1
|
Coulepis AG, Tannock GA, Locarnini SA, Gust ID. Evidence that the genome of hepatitis A virus consists of single-stranded RNA. J Virol 1981; 37:473-7. [PMID: 6260995 PMCID: PMC171023 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.37.1.473-477.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid was extracted from purified hepatitis A virus, radiolabeled with 125I, and shown to consist of single-stranded RNA which sediments at 35S and contains sequences of polyadenylic acid. These findings are consistent with hepatitis A virus being a member of the genus Enterovirus within the family Picornaviridae.
Collapse
|
2
|
Martin JD, Riggsby WS, Beck RW. The effect of ribonuclease on the replicative forms of Sindbis virus RNA. Arch Virol 1979; 60:131-46. [PMID: 39537 DOI: 10.1007/bf01348029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Three species of double-stranded RNA, designated RF I, RF II, and RF III in order of decreasing size (25), are produced by ribonuclease treatment of extracts of chicken embryo cells infected for 6 hours with Sindbis virus. Only one class of replicative form RNA is present in extracts not treated with ribonuclease; this class contains some molecules which can be enzymatically cleaved to produce the other two replicative forms. At a low level of enzyme (0.001 microgram/ml) the major species obtained was RF I, the replicative form of the genome. When the enzyme concentration was increased 10-, 100-, and 1000-fold, there was a progressive increase in the proportions of RF's II and III and a concomitant decrease in the proportion of RF I. The generation of RF's II and III by nuclease resulted in the ratio expected for these two species if they are produced by cleavage of RF I-like molecules. In preparations of isolated double-stranded RNA, only RF I and replicative intermediate RNA were present. Mild nuclease treatment of these preparations converted the replicative intermediates primarily to RF I. Higher enzyme levels generated greater proportions of RF II and RF III, but RF I-like molecules were the major source for these increased proportions. Treatment of the isolated naturally occurring replicative form with 0.01 microgram of ribonuclease per ml cleaved some molecules migrating as RF I during gel electrophoresis into molecules which migrated as RF II and RF III.
Collapse
|
3
|
|
4
|
Robertson HD, Hunter T. Sensitive methods for the detection and characterization of double helical ribonucleic acid. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41915-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
5
|
Abstract
The nucleic acid of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), like that of other enveloped viruses, consists of discontinuous single stranded RNA. However, unlike many other viruses, there is extreme heterogeneity in the sizes of the RNA fragments, as revealed by centrifugation in sucrose gradients or electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. Two principal classes of RNA fragments are present:A larger class comprising 74.9–85.4 per cent of total RNA and consisting of fragments having molecular weights ranging from 0.5×106 to considerably greater than 3.0×106 daltons and, A smaller class comprising 9.1–19.7 per cent of total RNA with the size approximately that of ribosomal 4S RNA.
All IBV RNA's were fully susceptible to ribonuclease and had a buoyant density in caesium sulphate identical to that of tobacco mosaic virus RNA. No difference in the RNA profile for IBV was observed from the use of different methods of virus purification. The single-stranded RNA's of poliovirus and tobacco mosaic virus remained undegraded after preparation in the presence of IBV.
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Synthesis of viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase, maturation protein, and coat protein in Escherichia coli infected with bacteriophage R17 occurs mainly on polysomes containing four or more ribosomes. The 30S ribosomal subunits through trimer-size polysomes, which are associated with all of the R17-specific proteins and are predominant in the infected cell, synthesize only coat protein. These structures may accumulate as products derived from larger polysomes as a result of failure in the release of nascent polypeptides after termination of chain growth. Appreciable amounts of viral coat protein remain attached to ribosomes and polysomes during R17 bacteriophage replication, supporting the hypothesis of the repressor role of this protein. The time course of synthesis of virus-specific proteins obtained from the polysomes of infected cells demonstrated regulated R17 messenger RNA translation consistent with the idea that coat protein is preferentially synthesized whereas the synthesis of noncoat proteins is suppressed.
Collapse
|
7
|
Khan SR, Yamazaki H. Continued expression of the ribonucleic acid control gene during inhibition of Escherichia coli ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis. J Bacteriol 1970; 102:702-10. [PMID: 4914075 PMCID: PMC247615 DOI: 10.1128/jb.102.3.702-710.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of the ribonucleic acid (RNA) control (RC) gene on the biosynthesis of viral RNA has been examined in an RC(str) and an RC(rel) host infected with R17 RNA bacteriophage under conditions in which host RNA and protein synthesis were inhibited by the addition of rifampicin. Methionine and isoleucine starvation depressed viral RNA biosynthesis in an RC(str) host but not in an RC(rel) host. However, histidine starvation had little effect on viral RNA and protein synthesis in both RC(str) and RC(rel) cells, although it had a marked effect on host protein and RNA synthesis in an RC(str) host. Chloramphenicol relieved the effect of amino acid starvation on viral RNA synthesis in an RC(str) host. It is concluded that stringent control of viral RNA biosynthesis does not require the continued biosynthesis of the RC gene product (RNA or protein) and that a preformed RC gene product can regulate the biosynthesis of the exogenous RNA. It is suggested that the amino acid dependence of viral RNA biosynthesis is due to its obligatory coupling with the translation of the viral coat protein which lacks histidine. It may be inferred that the amino acid requirement of bacterial RNA is due to its coupling with the translation of a host-specific protein (other than the RC gene product) which requires a full complement of amino acids. Since chloramphenicol is known to permit ribosome movement in the absence of protein synthesis, it is suggested that ribosome movement along the nascent RNA chain is a sufficient condition for the continuation of RNA synthesis.
Collapse
|
8
|
Stollar V, Stollar BD. Immunochemical measurement of double-stranded RNA of uninfected and arbovirus-infected mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1970; 65:993-1000. [PMID: 5266168 PMCID: PMC283014 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.65.4.993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A quantitative complement fixation assay which specifically measures double-stranded RNA has been used to study this RNA extracted from uninfected and arbovirus-infected cells. The double-straned RNA of the uninfected BHK-21 cells sedimented in the 12S region in sucrose gradients. The double-stranded RNA of Sinbis virus-infected cells, as measured immunochemically, included a predominant peak at 12S, a smaller 18S peak, and polydisperse material extending into the 26-30S region. All classes of this RNA detected immunochemically showed a sharp thermal denaturation curve, and increased in amount progressively during infection, with the 12S peak predominant at all times.
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Abstract
Poliovirus ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase crude extracts could be stored frozen in liquid nitrogen without loss of activity or specificity. The major in vitro product of these extracts was viral single-stranded RNA. However, after short periods of incubation with radioactive nucleoside triphosphates, most of the incorporated label was found in replicative intermediate. When excess unlabeled nucleoside triphosphate was added, the label was displaced from the replicative intermediate and accumulated as viral RNA. It is concluded from this experiment that the replicative intermediate is the precursor to viral RNA. In addition, some of the label was chased into double-stranded RNA. The implications of this finding are discussed.
Collapse
|
11
|
Vandenberghe A, Van Styvendaele B, Fiers W. Studies on the bacteriophage MS2 6. The nucleoside 5'-triphosphate end groups of the replicative intermediate and the replicative form. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1969; 7:174-85. [PMID: 4885463 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1969.tb19589.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
12
|
|
13
|
Young NA, Hoyer BH, Martin MA. Polynucleotide sequence homologies among polioviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1968; 61:548-55. [PMID: 4300989 PMCID: PMC225194 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.61.2.548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
|
14
|
|
15
|
|
16
|
Watanabe M, August JT. Replication of RNA bacteriophage R23. II. Inhibition of phage-specific RNA synthesis by phleomycin. J Mol Biol 1968; 33:21-33. [PMID: 4869225 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(68)90278-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
17
|
Engelhardt DL, Robertson HD, Zinder ND. In vitro translation of multistranded RNA from Escherichia coli infected by bacteriophage f-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1968; 59:972-9. [PMID: 4868221 PMCID: PMC224793 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.59.3.972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
|
18
|
|
19
|
Granboulan N, Franklin RM. Replication of bacteriophage ribonucleic acid: analysis of the ultrastructure of the replicative form and the replicative intermediate of bacteriophage R17. J Virol 1968; 2:129-48. [PMID: 5742034 PMCID: PMC375590 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.2.2.129-148.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A detailed qualitative and quantitative comparison was made of the ultrastructure of single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) from bacteriophage R17 and double-stranded replicative form (RF) and replicative intermediate (RI) from cells infected with this bacteriophage. The nucleic acids were prepared for electron microscopy by the protein monolayer spreading technique of Kleinschmidt. Single-stranded RNA aggregated during spreading in the absence of urea, whereas RF and RI did not. On the other hand, RF and RI appeared to be susceptible to shear during spreading, whereas R17 RNA was not. From the maximal length of RF, a base translation of 3.14 A was calculated. This value favors a 10-fold helix model of double-stranded RNA. The same base translation was found for R17 RNA, indicating a stacked base structure for single-stranded RNA spread in the presence of urea. RI is a branched structure and the branches are removed by ribonuclease treatment. The branches are believed to be nascent single-stranded viral RNA. The contour length of the branch was equal to the contour length of the main chain up to the branch point, as predicted from theoretical analysis of the replication of viral RNA. The structure of RF and the main chain of RI was also analyzed by plotting the log (end-to-end distance squared) versus log (contour length). This demonstrated structures intermediate in stiffness between a random coil and a rigid rod.
Collapse
|
20
|
Borland R, Mahy BW. Deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase activity in cells infected with influenza virus. J Virol 1968; 2:33-9. [PMID: 5742027 PMCID: PMC375575 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.2.1.33-39.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-dependent ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase activity was assayed on nuclear preparations of chick embryo fibroblast cells at various times after infection with an influenza A virus (fowl plague virus) and was compared with the activity of uninfected cells. Polymerase activity was increased by about 60% by 2 hr after infection, and this increase coincided with an increase in RNA synthesis in infected cells, as determined by pulse-labeling with uridine. No difference could be detected between the polymerases of infected and uninfected cells as to their requirements for DNA primer, divalent cations, and nucleoside triphosphates, and they were equally sensitive to addition of actinomycin D to the reaction mixture. It is possible that host cell DNA-dependent RNA polymerase is involved in the replication of influenza virus RNA.
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Lodish HF. The replication of RNA-containing bacteriophages. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1968; 18:285-312. [PMID: 4894873 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(68)90027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
23
|
Cohen JA. Chemistry and structure of nucleic acids of bacteriophages. Many forms of nucleic acids of bacteriophages show the ways that information is stored and reproduced. Science 1967; 158:343-51. [PMID: 4863095 DOI: 10.1126/science.158.3799.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The nucleic acids of bacteriophages are characterized by a surprising multiformity. RNA and DNA may occur, the latter in single- or double-stranded form, circular or linear, with or without breaks or single-strand ends. Terminal redundancy may exist and the populations of linear phages may be uniform or randomly permuted. A double-stranded circular DNA does not occur in extracellular bacteriophage, but is often if not always formed after infection of the bacterial host. Phage DNA may be glucosylated or methylated to a certain extent, and the glucose and methyl residues may influence the stability of the DNA inside the host.
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Infectious entities, extractable, with phosphate buffer, from tissue infected with potato spindle tuber virus and inciting symptoms on tomato that are typical of this virus, have properties incompatible with those of conventional virus particles. The infectious particles sediment in sucrose density gradients at approximately the same rate as particles with a sedimentation coefficient of 10S, are insensitive to treatment with organic solvents, and can be concentrated by ethanol precipitation. Treatment with phenol changes neither their infectivity nor their sedimentation properties. Infectivity is insensitive to deoxyribonuclease, but at low ionic strength it is sensitive to ribonuclease. At high ionic strength, infectivity partially survives incubation with ribonuclease. These properties, as well as elution patterns from columns of methylated serum albumin, suggest that the extractable infectious agent may be a double-stranded RNA.
Collapse
|
25
|
|
26
|
Iglewski WJ, Franklin RM. Denaturation and renaturation of viral RNA. 3. Purification of the complementary strand of R17 RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1967; 58:1019-24. [PMID: 5233833 PMCID: PMC335741 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.58.3.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
|
27
|
Iglewski WJ, Franklin RM. Denaturation and renaturation of viral ribonucleic acid. I. Annealing R17 ribonucleic acid with denatured replicative form or with denatured replicative intermediate. J Virol 1967; 1:793-803. [PMID: 5621475 PMCID: PMC375354 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.1.4.793-803.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purified replicative form (RF) and replicative intermediate (RI) prepared from Escherichia coli infected with R17 were denatured in 0.15 m NaCl, 0.015 m sodium citrate containing 65% dimethylsulfoxide. Denaturation of RF or RI was demonstrated spectrophotometrically, chromatographically, and by sedimentation analysis. Denatured RF or RI was annealed by carefully decreasing the temperature from 62 to 20 C. Annealing was accompanied by a decreased absorbance at 260 mmu. The decrease in absorbance during annealing appeared to be dependent upon the rate of cooling and the concentration of ribonucleic acid (RNA). Denatured RF or RI was annealed with R17 RNA which was labeled with (3)H-uridine. The annealed product was 73 to 82% resistant to 0.1 mug/ml of ribonuclease. Annealing R17 RNA with either denatured RF or RI resulted in the formation of a ribonuclease-resistant product with a sedimentation profile resembling that of native RI. Melting the annealed products in 85.7% dimethyl sulfoxide produced 27S single-stranded R17 RNA and a heterogeneous population of more slowly sedimenting RNA.
Collapse
|
28
|
Kelly RB, Sinsheimer RL. The replication of bacteriophage MS2. VII. Non-conservative replication of double-stranded RNA. J Mol Biol 1967; 26:169-79. [PMID: 6034771 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(67)90289-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
29
|
Erikson RL, Erikson E. Structure and function of bacteriophage R17 replicative intermediate ribonucleic acid. II. Properties of the parental labeled molecule. J Virol 1967; 1:523-8. [PMID: 5623971 PMCID: PMC375271 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.1.3.523-528.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Replicative intermediate ribonucleic acid (RNA), designated RI, which contained parental RNA labeled with (32)P was separated by filtration through agarose from the nucleic acids prepared from (32)P-labeled RNA phage-infected Escherichia coli. A larger amount of ribonuclease-sensitive parental label was found in the rapidly sedimenting forms of RI than in the slower sedimenting forms, indicating that parental RNA is displaced to form a single-stranded tail. This result indicates that some phage RNA is generated by asymmetric semiconservative replication of RI, but it does not mean that a portion of the RI duplexes cannot be conserved during generation of phage RNA. Parental RNA was also found in double-stranded RNA with no apparent tails which sedimented with an S value of 13. This RNA was soluble in 2 m NaCl, and its sedimentation rate was unaffected by ribonuclease; nevertheless, single-strand scissions were produced by ribonuclease and were detected after the duplex was converted to its component single strands.
Collapse
|
30
|
Franklin RM. Replication of bacteriophage ribonucleic acid: some properties of native and denatured replicative intermediate. J Virol 1967; 1:514-22. [PMID: 5623970 PMCID: PMC375269 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.1.3.514-522.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purified replicative form (RF) and replicative intermediate (RI) prepared from Escherichia coli cells infected with the ribonucleic acid (RNA) bacteriophage R17 were denatured with dimethyl sulfoxide at 37 C or in aqueous solvents of low ionic strength at 97 C. Denaturation was demonstrated for RF and RI by an increase in specific infectivity and a striking change in the hyperchromicity curves after treatment. RI denaturation was also demonstrated by a shift in the buoyant density in Cs(2)SO(4) from 1.619 to the buoyant density of single-stranded R17 RNA (1.627). Analysis of the denatured RI hyperchromicity curves and the equilibrium distributions of denatured RI in Cs(2)SO(4) gradients revealed, however, a residual double-stranded component. Velocity sedimentation of denatured RI was performed, and the weight distribution of S values was calculated. From the known relation between molecular weight and S values, it was possible to transform the weight distribution into a number distribution of chain lengths. This distribution was compared with that predicted from the steady-state hypothesis for RI. Deviations from the predicted distribution may be due to the residual double-stranded component.
Collapse
|
31
|
Bishop JM, Koch G. Purification and Characterization of Poliovirus-induced Infectious Double-stranded Ribonucleic Acid. J Biol Chem 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)96062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
|
32
|
Franklin RM. Replication of bacteriophage ribonucleic acid: some physical properties of single-stranded, double-stranded, and branched viral ribonucleic acid. J Virol 1967; 1:64-75. [PMID: 5623959 PMCID: PMC375566 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.1.1.64-75.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Replicative intermediate (RI) is considered to be the double-stranded ribo-nucleic acid (RNA) template for synthesis of viral RNA, with bound nascent single-stranded viral RNA. A theoretical description of RI is based on the analysis of a steady state of biopolymerization on a template which determines not only nucleotide sequence, but also chain length. The hydrodynamic properties of RI isolated from Escherichia coli infected with bacteriophage R17 are compared with those of RNA isolated from R17 (single-stranded RNA) and of replicative form (RF) isolated from E. coli infected with R17. RF is double-stranded RNA template without any single-stranded component. Whereas S for R17 RNA is a function of the ionic strength (Gamma/2) of the solvent, S is almost invariant with Gamma/2 for RF. By contrast S for RI lies between the sedimentation constants for R17 RNA and RF and S varies with Gamma/2 as does R17 RNA. The weight distribution of S for RI demonstrates the heterogeneity of this material, and the variation in the weight distribution with ionic strength demonstrates the duality of structure in RI. Using S and [eta], the Mw for RI is estimated to be 2.6 x 10(6) daltons, as compared with the theoretical value of 2.9 x 10(6) daltons.
Collapse
|
33
|
Erikson RL, Erikson E, Gordon JA. Structure and function of bacteriophage R17 replicative intermediate RNA. I. Studies on sedimentation and infectivity. J Mol Biol 1966; 22:257-68. [PMID: 5972771 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(66)90131-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
34
|
Electron microscopy of viral RNA, replicative form and replicative intermediate of the bacteriophage R17. J Mol Biol 1966. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(66)90188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|