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Recazens E, Mouisel E, Langin D. Hormone-sensitive lipase: sixty years later. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 82:101084. [PMID: 33387571 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) was initially characterized as the hormonally regulated neutral lipase activity responsible for the breakdown of triacylglycerols into fatty acids in adipose tissue. This review aims at providing up-to-date information on structural properties, regulation of expression, activity and function as well as therapeutic potential. The lipase is expressed as different isoforms produced from tissue-specific alternative promoters. All isoforms are composed of an N-terminal domain and a C-terminal catalytic domain within which a regulatory domain containing the phosphorylation sites is embedded. Some isoforms possess additional N-terminal regions. The catalytic domain shares similarities with bacteria, fungus and vascular plant proteins but not with other mammalian lipases. HSL singularity is provided by regulatory and N-terminal domains sharing no homology with other proteins. HSL has a broad substrate specificity compared to other neutral lipases. It hydrolyzes acylglycerols, cholesteryl and retinyl esters among other substrates. A novel role of HSL, independent of its enzymatic function, has recently been described in adipocytes. Clinical studies revealed dysregulations of HSL expression and activity in disorders, such as lipodystrophy, obesity, type 2 diabetes and cancer-associated cachexia. Development of specific inhibitors positions HSL as a pharmacological target for the treatment of metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Recazens
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1297, 31432 Toulouse, France; University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, UMR1297, Toulouse, France
| | - Etienne Mouisel
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1297, 31432 Toulouse, France; University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, UMR1297, Toulouse, France
| | - Dominique Langin
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1297, 31432 Toulouse, France; University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, UMR1297, Toulouse, France; Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague and Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France; Toulouse University Hospitals, Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Toulouse, France.
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Boyko KM, Kryukova MV, Petrovskaya LE, Nikolaeva AY, Korzhenevsky DA, Novototskaya-Vlasova KA, Rivkina EM, Dolgikh DA, Kirpichnikov MP, Popov VO. Crystal structure of PMGL2 esterase from the hormone-sensitive lipase family with GCSAG motif around the catalytic serine. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226838. [PMID: 31990908 PMCID: PMC6986724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipases comprise a large class of hydrolytic enzymes which catalyze the cleavage of the ester bonds in triacylglycerols and find numerous biotechnological applications. Previously, we have cloned the gene coding for a novel esterase PMGL2 from a Siberian permafrost metagenomic DNA library. We have determined the 3D structure of PMGL2 which belongs to the hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) family and contains a new variant of the active site motif, GCSAG. Similar to many other HSLs, PMGL2 forms dimers in solution and in the crystal. Our results demonstrated that PMGL2 and structurally characterized members of the GTSAG motif subfamily possess a common dimerization interface that significantly differs from that of members of the GDSAG subfamily of known structure. Moreover, PMGL2 had a unique organization of the active site cavity with significantly different topology compared to the other lipolytic enzymes from the HSL family with known structure including the distinct orientation of the active site entrances within the dimer and about four times larger size of the active site cavity. To study the role of the cysteine residue in GCSAG motif of PMGL2, the catalytic properties and structure of its double C173T/C202S mutant were examined and found to be very similar to the wild type protein. The presence of the bound PEG molecule in the active site of the mutant form allowed for precise mapping of the amino acid residues forming the substrate cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin M. Boyko
- Department of Enzyme Engineering, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marya V. Kryukova
- Kurchatov Complex of NBICS-technologies, National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Lada E. Petrovskaya
- Department of Bioengineering, Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alena Y. Nikolaeva
- Kurchatov Complex of NBICS-technologies, National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry A. Korzhenevsky
- Kurchatov Complex of NBICS-technologies, National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia A. Novototskaya-Vlasova
- Laboratory of Soil Cryology, Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Elizaveta M. Rivkina
- Laboratory of Soil Cryology, Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Dmitry A. Dolgikh
- Department of Bioengineering, Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail P. Kirpichnikov
- Department of Bioengineering, Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir O. Popov
- Department of Enzyme Engineering, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Kurchatov Complex of NBICS-technologies, National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
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Kashif A, Tran LH, Jang SH, Lee C. Roles of Active-Site Aromatic Residues in Cold Adaptation of Sphingomonas glacialis Esterase EstSP1. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:8760-8769. [PMID: 31457406 PMCID: PMC6645578 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aromatic amino acids, Tyr or Trp, which line the active-site walls of esterases, stabilize the catalytic His loop via hydrogen bonding. A Tyr residue is preferred in extremophilic esterases (psychrophilic or hyperthermophilic esterases), whereas a Trp residue is preferred in moderate-temperature esterases. Here, we provide evidence that Tyr and Trp play distinct roles in cold adaptation of the psychrophilic esterase EstSP1 isolated from an Arctic bacterium Sphingomonas glacialis PAMC 26605. Stern-Volmer plots showed that the mutation of Tyr191 to Ala, Phe, Trp, and His resulted in reduced conformational flexibility of the overall protein structure. Interestingly, the Y191W and Y191H mutants showed increased thermal stability at moderate temperatures. All Tyr191 mutants showed reduced catalytic activity relative to wild-type EstSP1. Our results indicate that Tyr with its phenyl hydroxyl group is favored for increased conformational flexibility and high catalytic activity of EstSP1 at low temperatures at the expense of thermal stability. The results of this study suggest that, in the permanently cold Arctic zone, enzyme activity has been selected for psychrophilic enzymes over thermal stability. The results presented herein provide novel insight into the roles of Tyr and Trp residues for temperature adaptation of enzymes that function at low, moderate, and high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - ChangWoo Lee
- E-mail: . Tel: +82-53-850-6464. Fax: +82-53-850-6469
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4
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A novel, versatile family IV carboxylesterase exhibits high stability and activity in a broad pH spectrum. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 39:577-587. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2282-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hong DK, Jang SH, Lee C. Gene cloning and characterization of a psychrophilic phthalate esterase with organic solvent tolerance from an Arctic bacterium Sphingomonas glacialis PAMC 26605. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Mandelli F, Gonçalves TA, Gandin CA, Oliveira ACP, Oliveira Neto M, Squina FM. Characterization and Low-Resolution Structure of an Extremely Thermostable Esterase of Potential Biotechnological Interest from Pyrococcus furiosus. Mol Biotechnol 2016; 58:757-766. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-016-9975-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Conserved tyrosine 182 residue in hyperthermophilic esterase EstE1 plays a critical role in stabilizing the active site. Extremophiles 2016; 20:187-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-016-0812-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Li PY, Chen XL, Ji P, Li CY, Wang P, Zhang Y, Xie BB, Qin QL, Su HN, Zhou BC, Zhang YZ, Zhang XY. Interdomain hydrophobic interactions modulate the thermostability of microbial esterases from the hormone-sensitive lipase family. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:11188-98. [PMID: 25771540 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.646182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial hormone-sensitive lipases (HSLs) contain a CAP domain and a catalytic domain. However, it remains unclear how the CAP domain interacts with the catalytic domain to maintain the stability of microbial HSLs. Here, we isolated an HSL esterase, E40, from a marine sedimental metagenomic library. E40 exhibited the maximal activity at 45 °C and was quite thermolabile, with a half-life of only 2 min at 40 °C, which may be an adaptation of E40 to the permanently cold sediment environment. The structure of E40 was solved to study its thermolability. Structural analysis showed that E40 lacks the interdomain hydrophobic interactions between loop 1 of the CAP domain and α7 of the catalytic domain compared with its thermostable homologs. Mutational analysis showed that the introduction of hydrophobic residues Trp(202) and Phe(203) in α7 significantly improved E40 stability and that a further introduction of hydrophobic residues in loop 1 made E40 more thermostable because of the formation of interdomain hydrophobic interactions. Altogether, the results indicate that the absence of interdomain hydrophobic interactions between loop 1 and α7 leads to the thermolability of E40. In addition, a comparative analysis of the structures of E40 and other thermolabile and thermostable HSLs suggests that the interdomain hydrophobic interactions between loop 1 and α7 are a key element for the thermostability of microbial HSLs. Therefore, this study not only illustrates the structural element leading to the thermolability of E40 but also reveals a structural determinant for HSL thermostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Yi Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and the Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiu-Lan Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and the Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Peng Ji
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and the Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Chun-Yang Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and the Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Peng Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and the Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and the Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Bin-Bin Xie
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and the Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Qi-Long Qin
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and the Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Hai-Nan Su
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and the Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Bai-Cheng Zhou
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and the Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and the Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xi-Ying Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and the Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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Boyineni J, Kim J, Kang BS, Lee C, Jang SH. Enhanced catalytic site thermal stability of cold-adapted esterase EstK by a W208Y mutation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1844:1076-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Li PY, Ji P, Li CY, Zhang Y, Wang GL, Zhang XY, Xie BB, Qin QL, Chen XL, Zhou BC, Zhang YZ. Structural basis for dimerization and catalysis of a novel esterase from the GTSAG motif subfamily of the bacterial hormone-sensitive lipase family. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:19031-41. [PMID: 24867954 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.574913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormone-sensitive lipases (HSLs) are widely distributed in microorganisms, plants, and animals. Microbial HSLs are classified into two subfamilies, an unnamed new subfamily and the GDSAG motif subfamily. Due to the lack of structural information, the detailed catalytic mechanism of the new subfamily is not yet clarified. Based on sequence analysis, we propose to name the new subfamily as the GTSAG motif subfamily. We identified a novel HSL esterase E25, a member of the GTSAG motif subfamily, by functional metagenomic screening, and resolved its structure at 2.05 Å. E25 is mesophilic (optimum temperature at 50 °C), salt-tolerant, slightly alkaline (optimum pH at 8.5) for its activity, and capable of hydrolyzing short chain monoesters (C2-C10). E25 tends to form dimers both in the crystal and in solution. An E25 monomer contains an N-terminal CAP domain, and a classical α/β hydrolase-fold domain. Residues Ser(186), Asp(282), and His(312) comprise the catalytic triad. Structural and mutational analyses indicated that E25 adopts a dimerization pattern distinct from other HSLs. E25 dimer is mainly stabilized by an N-terminal loop intersection from the CAP domains and hydrogen bonds and salt bridges involving seven highly conserved hydrophilic residues from the catalytic domains. Further analysis indicated that E25 also has some catalytic profiles different from other HSLs. Dimerization is essential for E25 to exert its catalytic activity by keeping the accurate orientation of the catalytic Asp(282) within the catalytic triad. Our results reveal the structural basis for dimerization and catalysis of an esterase from the GTSAG motif subfamily of the HSL family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Yi Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center
| | - Peng Ji
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center
| | - Chun-Yang Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center
| | - Yi Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center
| | - Guang-Long Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center
| | - Xi-Ying Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Bin-Bin Xie
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Qi-Long Qin
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiu-Lan Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Bai-Cheng Zhou
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center
| | - Yu-Zhong Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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Levisson M, van der Oost J, Kengen SWM. Carboxylic ester hydrolases from hyperthermophiles. Extremophiles 2009; 13:567-81. [PMID: 19544040 PMCID: PMC2706381 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-009-0260-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Carboxylic ester hydrolyzing enzymes constitute a large group of enzymes that are able to catalyze the hydrolysis, synthesis or transesterification of an ester bond. They can be found in all three domains of life, including the group of hyperthermophilic bacteria and archaea. Esterases from the latter group often exhibit a high intrinsic stability, which makes them of interest them for various biotechnological applications. In this review, we aim to give an overview of all characterized carboxylic ester hydrolases from hyperthermophilic microorganisms and provide details on their substrate specificity, kinetics, optimal catalytic conditions, and stability. Approaches for the discovery of new carboxylic ester hydrolases are described. Special attention is given to the currently characterized hyperthermophilic enzymes with respect to their biochemical properties, 3D structure, and classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Levisson
- Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, The Netherlands.
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Crystal structure of hyperthermophilic esterase EstE1 and the relationship between its dimerization and thermostability properties. BMC STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2007; 7:47. [PMID: 17625021 PMCID: PMC1936996 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6807-7-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background EstE1 is a hyperthermophilic esterase belonging to the hormone-sensitive lipase family and was originally isolated by functional screening of a metagenomic library constructed from a thermal environmental sample. Dimers and oligomers may have been evolutionally selected in thermophiles because intersubunit interactions can confer thermostability on the proteins. The molecular mechanisms of thermostabilization of this extremely thermostable esterase are not well understood due to the lack of structural information. Results Here we report for the first time the 2.1-Å resolution crystal structure of EstE1. The three-dimensional structure of EstE1 exhibits a classic α/β hydrolase fold with a central parallel-stranded beta sheet surrounded by alpha helices on both sides. The residues Ser154, Asp251, and His281 form the catalytic triad motif commonly found in other α/β hydrolases. EstE1 exists as a dimer that is formed by hydrophobic interactions and salt bridges. Circular dichroism spectroscopy and heat inactivation kinetic analysis of EstE1 mutants, which were generated by structure-based site-directed mutagenesis of amino acid residues participating in EstE1 dimerization, revealed that hydrophobic interactions through Val274 and Phe276 on the β8 strand of each monomer play a major role in the dimerization of EstE1. In contrast, the intermolecular salt bridges contribute less significantly to the dimerization and thermostability of EstE1. Conclusion Our results suggest that intermolecular hydrophobic interactions are essential for the hyperthermostability of EstE1. The molecular mechanism that allows EstE1 to endure high temperature will provide guideline for rational design of a thermostable esterase/lipase using the lipolytic enzymes showing structural similarity to EstE1.
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