal swabs and faecal samples following oral administration, as a possible tool for reducing salmonella shedding. In Study 1, Felix O1 was administered orally for 12 consecutive days. Over 60 days, swabs were taken from the oral cavity and cloaca and qualitative Salmonella detection as well as salmonella quantification from faecal samples were performed. In Study 2, a phage cocktail (Felix O1 and S16) was administered to half of the tested animals. Salmonella (S.) Eastbourne was also given orally to all animals. Oral and cloacal swabs were tested as in Study 1, and faecal samples were collected for phage quantification. Various Salmonella serovars were detectable at the beginning of the study. The numbers of serovars detected declined over the course of the study. S. Kisarawe was most commonly detected. Salmonella titres ranged from 102 to 107 cfu/g faeces. The phages (Felix O1 and S16) were detectable for up to 20 days after the last administration. The initial phage titres ranged from 103 to 107 pfu/ml. The study shows that the phages were able to replicate in the intestine, and were shed for a prolonged period and therefore could contribute to a reduction of Salmonella shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Renfert
- Department for Birds and Reptiles, Veterinary teaching hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Rabsch
- National Reference Centre for Salmonella and other bacterial Enterics, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Angelika Fruth
- National Reference Centre for Salmonella and other bacterial Enterics, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | | | - Stephanie Speck
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Pees
- Department for Birds and Reptiles, Veterinary teaching hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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11
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Multi-drug resistant mesophilic aeromonads isolated from marketed scallops (Patinopecten yessoensis) harboring resistance genes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/aopf-2020-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance properties of 32 Aeromonas strains isolated from fresh scallops (Patinopecten yessoensis (Jay)) marketed in Korea were assessed. All the Aeromonas spp., including A. salmonicida, were mesophilic and grew very well at 37°C. The isolates were tested for susceptibility to 19 antimicrobials belonging to eight antimicrobial classes. All isolates were multi-drug resistant, which means they were resistant to five or more antimicrobials. Higher resistance rates (≥ 50%) were observed for ampicillin, piperacillin, cephalothin, imipenem, meropenem, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, and nalidixic acid while intermediate resistance was also determined. PCR assays revealed the presence of many antimicrobial resistance genes among the isolates in varying combinations. Among them, some isolates harbored higher numbers of resistant genes, e.g., A. veronii-V1 (aac(6’)-Ib, tetE, qnrS, IntI1), A. salmonicida–SL10 (IntI1, blaCTX, aac(3’)-Ib, aac(6’)-Ib, qnrS), A. hydrophila–H13 (IntI1, blaTEM, qnrS, aac(6’)-Ib, strA-strB). However, neither the blaSHV, blaIMP, tetB, qnrA, qnrB, and aphAI-IAB genes nor class1 integrons were detected in any of the isolates. Discrepancies between phenotypic and genetic resistance traits were observed in some isolates. With respect to outcomes, scallops are proposed as a source of multi-drug resistant Aeromonas spp. that harbor antimicrobial resistant genes.
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12
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Hossain S, De Silva BCJ, Dahanayake PS, Heo GJ. Phylogenetic relationships, virulence and antimicrobial resistance properties of Klebsiella sp. isolated from pet turtles in Korea. Lett Appl Microbiol 2019; 70:71-78. [PMID: 31671218 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Klebsiella sp. are responsible for a multitude of infectious diseases in both humans and animals. In this study, phylogenetic relationships, virulence and antimicrobial resistance gene properties of 16 Klebsiella sp. isolated from 49 pet turtles were investigated. The isolates including Klebsiella oxytoca (n = 13) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 3) were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and each species formed distinct clusters in the neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree. The prevalence of virulence genes including ureC (100%) and kfu (68·75%) was observed among the isolates using Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. The fimH, mrkD and rmpA genes were detected in all K. pneumoniae while these were absent in every K. oxytoca isolate. In antimicrobial susceptibility testing, high resistance rates were observed against ampicillin (100%) and cephalothin (62·50%). The resistance rates against imipenem, tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin were 12·50, 12·50, 12·50, 6·25 and 6·25% respectively. The presence of antimicrobial resistance genes such as plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) [qnrB (37·50%), qnrA (31·25%), qnrS (12·50%) and aac(6')-Ib-cr (12·50%)], extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) [blaCTX-M (18·75%)], β-lactamase [blaSHV-1 (18·75%)] and tetracycline resistance [tetE (12·50%)] was observed. The results revealed that pet turtle-borne Klebsiella sp. may carry different types of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes which represents a potential threat to public health. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Klebsiella sp. are nonmotile Gram-negative bacteria that are found in different environments. The virulence and antimicrobial resistance properties of pet turtle-borne Klebsiella sp. have not been studied before. Phylogenetic relationships, virulence traits and antimicrobial resistance profiles of pet turtle-borne Klebsiella sp. were characterized for the first time in Korea. Multiple virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes were observed among the isolates. The occurrence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance determinants in Klebsiella sp. may represent a potential threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hossain
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - B C J De Silva
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - P S Dahanayake
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - G-J Heo
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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Dahanayake PS, Hossain S, Wickramanayake MVKS, Heo GJ. Prevalence of virulence and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes harbouring Vibrio spp. isolated from cockles (Tegillarca granosa) marketed in Korea. Lett Appl Microbiol 2019; 71:61-69. [PMID: 31602660 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the incidence, virulence and antibiotic properties in Vibrio spp. isolated from cockles (Tegillarca granosa) marketed in Korea. A total of 32 Vibrio spp. isolates including V. parahaemolyticus (n = 4), V. alginolyticus (n = 11), V. diabolicus (n = 14) and V. harveyi (n = 3) were detected using gyrB sequencing. The phenotypic pathogenicity revealed that the DNase, amylase and phospholipase activities were 100%, while lipase, slime production, gelatinase and caseinase were detected in 72, 88, 88 and 81% of the isolates respectively. The PCR amplification for the detection of V. parahaemolyticus species-specific tdh, tlh, trh and toxR genes were positive in 4 (13%), 16 (50%), 0 (0%) and 4 (13%) isolates respectively. The V. alginolytuicus species-specific tdh, tlh, trh, toxR and vac genes were carried by 15 (47%), 29 (91%), 0 (0%), 15 (47%) and 25 (78%) of the isolates respectively. In addition, multidrug resistance was observed by 27 (84%) isolates, whereas higher resistant rates were observed against ampicillin, piperacillin, streptomycin and cephalothin. The occurrence of blaCTX (78%), blaTEM (40%), blaSHV (22%) and aac(6')-Ib (94%) were prevalent, while strAB, tetB, aphAI-IAB, intl1 and aadA1 gene cassettes were also detected. The results signify the potential health risks resulting from the consumption of raw cockles in Korea. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Vibrios are well known to cause human infections following consumption of raw or undercooked seafood. This phenomenon has undoubtedly increased the number of health issues over the past few years in Korea. Among the identified Vibrio spp., we could detect V. diabolicus and V. harveyi for the first time in marketed cockles in Korea. The presence of species-specific genes (tdh-VA, tlh-VP, tlh-VA and toxR-VA) in V. diabolicus exhibits the close genetic affinity among V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus. Furthermore, the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and other antibiotic resistance genes along with multidrug resistance signifies the potential threat for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Dahanayake
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - S Hossain
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - M V K S Wickramanayake
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - G-J Heo
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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Goławska O, Zając M, Maluta A, Pristas P, Hamarová Ľ, Wasyl D. Complex bacterial flora of imported pet tortoises deceased during quarantine: Another zoonotic threat? Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 65:154-159. [PMID: 31300107 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Turtoises are a great puzzle when it comes to their bacterial flora, the composition and structure of which are still unknown in details. Its component which has been best described so far is Salmonella spp., presumably due to the threat of reptile-associated salmonellosis in humans. This investigation tried to assess and characterize intestinal bacterial flora of imported tortoises found dead during quarantine. Most of the animals carried various serovars of Salmonella showing no antimicrobial resistance. Presence of multiresistant Escherichia coli was possibly a result of industrial breeding and high usage of antimicrobials. Thirteen bacterial species or genera like Citrobacter spp., Morganella spp., Pseudomonas spp. were identified. Their commensal character is assumed, although pathogenic potential might be verified. The results indicate global tortoise trade as a source of common and exotic bacteria or antimicrobial resistance mechanisms in new geographical areas. These dangers indicate the need for a systematic survey of exotic pets and establishment of legal requirements for reptile health conditions on breeding, trade premises and in households with such pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Goławska
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zając
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | | | - Peter Pristas
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ľudmila Hamarová
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Science, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Dariusz Wasyl
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland; Department of Omic Analyses, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland.
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15
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Hossain S, De Silva B, Dahanayake P, Shin GW, Heo GJ. MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF VIRULENCE, ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE GENES, AND CLASS ONE INTEGRON GENE CASSETTES IN SALMONELLA ENTERICA SUBSP. ENTERICA ISOLATED FROM PET TURTLES IN SEOUL, KOREA. J Exot Pet Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Frozen White-Leg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in Korean Markets as a Source of Aeromonas spp. Harboring Antibiotic and Heavy Metal Resistance Genes. Microb Drug Resist 2018; 24:1587-1598. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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17
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Wimalasena SHMP, Pathirana HNKS, Shin GW, De Silva BCJ, Hossain S, Heo GJ. Characterization of Quinolone-Resistant Determinants in Tribe Proteeae Isolated from Pet Turtles with High Prevalence of qnrD and Novel gyrB Mutations. Microb Drug Resist 2018; 25:611-618. [PMID: 30427748 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria has challenged significantly in both veterinary and human medicine. In this study, we analyzed the potential risk of pet turtles harboring tribe Proteeae as a source of quinolone-resistant determinants, including plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes and target gene alterations in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR). Antimicrobial susceptibility of 54 Proteeae isolates against ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, and nalidixic acid was examined. The PMQR genes and QRDR alterations were identified using conventional PCR assays and sequencing. Four isolates were resistant to all quinolones tested in this study. Nine isolates showed resistance to nalidixic acid and showed either intermediate resistance or susceptibility to other tested quinolones. All isolates resistant to one or more tested quinolones harbored mutations in gyrB and some also had gyrA and parC mutations. Of 54, 12 Proteeae isolates displayed the novel E466D, N440T, Q411S, and F417L mutations in gyrB. Among the PMQR genes, 41 (76%) isolates harbored the qnrD gene with the highest prevalence, whereas aac(6')Ib-cr, qnrS, qnrA, and qnrB genes were detected in 28 (52%), 9 (17.0%), 7 (13.0%), and 1 (1.9%) study isolates, respectively. The QRDR analysis of selected mutants revealed that increasing quinolone selective pressure led to a predominance of gyrA mutants. All results indicate that a healthy pet turtle can play as a potential reservoir for quinolone-resistant Proteeae, which it might cause public health risk on pet owners.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gee-Wook Shin
- 2 Bio-Safety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | | | - Sabrina Hossain
- 1 Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Gang-Joon Heo
- 1 Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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18
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Pathirana HNKS, Shin GW, Wimalasena SHMP, Hossain S, De Silva BCJ, Dahanayake PS, Heo GJ. Incidence of antibiogram, antibiotic resistance genes and class 1 and 2 integrons in tribe Proteeae with IMP27 gene for the first time in Providencia sp. isolated from pet turtles. Lett Appl Microbiol 2018; 67:620-627. [PMID: 30238643 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proteeae is a tribe which consists of three genera: Proteus, Providencia and Morganella. The objective of this study was to determine antimicrobial resistance profile, virulence genotype and class 1 and 2 integrons in Proteeae isolated from pet turtles and to determine the impact of antibiotic resistance on virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes. Integron-positive isolates were used to detect their gene cassette array. Sixty four Proteeae were isolated and all were resistant to macrolides (100%). Among 64 isolates 56, 52, 36 and 25 were resistant to nitrofurans, β-lactams, tetracycline and aminoglycoside respectively. Sixteen (25%) isolates were positive for intI1 while 14 (21·87%) were positive for integrase 2 (intI2). Eleven (17·18%) isolates were positive for class 1 variable region while 7 (10·93%) were positive for class 2 variable region. IMP27, a novel metallo β-lactamase gene was found in Providencia isolates. Proteus sp. were positive for every tested virulence genes and UreC gene was detected in 48·44% followed by zapA (17·19%), mrpA (17·19%) and hlyA (14·06%) genes. In this study, integron associated-antibiotic resistance genes have been identified in Proteeae isolates in a considerable range representing clear threats to public health. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: In this study, multidrug-resistant Proteeae isolates had several antibiotic resistance genes. Integrons are important contributors to the development and dissemination of antibiotic resistance. We could detect both class 1 and 2 integrons and several gene cassette arrays in class 1 integron. The gene cassette arrays of the Class 2 integrons contained IMP27-dfrA1-aadA1-catB2-ybeA-ybgA in two isolates. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study to report detection of IMP27 in Providencia rettgeri isolates. All results indicate that healthy pet turtles act as potential reservoirs for Proteeae species with zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- H N K S Pathirana
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - G W Shin
- Bio-Safety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - S H M P Wimalasena
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - S Hossain
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - B C J De Silva
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - P S Dahanayake
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - G-J Heo
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
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Kuroki T, Ishihara T, Nakajima N, Furukawa I, Une Y. Prevalence of Salmonella enterica Subspecies enterica in Red-Eared Sliders Trachemys scripta elegans Retailed in Pet Shops in Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis 2018; 72:38-43. [PMID: 30270249 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2018.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the prevalence of Salmonella in 227 small red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) from 2006 to 2008. A total of 130 turtles (57.3%) tested positive for S. enterica subsp. enterica. Twenty-two serotypes including S. Montevideo, S. Newport, S. Pomona, S. Braenderup, S. Sandiego, and S. Litchfield were identified. Salmonella strains with closely related pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns were isolated from several shops located in different areas from 2006 to 2008. Antimicrobial resistance was detected among strains of S. Montevideo, S. Newport, S. Braenderup, S. Sandiego, and S. Litchfield. The relatedness of antimicrobial resistance and PFGE profiles was not observed. The PFGE patterns of S. Poona strains isolated in 2006 and 2008 and the causative strains of turtle-associated salmonellosis in 2006 were identical. These results revealed a high prevalence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica in red-eared sliders retailed in Japan. In addition, genetically closely-related strains of turtle-associated Salmonella were repeatedly introduced into Japan over the study period and were distributed widely in Japan. These Salmonella strains present a risk of a widely disseminated outbreak of turtle-associated salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Kuroki
- Department of Microbiology, Kanagawa Prefectural Institute of Public Health
| | - Tomoe Ishihara
- Department of Microbiology, Kanagawa Prefectural Institute of Public Health
| | - Naoki Nakajima
- Department of Microbiology, Kanagawa Prefectural Institute of Public Health
| | - Ichiro Furukawa
- Department of Microbiology, Kanagawa Prefectural Institute of Public Health
| | - Yumi Une
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
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20
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Karp BE, Campbell D, Chen JC, Folster JP, Friedman CR. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in human non-typhoidal Salmonella infections: An emerging public health problem in the United States. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:838-849. [PMID: 30027554 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Invasive Salmonella infections in adults are commonly treated with fluoroquinolones, a critically important antimicrobial class. Historically, quinolone resistance was the result of chromosomal mutations, but plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) has emerged and is increasingly being reported in Enterobacteriaceae worldwide. PMQR may facilitate the spread of quinolone resistance, lead to higher-level quinolone resistance, and make infections harder to treat. To better understand the epidemiology of PMQR in non-typhoidal Salmonella causing human infections in the United States, we looked at trends in quinolone resistance among isolates submitted to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. We reviewed demographic, exposure and outcome information for patients with isolates having a PMQR-associated phenotype during 2008-2014 and tested isolates for quinolone resistance mechanisms. We found that PMQR is emerging among non-typhoidal Salmonella causing human infections in the United States and that international travel, reptile and amphibian exposure, and food are likely sources of human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth E Karp
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Davina Campbell
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | | | - Jason P Folster
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Cindy R Friedman
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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21
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Cardoso-Brito V, Raposo ACS, Pires TT, Pinna MH, Oriá AP. Conjunctival bacterial flora and antimicrobial susceptibility of captive and free-living sea turtles in Brazil. Vet Ophthalmol 2018; 22:246-255. [PMID: 29953719 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the aerobic conjunctival bacterial flora of 3 especies of free-living and under human care sea turtles and determine its antimicrobial susceptibility in vitro. METHOD Thirty-six sea turtles (72 eyes), juveniles and adults, 7 free-living Chelonia mydas and 8 Chelonia mydas, 4 Caretta caretta, 11 Eretmochelys imbricata, and 6 Lepidochelys olivacea under human care, were evaluated. Conjunctival cultures were collected for identification of aerobic bacteria and antimicrobial susceptibility testing for ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, neomycin, oxacillin, polymyxin B, tetracycline, and tobramycin using antibiotic disks. Bacterial strains showing no sensitivity to 4 or more antimicrobials were considered multiresistant to this panel. RESULTS Bacterial growth was observed in 12/14 (85.71%) samples in the free-living sea turtles, and there was growth in 100% (58/58) of the samples from captive animals. There were 94 strains isolated and 15 species identified. There was a predominance of Gram-positive bacteria in free-living Chelonia mydas, most of which were Bacillus and Staphylococcus. The most commonly isolated Gram-negative species were enterobacteria for free-living and under human care animals. The strains were predominantly sensitive to ciprofloxacin and tobramycin, and less sensitive to oxacillin or polymyxin B. Ten multiresistant strains were isolated. Yeast were identified in 13.89% (10/72) of the samples. CONCLUSIONS These results, showing differences in the conjunctival bacterial flora of free-living and captive animals, may be helpful for diagnosis and treatment of ocular disorders in sea turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Cardoso-Brito
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia S Raposo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Thaís T Pires
- Fundação Centro Brasileiro de Proteção e Pesquisa das Tartarugas Marinhas (Fundação Pró-Tamar), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Melissa H Pinna
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Arianne P Oriá
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
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Wimalasena S, De Silva B, Hossain S, Pathirana H, Heo GJ. Prevalence and characterisation of quinolone resistance genes in Aeromonas spp. isolated from pet turtles in South Korea. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2017; 11:34-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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Antibacterial activity of essential oil from lavender ( Lavandula angustifolia) against pet turtle-borne pathogenic bacteria. Lab Anim Res 2017; 33:195-201. [PMID: 29046693 PMCID: PMC5645596 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2017.33.3.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pet turtles are well-known to harbor an array of bacterial pathogens which can cause zoonotic infections in humans as well as opportunistic infections in the turtles itself. Essential oils are the natural plant extracts which have been traditionally used for disease treatment. In the present study, the essential oil of lavender (EOL) was examined for its antibacterial activity against thirty-eight strains of turtle-borne pathogenic bacteria belonging to seven species; Aeromonas hydrophila, A. caviae, A. dhakensis, Citrobacter freundii, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella enterica and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibacterial activity of EOL was tested by means of disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) tests. In addition, the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of 11 commonly used antimicrobials was examined and the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was calculated. The results revealed that EOL was active against all tested turtle-borne pathogenic bacteria except P. aeruginosa. The range of MIC and MBC values of EOL against isolates except P. aeruginosa were recorded as 0.5-1% (V/V) and 0.5-2% (V/V), respectively. The MBC/MIC ratio was detected as <4, revealing that the tested EOL was bactericidal. Besides, most of the isolates were resistant to different antimicrobials in antimicrobial disk diffusion test. MAR index values of the tested strains were ranging from 0.27 to 0.91. The outcomes indicate that EOL has a potential to be used as an antibacterial agent against pathogenic bacteria isolated from pet turtles.
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MULTI-DRUG RESISTANCE PATTERNS OF ENTERIC BACTERIA IN TWO POPULATIONS OF FREE-RANGING EASTERN BOX TURTLES (TERRAPENE CAROLINA CAROLINA). J Zoo Wildl Med 2017; 48:708-715. [DOI: 10.1638/2016-0194.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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25
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Antimicrobial property of lemongrass ( Cymbopogon citratus) oil against pathogenic bacteria isolated from pet turtles. Lab Anim Res 2017; 33:84-91. [PMID: 28747972 PMCID: PMC5527151 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2017.33.2.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The usage of essential oils as antimicrobial agents is gaining attention. Besides, pet turtles were known to harbor a range of pathogenic bacteria while the turtle keeping is a growing trend worldwide.The current study examined the antimicrobial activity of lemon grass oil (LGO) against seven species of Gram negative bacteria namely; Aeromonas hydrophila, A. caviae, Citrobacter freundii, Salmonella enterica, Edwardsiella tarda, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis isolated from three popular species of pet turtles. Along with the results of disc diffusion, minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentration (MIC and MBC) tests, LGO was detected as effective against 6 species of bacteria excluding P. aeruginosa. MIC of LGO for the strains except P. aeruginosa ranged from 0.016 to 0.5% (V/V). The lowest MIC recorded in the E. tarda strain followed by A. hydrophilla, C. freundii, P. mirabilis, and S. enterica. Interestingly, all the bacterial species except E. tarda were showing high multiple antimicrobial resistance (MAR) index values ranging from 0.36 to 0.91 upon the 11 antibiotics tested although they were sensitive to LGO.
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Quinolone susceptibility and genetic characterization of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica isolated from pet turtles. Lab Anim Res 2017; 33:49-56. [PMID: 28747968 PMCID: PMC5527147 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2017.33.2.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Turtle-borne Salmonella enterica owns significance as a leading cause in human salmonellosis. The current study aimed to determine the quinolone susceptibility and the genetic characteristics of 21 strains of S. enterica subsp. enterica isolated from pet turtles. Susceptibility of four antimicrobials including nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and levofloxacin was examined in disk diffusion and MIC tests where the majority of the isolates were susceptible to all tested quinolones. In genetic characterization, none of the isolates were positive for qnr or aac(6')-Ib genes and no any target site mutations could be detected in gyrA, gyrB, and parC quinolone resistance determining regions (QRDR). In addition, neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree derived using gyrA gene sequences exhibited two distinct clads comprising; first, current study isolates, and second, quinolone-resistant isolates of human and animal origin. All results suggest that studied strains of S. enterica subsp. enterica isolated from pet turtles are susceptible to quinolones and genetically more conserved with regards to gyrA gene region.
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27
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Cortés-Cortés G, Lozano-Zarain P, Torres C, Castañeda M, Sánchez GM, Alonso CA, López-Pliego L, Mayen MGG, Martínez-Laguna Y, Rocha-Gracia RDC. Detection and Molecular Characterization ofEscherichia coliStrains Producers of Extended-Spectrum and CMY-2 Type Beta-Lactamases, Isolated from Turtles in Mexico. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 16:595-603. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Cortés-Cortés
- Posgrado en Microbiología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Patricia Lozano-Zarain
- Posgrado en Microbiología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Carmen Torres
- Área Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Miguel Castañeda
- Posgrado en Microbiología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | | | - Carla A. Alonso
- Área Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Liliana López-Pliego
- Posgrado en Microbiología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | | | - Ygnacio Martínez-Laguna
- Posgrado en Microbiología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Rosa del Carmen Rocha-Gracia
- Posgrado en Microbiología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
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Soleimani N, Derakhshan S, Memariani M. Plasmid Profile Analysis of Aminoglycoside-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated From Urinary Tract Infections. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENTERIC PATHOGENS 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/ijep33806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Labro MT, Bryskier JM. Antibacterial resistance: an emerging ‘zoonosis’? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 12:1441-61. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2014.976611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Lupo A, Papp-Wallace KM, Sendi P, Bonomo RA, Endimiani A. Non-phenotypic tests to detect and characterize antibiotic resistance mechanisms in Enterobacteriaceae. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 77:179-94. [PMID: 24091103 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the past 2 decades, we have observed a rapid increase of infections due to multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Regrettably, these isolates possess genes encoding for extended-spectrum β-lactamases (e.g., blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV) or plasmid-mediated AmpCs (e.g., blaCMY) that confer resistance to last-generation cephalosporins. Furthermore, other resistance traits against quinolones (e.g., mutations in gyrA and parC, qnr elements) and aminoglycosides (e.g., aminoglycosides modifying enzymes and 16S rRNA methylases) are also frequently co-associated. Even more concerning is the rapid increase of Enterobacteriaceae carrying genes conferring resistance to carbapenems (e.g., blaKPC, blaNDM). Therefore, the spread of these pathogens puts in peril our antibiotic options. Unfortunately, standard microbiological procedures require several days to isolate the responsible pathogen and to provide correct antimicrobial susceptibility test results. This delay impacts the rapid implementation of adequate antimicrobial treatment and infection control countermeasures. Thus, there is emerging interest in the early and more sensitive detection of resistance mechanisms. Modern non-phenotypic tests are promising in this respect, and hence, can influence both clinical outcome and healthcare costs. In this review, we present a summary of the most advanced methods (e.g., next-generation DNA sequencing, multiplex PCRs, real-time PCRs, microarrays, MALDI-TOF MS, and PCR/ESI MS) presently available for the rapid detection of antibiotic resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae. Taking into account speed, manageability, accuracy, versatility, and costs, the possible settings of application (research, clinic, and epidemiology) of these methods and their superiority against standard phenotypic methods are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Lupo
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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33
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PREVALENCE OF ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH THE RED-EARED SLIDER (TRACHEMYS SCRIPTA ELEGANS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2013; 44:666-71. [DOI: 10.1638/2012-0252r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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34
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Giacopello C, Foti M, Fisichella V, Latella G, Aleo A, Mammina C. Antibiotic Resistance in Salmonella Isolated from Tegus (Tupinambis spp.). J Exot Pet Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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35
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Cushing A, Pinborough M, Stanford M. Review of bacterial and fungal culture and sensitivity results from reptilian samples submitted to a UK laboratory. Vet Rec 2011; 169:390. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.d4636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Cushing
- Birch Heath Veterinary Clinic; Birch Heath Road Tarporley Cheshire CW6 9UU UK
| | - M. Pinborough
- Pinmoore Animal Laboratory Services Limited; Birch Heath Road Tarporley Cheshire CW6 9UU UK
| | - M. Stanford
- Birch Heath Veterinary Clinic; Birch Heath Road Tarporley Cheshire CW6 9UU UK
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Abbott IJ, Slavin MA, Turnidge JD, Thursky KA, Worth LJ. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: emerging disease patterns and challenges for treatment. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2011; 9:471-88. [PMID: 21504403 DOI: 10.1586/eri.11.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a ubiquitous organism associated with opportunistic infections. In the immunocompromised host, increasing prevalence and severity of illness is observed, particularly opportunistic bloodstream infections and pneumonia syndromes. In this article, the classification and microbiology are outlined, together with clinical presentation, outcomes and management of infections due to S. maltophilia. Although virulence mechanisms and the genetic basis of antibiotic resistance have been identified, a role for standardized and uniform reporting of antibiotic sensitivity is not defined. Infections due to S. maltophilia have traditionally been treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ticarcillin-clavulanic acid, or fluoroquinolone agents. The use of combination therapies, newer fluoroquinolone agents and tetracycline derivatives is discussed. Finally, measures to prevent transmission of S. maltophilia within healthcare facilities are reported, especially in at-risk patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain J Abbott
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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38
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He GX, Thorpe C, Walsh D, Crow R, Chen H, Kumar S, Varela MF. EmmdR, a new member of the MATE family of multidrug transporters, extrudes quinolones from Enterobacter cloacae. Arch Microbiol 2011; 193:759-65. [PMID: 21822795 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-011-0738-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Revised: 06/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We cloned a gene, ECL_03329, from the chromosome of Enterobacter cloacae ATCC13047, using a drug-hypersensitive Escherichia coli KAM32 cell as the host. We show here that this gene, designated as emmdR, is responsible for multidrug resistance in E. cloacae. E. coli KAM32 host cells containing the cloned emmdR gene (KAM32/pEMMDR28) showed decreased susceptibilities to benzalkonium chloride, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ethidium bromide, acriflavine, rhodamine6G, and trimethoprim. emmdR-deficient E. cloacae cells (EcΔemmdR) showed increased susceptibilities to several of the antimicrobial agents tested. EmmdR has twelve predicted transmembrane segments and some shared identity with members of the multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) family of transporters. Study of the antimicrobial agent efflux activities revealed that EmmdR is an H+-drug antiporter but not a Na+ driven efflux pump. These results indicate that EmmdR is responsible for multidrug resistance and pumps out quinolones from E. cloacae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Xin He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
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SugE, a new member of the SMR family of transporters, contributes to antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacter cloacae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:3954-7. [PMID: 21576447 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00094-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We cloned a gene, sugE, from the chromosome of Enterobacter cloacae ATCC 13047. Analysis of the susceptibilities of the sugE-containing strain (Escherichia coli KAM32/pSUGE28) and sugE-deficient E. cloacae (EcΔsugE) showed that SugE confers resistance to cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, cetylpyridinium chloride, tetraphenylphosphonium, benzalkonium chloride, ethidium bromide, and sodium dodecyl sulfate. We also investigated expression of sugE. We confirm here that SugE from E. cloacae is an SMR family transporter as determined by observing its energy-dependent drug efflux activity.
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Ben Slama K, Jouini A, Ben Sallem R, Somalo S, Sáenz Y, Estepa V, Boudabous A, Torres C. Prevalence of broad-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli isolates in food samples in Tunisia, and characterization of integrons and antimicrobial resistance mechanisms implicated. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 137:281-6. [PMID: 20031243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The presence of broad-spectrum-cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli isolates and the implicated mechanisms of resistance were investigated in 79 food samples of animal origin obtained in different supermarkets and local butcheries in Tunisia. Ten of these samples (12.6%) harbored extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli isolates and 13 ESBL-positive isolates were recovered (one or two/sample), which exhibited nine different Pulsed-Field-Gel-Electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns. ESBLs detected were the following: CTX-M-1 (10 strains), CTX-M-1+TEM-1b (2 strains) and CTX-M-1+TEM-20 (1 strain). The orf477 sequence was identified downstream of bla(CTX-M-1) gene in all 13 strains and ISEcp1 upstream in 9 strains. All ESBL-positive strains were included into phylogenetic group A or B1 (4 and 9 strains, respectively). Three of the 79 food samples (3.8%) contained broad-spectrum-cephalosporin-resistant and ESBL-negative E. coli isolates with AmpC phenotype. One isolate per sample was studied, and they showed unrelated PFGE patterns. The CMY-2 type beta-lactamase was identified in one of these 3 strains and specific point mutations in the promoter/attenuator region of ampC gene (at positions -42, -18, -1 and +58) were detected in the remaining two strains. Twelve ESBL-positive and one ESBL-negative E. coli strains contained class 1 integrons with the following gene cassette arrangements: dfrA1+aadA (6 strains) and dfrA17+aadA5 (7 strains). E. coli strains from food samples could represent a reservoir of ESBL-encoding genes and integrons that could be transmitted to humans through the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Ben Slama
- Laboratoire MBA, Département de Biologie, Faculté de Sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
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Charles-Smith LE, Lewbart GA, Aresco MJ, Cowen P. Detection of Salmonella in Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus) During Two Relocation Efforts in Florida. CHELONIAN CONSERVATION AND BIOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.2744/ccb-0771.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Harris JR, Bergmire-Sweat D, Schlegel JH, Winpisinger KA, Klos RF, Perry C, Tauxe RV, Sotir MJ. Multistate outbreak of Salmonella infections associated with small turtle exposure, 2007-2008. Pediatrics 2009; 124:1388-94. [PMID: 19841114 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2009-0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Turtle-associated salmonellosis was increasingly recognized in the United States during the 1960s, leading to a federal ban in 1975 on the sale of turtles <4 inches in carapace length (small turtles). Although sporadic reports of turtle-associated Salmonella are frequent, outbreaks are rare. In September 2007, several patients with Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi B var Java infections reported recent turtle exposure. We conducted an investigation to determine the source and extent of the infections. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with Salmonella Paratyphi B var Java infections with a specific pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern (outbreak strain) and illness onset between May 2007 and January 2008, were compared with healthy controls. Reptile exposure and awareness of a Salmonella-reptile link were assessed. Turtle size and purchase information were collected. RESULTS We identified 107 patients with outbreak-strain infections. The median patient age was 7 years; 33% were hospitalized. Forty-seven (60%) of 78 patients interviewed reported exposure to turtles during the week before illness; 41 (87%) were small turtles, and 16 (34%) were purchased in a retail pet store. In the case-control study, 72% of 25 patients reported turtle exposure during the week before illness compared with 4% of 45 controls (matched odds ratio [mOR]: 40.9 [95% confidence interval (CI): 6.9-unbounded]). Seven (32%) of 22 patients versus 11 (28%) of 39 controls reported knowledge of a link between reptile exposure and Salmonella infection (mOR: 1.3 [95% CI: 0.4-4.6]). CONCLUSIONS We observed a strong association between turtle exposure and Salmonella infections in this outbreak. Small turtles continue to be sold and pose a health risk, especially to children; many people remain unaware of the link between Salmonella infection and reptile contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie R Harris
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30309, USA.
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Awong-Taylor J, Craven KS, Griffiths L, Bass C, Muscarella M. Comparison of biochemical and molecular methods for the identification of bacterial isolates associated with failed loggerhead sea turtle eggs. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 104:1244-51. [PMID: 18028359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03650.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Comparison of biochemical vs molecular methods for identification of microbial populations associated with failed loggerhead turtle eggs. METHODS AND RESULTS Two biochemical (API and Microgen) and one molecular methods (16s rRNA analysis) were compared in the areas of cost, identification, corroboration of data with other methods, ease of use, resources and software. The molecular method was costly and identified only 66% of the isolates tested compared with 74% for API. A 74% discrepancy in identifications occurred between API and 16s rRNA analysis. The two biochemical methods were comparable in cost, but Microgen was easier to use and yielded the lowest discrepancy among identifications (29%) when compared with both API 20 enteric (API 20E) and API 20 nonenteric (API 20NE) combined. A comparison of API 20E and API 20NE indicated an 83% discrepancy between the two methods. CONCLUSIONS The Microgen identification system appears to be better suited than API or 16s rRNA analysis for identification of environmental isolates associated with failed loggerhead eggs. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Most identification methods are not intended for use with environmental isolates. A comparison of identification systems would provide better options for identifying environmental bacteria for ecological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Awong-Taylor
- Department of Biology, Armstrong Atlantic State University, Savannah, GA, USA.
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