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Shetty S, Kamble A, Singh H. Insights into the Potential Role of Plasmids in the Versatility of the Genus Pantoea. Mol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12033-023-00960-3. [PMID: 38007817 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00960-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades, 25 different species of the genus Pantoea within the Enterobacteriaceae family, have been isolated from different environmental niches. These species have a wide range of biological roles. Versatility in functions and hosts indicate that this genus has undergone extensive genetic diversification, which can be attributed to the different extra-chromosomal genetic elements or plasmids found across this genus. We have analyzed the functions of these plasmids and categorized them into four major groups for a better understanding of their future applications. The first and second group includes plasmids that contribute to genetic diversification and pathogenicity, respectively. The third group comprises cryptic plasmids of Pantoea. The last group includes plasmids that play a role in the metabolic versatility of the genus Pantoea. We have analyzed the data available up to May 2023 from two databases (viz; NCBI and PLSDB). In our analysis we have found a vast gap in knowledge. Complete gene annotations are available for only a few of the plasmids. This review highlights these challenges as an avenue for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinidhi Shetty
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS Deemed to be University, Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Asmita Kamble
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS Deemed to be University, Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Harinder Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS Deemed to be University, Mumbai, 400056, India.
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Lorenzi AS, Bonatelli ML, Chia MA, Peressim L, Quecine MC. Opposite Sides of Pantoea agglomerans and Its Associated Commercial Outlook. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10102072. [PMID: 36296348 PMCID: PMC9610544 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10102072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Multifaceted microorganisms such as the bacterium Pantoea colonize a wide range of habitats and can exhibit both beneficial and harmful behaviors, which provide new insights into microbial ecology. In the agricultural context, several strains of Pantoea spp. can promote plant growth through direct or indirect mechanisms. Members of this genus contribute to plant growth mainly by increasing the supply of nitrogen, solubilizing ammonia and inorganic phosphate, and producing phytohormones (e.g., auxins). Several other studies have shown the potential of strains of Pantoea spp. to induce systemic resistance and protection against pests and pathogenic microorganisms in cultivated plants. Strains of the species Pantoea agglomerans deserve attention as a pest and phytopathogen control agent. Several of them also possess a biotechnological potential for therapeutic purposes (e.g., immunomodulators) and are implicated in human infections. Thus, the differentiation between the harmful and beneficial strains of P. agglomerans is mandatory to apply this bacterium safely as a biofertilizer or biocontroller. This review specifically evaluates the potential of the strain-associated features of P. agglomerans for bioprospecting and agricultural applications through its biological versatility as well as clarifying its potential animal and human health risks from a genomic point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Sturion Lorenzi
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, UnB, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Maria Letícia Bonatelli
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH—UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mathias Ahii Chia
- Department of Botany, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Nigeria
| | - Leonardo Peressim
- Department of Genetics, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, USP, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Quecine
- Department of Genetics, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, USP, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Lv L, Luo J, Ahmed T, Zaki HEM, Tian Y, Shahid MS, Chen J, Li B. Beneficial Effect and Potential Risk of Pantoea on Rice Production. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2608. [PMID: 36235474 PMCID: PMC9570785 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria from the genus Pantoea have been reported to be widely distributed in rice paddy environments with contradictory roles. Some strains promoted rice growth and protected rice from pathogen infection or abiotic stress, but other strain exhibited virulence to rice, even causing severe rice disease. In order to effectively utilize Pantoea in rice production, this paper analyzed the mechanisms underlying beneficial and harmful effects of Pantoea on rice growth. The beneficial effect of Pantoea on rice plants includes growth promotion, abiotic alleviation and disease inhibition. The growth promotion may be mainly attributed to nitrogen-fixation, phosphate solubilization, plant physiological change, the biosynthesis of siderophores, exopolysaccharides, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase and phytohormones, including cytokinin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), auxins, abscisic acid and gibberellic acid, while the disease inhibition may be mainly due to the induced resistance, nutrient and spatial competition, as well as the production of a variety of antibiotics. The pathogenic mechanism of Pantoea can be mainly attributed to bacterial motility, production of phytohormones such as IAA, quorum sensing-related signal molecules and a series of cell wall-degrading enzymes, while the pathogenicity-related genes of Pantoea include genes encoding plasmids, such as the pPATH plasmid, the hypersensitive response and pathogenicity system, as well as various types of secretion systems, such as T3SS and T6SS. In addition, the existing scientific problems in this field were discussed and future research prospects were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqiong Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of ZhejiangProvince, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jinyan Luo
- Department of Plant Quarantine, Shanghai Extension and Service Center of Agriculture Technology, Shanghai 201103, China
| | - Temoor Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of ZhejiangProvince, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Haitham E. M. Zaki
- Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, El-Minia 61517, Egypt
- Applied Biotechnology Department, University of Technology and Applied Sciences-Sur, Sur 411, Oman
| | - Ye Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of ZhejiangProvince, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Muhammad Shafiq Shahid
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-khod 123, Oman
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of ZhejiangProvince, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Kumar RK, Singh NK, Balakrishnan S, Parker CW, Raman K, Venkateswaran K. Metabolic modeling of the International Space Station microbiome reveals key microbial interactions. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:102. [PMID: 35791019 PMCID: PMC9258157 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01279-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have provided insights into the persistence and succession of microbes aboard the International Space Station (ISS), notably the dominance of Klebsiella pneumoniae. However, the interactions between the various microbes aboard the ISS and how they shape the microbiome remain to be clearly understood. In this study, we apply a computational approach to predict possible metabolic interactions in the ISS microbiome and shed further light on its organization. RESULTS Through a combination of a systems-based graph-theoretical approach, and a constraint-based community metabolic modeling approach, we demonstrated several key interactions in the ISS microbiome. These complementary approaches provided insights into the metabolic interactions and dependencies present amongst various microbes in a community, highlighting key interactions and keystone species. Our results showed that the presence of K. pneumoniae is beneficial to many other microorganisms it coexists with, notably those from the Pantoea genus. Species belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family were often found to be the most beneficial for the survival of other microorganisms in the ISS microbiome. However, K. pneumoniae was found to exhibit parasitic and amensalistic interactions with Aspergillus and Penicillium species, respectively. To prove this metabolic prediction, K. pneumoniae and Aspergillus fumigatus were co-cultured under normal and simulated microgravity, where K. pneumoniae cells showed parasitic characteristics to the fungus. The electron micrography revealed that the presence of K. pneumoniae compromised the morphology of fungal conidia and degenerated its biofilm-forming structures. CONCLUSION Our study underscores the importance of K. pneumoniae in the ISS, and its potential positive and negative interactions with other microbes, including potential pathogens. This integrated modeling approach, combined with experiments, demonstrates the potential for understanding the organization of other such microbiomes, unravelling key organisms and their interdependencies. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachita K Kumar
- Robert Bosch Centre for Data Science and Artificial Intelligence (RBCDSAI), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
- Center for Integrative Biology and Systems mEdicine (IBSE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - Nitin Kumar Singh
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, M/S 89-2, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA, CA 91109, USA
| | - Sanjaay Balakrishnan
- Center for Integrative Biology and Systems mEdicine (IBSE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - Ceth W Parker
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, M/S 89-2, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA, CA 91109, USA
| | - Karthik Raman
- Robert Bosch Centre for Data Science and Artificial Intelligence (RBCDSAI), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India.
- Center for Integrative Biology and Systems mEdicine (IBSE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India.
| | - Kasthuri Venkateswaran
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, M/S 89-2, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA, CA 91109, USA.
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Kumar RK, Singh NK, Balakrishnan S, Parker CW, Raman K, Venkateswaran K. Metabolic modeling of the International Space Station microbiome reveals key microbial interactions. MICROBIOME 2022. [PMID: 35791019 DOI: 10.1101/2021.09.03.458819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have provided insights into the persistence and succession of microbes aboard the International Space Station (ISS), notably the dominance of Klebsiella pneumoniae. However, the interactions between the various microbes aboard the ISS and how they shape the microbiome remain to be clearly understood. In this study, we apply a computational approach to predict possible metabolic interactions in the ISS microbiome and shed further light on its organization. RESULTS Through a combination of a systems-based graph-theoretical approach, and a constraint-based community metabolic modeling approach, we demonstrated several key interactions in the ISS microbiome. These complementary approaches provided insights into the metabolic interactions and dependencies present amongst various microbes in a community, highlighting key interactions and keystone species. Our results showed that the presence of K. pneumoniae is beneficial to many other microorganisms it coexists with, notably those from the Pantoea genus. Species belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family were often found to be the most beneficial for the survival of other microorganisms in the ISS microbiome. However, K. pneumoniae was found to exhibit parasitic and amensalistic interactions with Aspergillus and Penicillium species, respectively. To prove this metabolic prediction, K. pneumoniae and Aspergillus fumigatus were co-cultured under normal and simulated microgravity, where K. pneumoniae cells showed parasitic characteristics to the fungus. The electron micrography revealed that the presence of K. pneumoniae compromised the morphology of fungal conidia and degenerated its biofilm-forming structures. CONCLUSION Our study underscores the importance of K. pneumoniae in the ISS, and its potential positive and negative interactions with other microbes, including potential pathogens. This integrated modeling approach, combined with experiments, demonstrates the potential for understanding the organization of other such microbiomes, unravelling key organisms and their interdependencies. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachita K Kumar
- Robert Bosch Centre for Data Science and Artificial Intelligence (RBCDSAI), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
- Center for Integrative Biology and Systems mEdicine (IBSE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - Nitin Kumar Singh
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, M/S 89-2, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA, CA 91109, USA
| | - Sanjaay Balakrishnan
- Center for Integrative Biology and Systems mEdicine (IBSE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - Ceth W Parker
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, M/S 89-2, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA, CA 91109, USA
| | - Karthik Raman
- Robert Bosch Centre for Data Science and Artificial Intelligence (RBCDSAI), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India.
- Center for Integrative Biology and Systems mEdicine (IBSE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India.
| | - Kasthuri Venkateswaran
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, M/S 89-2, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA, CA 91109, USA.
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Khalaf EM, Raizada MN. Bacterial Seed Endophytes of Domesticated Cucurbits Antagonize Fungal and Oomycete Pathogens Including Powdery Mildew. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:42. [PMID: 29459850 PMCID: PMC5807410 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The cucurbit vegetables, including cucumbers, melons and pumpkins, have been cultivated for thousands of years without fungicides. However, their seed germination stage is prone to be infected by soil-borne fungal and oomycete pathogens. Endophytes are symbionts that reside inside plant tissues including seeds. Seed endophytes are founders of the juvenile plant microbiome and can promote host defense at seed germination and later stages. We previously isolated 169 bacterial endophytes associated with seeds of diverse cultivated cucurbits. We hypothesized that these endophytes can antagonize major fungal and oomycete pathogens. Here we tested the endophytes for in vitro antagonism (dual culture assays) against important soil-borne pathogens (Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium graminearum, Phytophthora capsici, Pythium aphanideratum). The endophytes were also assayed in planta (leaf disk and detached leaf bioassays) for antagonism against a foliar pathogen of global importance, Podosphaera fuliginea, the causative agent of cucurbit powdery mildew. The endophytes were further tested in vitro for secretion of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) known to induce plant defense. Extracellular ribonuclease activity was also tested, as a subset of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins of plant hosts implicated in suppression of fungal pathogens, displays ribonuclease activity. An unexpected majority of the endophytes (70%, 118/169) exhibited antagonism to the five phytopathogens, of which 68% (50/73) of in vitro antagonists belong to the genera Bacillus and Paenibacillus. All Lactococcus and Pantoea endophytes exhibited anti-oomycete activity. However, amongst the most effective inoculants against Podosphaera fuliginea were Pediococcus and Pantoea endophytes. Interestingly, 67% (113/169) of endophytes emitted host defense inducing VOCs (acetoin/diacetyl) and 62% (104/169) secreted extracellular ribonucleases in vitro, respectively. These results show that seeds of cultivated cucurbits package microbes with significant disease-suppression potential. As seeds can act as vectors for genetic transmission of endophytes across host generations, it is interesting to hypothesize whether humans, when selecting seeds of healthy hosts, may have inadvertently selected for disease-suppressing seed endophytes. As the majority of pathogen-suppressing endophytes belong to Bacillus and Paenibacillus, and since Bacilli are widely used as commercial biocontrol agents of vegetables, we propose that these agents are mimicking the ecological niche established by their endophytic cousins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman M. Khalaf
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Manish N. Raizada
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Wright SA, Zumoff CH, Schneider L, Beer SV. Pantoea agglomerans strain EH318 produces two antibiotics that inhibit Erwinia amylovora in vitro. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:284-92. [PMID: 11133457 PMCID: PMC92566 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.1.284-292.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pantoea agglomerans (synonym: Erwinia herbicola) strain Eh318 produces through antibiosis a complex zone of inhibited growth in an overlay seeded with Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight. This zone is caused by two antibiotics, named pantocin A and B. Using a genomic library of Eh318, two cosmids, pCPP702 and pCPP704, were identified that conferred on Escherichia coli the ability to inhibit growth of E. amylovora. The two cosmids conferred different antibiotic activities on E. coli DH5alpha and had distinct restriction enzyme profiles. A smaller, antibiotic-conferring DNA segment from each cosmid was cloned. Each subclone was characterized and mutagenized with transposons to generate clones that were deficient in conferring pantocin A and B production, respectively. Mutated subclones were introduced into Eh318 to create three antibiotic-defective marker exchange mutants: strain Eh421 (pantocin A deficient); strain Eh439 (pantocin B deficient), and Eh440 (deficient in both pantocins). Cross-hybridization results, restriction maps, and spectrum-of-activity data using the subclones and marker exchange mutants, supported the presence of two distinct antibiotics, pantocin A and pantocin B, whose biosynthetic genes were present in pCPP702 and pCPP704, respectively. The structure of pantocin A is unknown, whereas that of pantocin B has been determined as (R)-N-[((S)-2-amino-propanoylamino)-methyl]-2-methanesulfonyl-s uccina mic acid. The two pantocins mainly affect other enteric bacteria, based on limited testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Wright
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Unreviewed reports. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1985; 291:1242. [PMID: 20742552 PMCID: PMC1417058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Chatterjee AK, Starr MP. Transmission of lac by the sex factor E in Erwinia strains from human clinical sources. Infect Immun 1973; 8:563-72. [PMID: 4582635 PMCID: PMC422892 DOI: 10.1128/iai.8.4.563-572.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactose-utilizing (Lac(+)) strains of Erwinia spp. from human clinical material transfer lac by conjugation to plant strains of Erwinia herbicola and Erwinia amylovora, to other Erwinia strains from human clinical sources, and also to Escherichia coli, Paracolobactrum arizonae, Salmonella typhimurium, and Shigella dysenteriae. The frequency of this transfer varies with the donor and recipient strains employed. The lac genes appear stable in these exconjugants, and they are not cured by acridine orange. The Lac(+) exconjugants transfer lac to an Escherichia coli F(-) Lac(-) strain; the frequency of this transfer is high with E. herbicola and S. typhimurium exconjugants and relatively low with other exconjugants. The most studied Erwinia donor strain from human clinical material (EH133) and its Lac(+) exconjugants are insensitive to the F-specific phage, M13. P1-mediated transduction of lac, by using a Lac(+) exconjugant of E. coli as the donor and an E. coli F(-) Lac(-) strain as the recipient, revealed that all 50 Lac(+) transduced clones tested also inherited donor ability, suggesting a close linkage between the Erwinia sex factor (designated as E) and the lac genes. The E. coli culture harboring E-lac (E and the lac genes linked to it) does not restrict phages T1, T7, and lambdavir. E-lac is compatible with F'his, R100 drd-56 (F-like), and R64 drd-11 (I-like); cells harboring F'his or one of the R factors do not show super-infection immunity to the incoming E-lac, and E-lac plus one of the other plasmids can coexist stably in the same cell. The fertility of cells harboring F'his or R100 drd-56-as determined by the frequency of conjugal transfer of his or of the resistance determinant (Tet(r) in case of R100 drd-56) and also by sensitivity to F-specific phage (M13)-is not altered by the presence of E-lac, and this suggests that the sex factor E might belong to the fi(-) class.
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Chatterjee AK, Starr MP. Transfer among Erwinia spp. and other enterobacteria of antibiotic resistance carried on R factors. J Bacteriol 1972; 112:576-84. [PMID: 4562410 PMCID: PMC251447 DOI: 10.1128/jb.112.1.576-584.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance carried on R factors was transferred by conjugation from Escherichia coli B/r and Shigella flexneri 1a to Erwinia spp. Tetracycline resistance (TetR) carried on R factor R100 drd-56 was transferred from E. coli B/r to strains of Erwinia amylovora, E. aroideae, E. atroseptica, E. chrysanthemi, E. cytolytica, E. dissolvens, E. herbicola, E. nigrifluens, and E. nimipressuralis, but not to strains of Erwinia carotovora, E. carnegieana, E. dieffenbachiae, E. oleraceae, and E. quercina. Multiple antibiotic resistance (chloramphenicol, streptomycin, tetracycline; ChlR-StrR-TetR) carried on R factor SR1 was transferred from a clinical isolate of S. flexneri 1a to strains of E. aroideae, E. chrysanthemi, E. herbicola, and E. nigrifluens, but not to strains of other Erwinia spp. The frequency of this transfer was low with receptive cultures of Erwinia spp. and E. coli (F(-) strain). Antibiotic resistance in the exconjugants showed varying degrees of stability in the presence or absence of acridine orange, depending on the strain tested. The frequencies of segregation to drug susceptibility in the presence of acridine orange, though low, suggest that the elements exist as plasmids in the majority of the Erwinia exconjugants. Multiple antibiotic resistance (ChlR-StrR-TetR) was found to segregate into various resistance classes (ChlR-StrR, StrR-TetR, TetR, StrR, and none) in these exconjugants. The exconjugants of E. amylovora, E. herbicola, and E. nigrifluens, to which R100 drd-56 was transferred from E. coli B/r, were sensitive to the male (F)-specific phage M13. There was a positive correlation between the susceptibility of exconjugants to the F-specific phage M13 and their ability to transfer R100 drd-56 to the recipient cultures of Escherichia coli, Erwinia herbicola, Salmonella typhimurium, and Shigella dysenteriae. Exceptions were, however, noted with Erwinia dissolvens and E. nimipressuralis exconjugants harboring R100 drd-56; these exconjugants, although not susceptible to M13, transferred R100 drd-56 to the recipient cultures. The frequency of transfer of R100 drd-56 and the levels of resistance to tetracycline in Erwinia exconjugants were found to differ markedly depending upon the strain employed. Transfer of multiple antibiotic resistance (ChlR-StrR-TetR) from Erwinia exconjugants was not obtained in preliminary trials with an E. coli F(-) strain as the recipient culture.
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Chatterjee AK, Starr MP. Genetic transfer of episomic elements among Erwinia species and other enterobacteria: F'Lac+. J Bacteriol 1972; 111:169-76. [PMID: 4591473 PMCID: PMC251254 DOI: 10.1128/jb.111.1.169-176.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The episomic element F'lac(+) was transferred, probably by conjugation, from Escherichia coli to Lac(-) strains of Erwinia herbicola, Erwinia amylovora, and Erwinia chrysanthemi (but not to several other Erwinia spp. In preliminary trials). The lac genes in the exconjugants of the Erwinia spp. showed varying degrees of stability depending on the strain (stable in E. herbicola strains Y46 and Y74 and E. amylovora strain EA178, but markedly unstable in E. chrysanthemi strain EC16). The lac genes and the sex factor (F) were eliminated from the exconjugants by treatment with acridine orange, thus suggesting that both lac and F are not integrated in the Erwinia exconjugants. All of the tested Lac(+) exconjugants of E. herbicola strains Y46 and Y74 and E. amylovora strain EA178, but not of E. chrysanthemi strain EC 16, were sensitive to the F-specific phage M13. The heterogenotes (which harbored F'lac(+)) of E. herbicola strains Y46 and Y74, E. amylovora strain EA178, and E. chrysanthemi strain EC16 were able to transfer lac genes by conjugation to strains of E. herbicola, E. amylovora, E. chrysanthemi, Escherichia coli, and Shigella dysenteriae. The frequency of such transfer from Lac(+) exconjugants of Erwinia spp. was comparable to that achieved by using E. coli F'lac(+) as donors, thus indicating the stability, expression, and restriction-and-modification properties of the sex factor (F) in Erwinia spp.
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Gilardi GL, Bottone E, Birnbaum M. Unusual fermentative, gram-negative bacilli isolated from clinical specimens. I. Characterization of Erwinia strains of the "lathyri-herbicola group". Appl Microbiol 1970; 20:151-5. [PMID: 5456936 PMCID: PMC376884 DOI: 10.1128/am.20.1.151-155.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Five strains of gram-negative, yellow chromogenic bacilli were recovered from clinical specimens which fit the characteristics of the "lathyri-herbicola group" within the genus Erwinia. The strains were facultatively anaerobic, fermentative, anaerogenic bacilli with peritrichous flagella which grew at 37 C, reduced nitrate to nitrite, and failed to produce oxidase, pectinase, arginine dihydrolase, and decarboxylases for lysine and ornithine. Aggregations of bacteria (symplasmata) were observed in the syneresis water of slant cultures, and analogous granular aggregates and biconvex, spindle-shaped bodies developed in colonies on plate cultures. Awareness of these characteristics should result in more frequent identification of Erwinia species from human sources.
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