Paper chromatographic identification of polypeptidic gram positive inhibiting antibiotics

In vitro production of bacitracin by proteolysis of vegetative Bacillus licheniformis cell protein

The action of a sporulation-specific seryl protease on antibiotic-free extracts of Bacillus licheniformis cells yields a peptide that is identified as bacitracin by its biological activity, its spectral properties, and its comigration with genuine bacitracin in both paper and thin-layer chromatography. During proteolysis, a chemical structure is generated with the spectral properties of a delta-2 thiazoline ring. The yield in vitro, 4 microgram of bacitracin per mg of protein, is less than the maximal yield from sporulating cells, 75 microgram of bacitracin per mg of cell protein, but is a linear function of the amount of protein in the reaction system. Approximately 30% of the protein yielding the antibiotic is ribosomal associated, and only 25% of that amount can be removed by washing with 1 M NH4Cl. The substrate protein is a constant fraction of the cell protein throughout exponential growth and very early sporulation stages of culture development.

Reevaluation of bacitracin as a spore coat component

Analysis of hydrolysates of highly purified spore coats revealed only small quantities of ornithine, a component of bacitracin. We conclude that the peptide, bacitracin, is not a significant component of spore coats.

Curing of a sporulation mutant and antibiotic activity of Bacillus subtilis

Sporulation mutants of Bacillus subtilis, blocked either in the citric acid cycle or in another pathway necessary for uracil incorporation during the developmental period, were tested for their sporulation response to different carbon sources. All of the citric acid cycle mutants and all but one of the other mutants failed to respond. The one phenotypically curable mutant, 60764, responded to most metabolizable carboxylic acids, such as acetate and fatty acids, and to some other carbon sources. For an optimal response, it was necessary to add the compound at a certain concentration and time (0.08 m for acetate, when the extinction of the culture at 600 nm was 1). A liquid medium was devised in which an appreciable amount of antibiotic activity against Staphylococcus aureus was produced by our standard strain 60015. The mutant 60764 produced, even in the presence of palmitate, 20 times less antibiotic and sporulated more slowly than 60015. The antibiotic activity in both strains consisted of three major and several minor molecular species, as detected by thin-layer chromatography. When purified antibiotic was added to an exponentially growing culture of our standard strain of B. subtilis, lysis ensued, the extent of which increased with the concentration of the antibiotic added; later, resistant bacteria grew up. Three mutants unable to produce antibiotic activity were isolated and found to be deficient in sporulation. These findings show the close correlation between sporulation and antibiotic activity, but they do not prove that antibiotic activity is needed for sporulation.