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Du RL, Chow HY, Chen YW, Chan PH, Daniel RA, Wong KY. Gossypol acetate: A natural polyphenol derivative with antimicrobial activities against the essential cell division protein FtsZ. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1080308. [PMID: 36713210 PMCID: PMC9878342 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1080308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance has attracted worldwide attention and remains an urgent issue to resolve. Discovery of novel compounds is regarded as one way to circumvent the development of resistance and increase the available treatment options. Gossypol is a natural polyphenolic aldehyde, and it has attracted increasing attention as a possible antibacterial drug. In this paper, we studied the antimicrobial properties (minimum inhibitory concentrations) of gossypol acetate against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria strains and dig up targets of gossypol acetate using in vitro assays, including studying its effects on functions (GTPase activity and polymerization) of Filamenting temperature sensitive mutant Z (FtsZ) and its interactions with FtsZ using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and in vivo assays, including visualization of cell morphologies and proteins localizations using a microscope. Lastly, Bacterial membrane permeability changes were studied, and the cytotoxicity of gossypol acetate was determined. We also estimated the interactions of gossypol acetate with the promising target. We found that gossypol acetate can inhibit the growth of Gram-positive bacteria such as the model organism Bacillus subtilis and the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus [both methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant (MRSA)]. In addition, gossypol acetate can also inhibit the growth of Gram-negative bacteria when the outer membrane is permeabilized by Polymyxin B nonapeptide (PMBN). Using a cell biological approach, we show that gossypol acetate affects cell division in bacteria by interfering with the assembly of the cell division FtsZ ring. Biochemical analysis shows that the GTPase activity of FtsZ was inhibited and polymerization of FtsZ was enhanced in vitro, consistent with the block to cell division in the bacteria tested. The binding mode of gossypol acetate in FtsZ was modeled using molecular docking and provides an understanding of the compound mode of action. The results point to gossypol (S2303) as a promising antimicrobial compound that inhibits cell division by affecting FtsZ polymerization and has potential to be developed into an effective antimicrobial drug by chemical modification to minimize its cytotoxic effects in eukaryotic cells that were identified in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Lan Du
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and the State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ho-Yin Chow
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and the State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu Wei Chen
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and the State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pak-Ho Chan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and the State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Richard A. Daniel
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom,Richard A. Daniel,
| | - Kwok-Yin Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and the State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China,*Correspondence: Kwok-Yin Wong,
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Wang C, Li Y, MaiTiSaiYiDi T, Yang H, Yang K. Effect of dietary gossypol supplement on fermentation characteristics and bacterial diversity in the rumen of sheep. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234378. [PMID: 32520963 PMCID: PMC7286523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The tolerance of ruminants to gossypol, a natural phenolic compound derived from the cotton plant, is greater than that of monogastric animals, partially because of the gossypol-degrading bacteria in the rumen of the ruminants. In this study, we aimed to examine the effect of gossypol supplementation on fermentation characteristics, bacterial α-diversity and community structure in the rumen fluid of sheep to analyse the change of bacterial in response to gossypol. 8 sheep with permanent fistula were randomly divided into 2 groups, a control and gossypol acetate supplementation groups. Sheep in the latter group were supplemented with gossypol acetate at the levels of 600 mg and 1,200 mg/animal per day during the first (S1, days 1 to 27) and subsequent (S2, days 28 to 47) stages. Gossypol supplementation significantly increased the molar proportion of acetate, and decreased the molar proportion of isobutyric acid, butyric acid, and isovaleric acid in the rumen fluid. Gossypol supplementation have no significant effect on bacterial diversity in the rumen fluid. At the phylum level, gossypol had no effect on bacterial community. At the genus level, gossypol supplementation significantly increased the relative abundance of Treponema_2. However, there were no significant differences in the relative abundance of dominant bacterial genera. In conclusion, gossypol supplementation had an effect on molar proportion of acetate, isobutyric acid, butyric acid, and isovaleric acid, but had no significant effect on the bacterial diversity and relative abundance of dominant bacteria in rumen fluid of sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- CaiDie Wang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Meat and Milk Production Herbivore Nutrition, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, The People’s Republic of China
| | - YuQi Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Meat and Milk Production Herbivore Nutrition, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, The People’s Republic of China
| | - TunNiSa MaiTiSaiYiDi
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Meat and Milk Production Herbivore Nutrition, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, The People’s Republic of China
| | - HongJian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, The People’s Republic of China
| | - KaiLun Yang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Meat and Milk Production Herbivore Nutrition, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, The People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Krishnamoorthy G, Kaiser P, Abu Abed U, Weiner J, Moura-Alves P, Brinkmann V, Kaufmann SHE. FX11 limits Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth and potentiates bactericidal activity of isoniazid through host-directed activity. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm041954. [PMID: 32034005 PMCID: PMC7132771 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.041954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) mediates interconversion of pyruvate and lactate, and increased lactate turnover is exhibited by malignant and infected immune cells. Hypoxic lung granuloma in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected animals present elevated levels of Ldha and lactate. Such alterations in the metabolic milieu could influence the outcome of host-M. tuberculosis interactions. Given the central role of LDHA for tumorigenicity, targeting lactate metabolism is a promising approach for cancer therapy. Here, we sought to determine the importance of LDHA for tuberculosis (TB) disease progression and its potential as a target for host-directed therapy. To this end, we orally administered FX11, a known small-molecule NADH-competitive LDHA inhibitor, to M. tuberculosis-infected C57BL/6J mice and Nos2-/- mice with hypoxic necrotizing lung TB lesions. FX11 did not inhibit M. tuberculosis growth in aerobic/hypoxic liquid culture, but modestly reduced the pulmonary bacterial burden in C57BL/6J mice. Intriguingly, FX11 administration limited M. tuberculosis replication and onset of necrotic lung lesions in Nos2-/- mice. In this model, isoniazid (INH) monotherapy has been known to exhibit biphasic killing kinetics owing to the probable selection of an INH-tolerant bacterial subpopulation. However, adjunct FX11 treatment corrected this adverse effect and resulted in sustained bactericidal activity of INH against M. tuberculosis As a limitation, LDHA inhibition as an underlying cause of FX11-mediated effect could not be established as the on-target effect of FX11 in vivo was unconfirmed. Nevertheless, this proof-of-concept study encourages further investigation on the underlying mechanisms of LDHA inhibition and its significance in TB pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peggy Kaiser
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Ulrike Abu Abed
- Core Facility Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - January Weiner
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Pedro Moura-Alves
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Volker Brinkmann
- Core Facility Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Hagler Institute for Advanced Study at Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3572, USA
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Prigat Y, Fattori A, Shames AI, Ottaviani MF, Garti N. Micro-characterization of modified microemulsions loaded with gossypol, pure and extracted from cottonseed. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 180:487-494. [PMID: 31102853 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microemulsions (MEs) have gained increasing interest as carriers of hydrophobic bioactives in the last decades. However, it is still difficult to control the uptake and the release of bioactives directly extracted from plants. In this study, modified ME nanodroplets (nano-sized self-assembled liquids, NSSLs) were employed as extraction medium of gossypol, a toxic component of cottonseed. Loading was performed using both pure gossypol, and gossypol obtained by extraction from cottonseed. We achieved two goals: i) remove gossypol from cottonseed to obtain cotton-oil free of gossypol; and ii) extract gossypol directly into a nano-delivery vehicle for biomedical purposes. Structural and dynamical information on the unloaded and gossypol-loaded NSSL systems were obtained by self-diffusion nuclear magnetic resonance, SD-NMR, and spin-probe electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies. The results showed that NSSL formed fluid water-in-oil (W/O) nano domains at the lowest water contents; a more viscous bicontinuous structure at comparable oil and water contents, and, finally, oil-in-water (O/W, micellar-like) at the higher concentration of water. These micellar-like structures were more fluid at the external hydrated surface, as demonstrated by SD-NMR, while the lipidic region tested by EPR revealed an increasing packing. In all these structures, gossypol mainly localized in the lipophilic region close to the water interface. Overall, SD-NMR and EPR provided complementary information, helping to clarify the structural properties of NSSLs formed at different water contents and their ability to incorporate gossypol also directly from cottonseed-NSSL mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Prigat
- The Ratner Chair of Chemistry, Casali Institute of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Alberto Fattori
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences (DiSPeA), University of Urbino, Via Ca' le Suore 2/4, Urbino 61029, Italy
| | - Alexander I Shames
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Maria Francesca Ottaviani
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences (DiSPeA), University of Urbino, Via Ca' le Suore 2/4, Urbino 61029, Italy.
| | - Nissim Garti
- The Ratner Chair of Chemistry, Casali Institute of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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Hu Y, Palmer SO, Munoz H, Bullard JM. High Throughput Screen Identifies Natural Product Inhibitor of Phenylalanyl-tRNA Synthetase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2015; 11:279-92. [PMID: 25601215 DOI: 10.2174/1570163812666150120154701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pneumoniae are causative agents in a wide range of infections. Genes encoding proteins corresponding to phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (PheRS) were cloned from both bacteria. The two forms of PheRS were kinetically evaluated and the K(m)'s for P. aeruginosa PheRS with its three substrates, phenylalanine, ATP and tRNA(Phe) were determined to be 48, 200, and 1.2 µM, respectively, while the K(m)'s for S. pneumoniae PheRS with respect to phenylalanine, ATP and tRNA(Phe) were 21, 225 and 0.94 µM, respectively. P. aeruginosa and S. pneumoniae PheRS were used to screen a natural compound library and a single compound was identified that inhibited the function of both enzymes. The compound inhibited P. aeruginosa and S. pneumoniae PheRS with IC50's of 2.3 and 4.9 µM, respectively. The compound had a K(I) of 0.83 and 0.98 µM against P. aeruginosa and S. pneumoniae PheRS, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the compound was determined against a panel of Gram positive and negative bacteria including efflux pump mutants and hyper-sensitive strains. MICs against wild-type P. aeruginosa and S. pneumoniae cells in culture were determined to be 16 and 32 µg/ml, respectively. The mechanism of action of the compound was determined to be competitive with the amino acid, phenylalanine, and uncompetitive with ATP. There was no inhibition of cytoplasmic protein synthesis, however, partial inhibition of the human mitochondrial PheRS was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - James M Bullard
- Chemistry Department, SCIE. 3.320, The University of Texas-Pan American, 1201 W. University Drive, Edinburg, TX 78541, USA.
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Gadelha ICN, Fonseca NBS, Oloris SCS, Melo MM, Soto-Blanco B. Gossypol toxicity from cottonseed products. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:231635. [PMID: 24895646 PMCID: PMC4033412 DOI: 10.1155/2014/231635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gossypol is a phenolic compound produced by pigment glands in cotton stems, leaves, seeds, and flower buds (Gossypium spp.). Cottonseed meal is a by-product of cotton that is used for animal feeding because it is rich in oil and proteins. However, gossypol toxicity limits cottonseed use in animal feed. High concentrations of free gossypol may be responsible for acute clinical signs of gossypol poisoning which include respiratory distress, impaired body weight gain, anorexia, weakness, apathy, and death after several days. However, the most common toxic effects is the impairment of male and female reproduction. Another important toxic effect of gossypol is its interference with immune function, reducing an animal's resistance to infections and impairing the efficiency of vaccines. Preventive procedures to limit gossypol toxicity involve treatment of the cottonseed product to reduce the concentration of free gossypol with the most common treatment being exposure to heat. However, free gossypol can be released from the bound form during digestion. Agronomic selection has produced cotton varieties devoid of glands producing gossypol, but these varieties are not normally grown because they are less productive and are more vulnerable to attacks by insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Cristina N. Gadelha
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, BR 110 Km 47, 59628-360 Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Nayanna Brunna S. Fonseca
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, BR 110 Km 47, 59628-360 Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Marília M. Melo
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, 30123-970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Benito Soto-Blanco
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, 30123-970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Wang X, Beckham TH, Morris JC, Chen F, Gangemi JD. Bioactivities of gossypol, 6-methoxygossypol, and 6,6'-dimethoxygossypol. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:4393-4398. [PMID: 18517219 DOI: 10.1021/jf073297u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
6-Methoxygossypol and 6,6'-dimethoxygossypol were recently isolated from the root tissue of cotton plants. Together with gossypol, these natural products were investigated for a wide range of bioactivities. Antioxidant effects, the potential to prevent DNA damage, anticancer activity, and antitrypanosomal effects were studied. The 6-methoxygossypol generally exhibited equal bioactivities to the 6,6'-dimethoxygossypol, but gossypol showed greater activities than both methylated derivatives in scavenging free radicals, reducing ferric ions, and preventing UV-induced DNA damage. All three compounds inhibited the growth of cervical (SiHa), breast (MCF-7), and colon (Caco-2) cancer cells. At >/=5 ppm of test concentrations, 6,6'-dimethoxygossypol showed a stronger ability than gossypol to inhibit the growth of Trypanosoma brucei cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Department of Genetic and Biochemistry, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, and Institute for Nutraceutical Research, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA.
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Wang X, Chen F, Wan PJ, Huang G. Development of monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for gossypol analysis in cottonseed meals. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:7793-7797. [PMID: 15612757 DOI: 10.1021/jf049071y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody-based indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) was developed for the analysis of gossypol in cottonseed meals. First, the checkerboard method was used to determine the optimum amount of coating antigen gossypol-BSA (bovine serum albumin) and primary anti-gossypol monoclonal antibody (Mab) needed in the ic-ELISA. Second, the effects of several physical (incubation time and temperature) and chemical (solvent types and concentrations) conditions on the performance of Mab on ic-ELISA were investigated to get a rapid robust assay with high sensitivity. Under the established optimized condition, the concentration of gossypol giving 50% reduction of the maximum ELISA signal (I50) in the competitive standard curve was 0.20 microg/mL, whereas the detection limit for gossypol was 0.024 microg/mL. This ic-ELISA method for the analysis of gossypol extracted by methanol from a variety of cottonseed meals was further compared with the official method of the American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS). The amounts of gossypol determined by the ic-ELISA had a good correlation with those obtained by the AOCS method (R2 = 0.90).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Department of Genetic, Biochemistry & Life Science Studies, Greenville Hospital System-Clemson University, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA.
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Schneider IC, Ames ML, Rasmussen MA, Reilly PJ. Fermentation of cottonseed and other feedstuffs in cattle rumen fluid. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:2267-2273. [PMID: 11929282 DOI: 10.1021/jf010783n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Bovine rumen fluid was fermented anaerobically over 48 h with cottonseed, corn, alfalfa, or a mixture of these substrates in anaerobic mineral buffer. Samples taken at different incubation times were derivatized with n-butanol and subjected to gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. No unusual fermentation end-products from the cottonseed substrate were detected. Cottonseed supported rumen fermentation at levels comparable to those of the other substrates. Major components were usually found in the decreasing order of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and valerate, although acetate and propionate concentrations decreased late in the alfalfa and mixed-feed fermentations, eventually allowing butyrate concentrations to exceed those of propionate. As expected, lactate was produced in high concentrations when corn was fermented. The minor components 2-methylpropionate, 2- and 3-methylbutyrate, phenylacetate, phenylpropionate, and caproate also accumulated, with their relative concentrations varying with the substrate. Succinate was produced in substantial amounts only when corn and alfalfa were fermented; it did not accumulate when cottonseed was the substrate. Samples containing cottonseed were derivatized and subjected to reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, revealing that gossypol concentrations did not change during fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Schneider
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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