1
|
Al-Awadi AMI, AlJawder AI, Mousa A, Taha S, Bakhiet M. A role for the immune system-released activating agent (ISRAA) in the ontogenetic development of brain astrocytes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248455. [PMID: 33970944 PMCID: PMC8109834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Immune System-Released Activating Agent (ISRAA) was discovered as a novel molecule that functions as a mediator between the nervous and immune systems in response to a nervous stimulus following an immune challenge. This research investigated the role of ISRAA) in promoting the ontogeny of the mouse brain astrocytes. Astrocyte cultures were prepared from two-month-old BALB/c mice. Recombinant ISRAA protein was used to stimulate astrocyte cultures. Immunohistochemistry and ELISA were utilized to measure ISRAA and IFN-γ levels, IFN-γR expression and STAT1 nuclear translocation. MTT-assay was used to evaluate cellular survival and proliferation. To assess astrocyte cell lysates and tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins, SDS-PAGE and western blot were used. ISRAA was highly expressed in mouse embryonic astrocytes, depending on cell age. Astrocytes aged seven days (E7) showed increased proliferation and diminished differentiation, while 21-day-old (E21) astrocytes depicted reversed effects. IFN-γ was involved in the ISRAA action as ISRAA induced IFN-γ in both age groups, but only E21 astrocytes expressed IFN-γR. ISRAA stimulation of E21 resulted in tyrosine phosphorylation of numerous cellular proteins and the nuclear translocation of STAT1, a signalling pathway utilized by IFN-γ. The results suggest that ISRAA is involved in mouse brain development through the cytokine network involving IFN-γ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aminah M. I. Al-Awadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Abdulaziz Isa AlJawder
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Alyaa Mousa
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Safa Taha
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Princess Al Jawhara Center for Molecular Medicine, Genetics and Inherited Diseases, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Moiz Bakhiet
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Princess Al Jawhara Center for Molecular Medicine, Genetics and Inherited Diseases, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jansson A, Ernerudh J, Kvarnström M, Ekerfelt C, Vrethem M. Elispot assay detection of cytokine secretion in multiple sclerosis patients treated with interferon-b1a or glatiramer acetate compared with untreated patients. Mult Scler 2016; 9:440-5. [PMID: 14582766 DOI: 10.1191/1352458503ms951oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of interferon-b1a (IFN-b1a) and glatiramer acetate (GA) in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) are still uncertain. A ltered cytokine patterns have been suggested including inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines like interferon-g (IFN-g) and enhancement of anti-inflammato ry cytokines such as interleukin-4 (IL-4). Twenty-nine patients with MS (10 untreated, nine treated with IFN-b1a and 10 with GA) were investigated with elispot of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Spontaneous and myelin induced (myelin basic protein (MBP), myelin oligodendro cyte glycoprotein (MO G)-14-39 and MO G 63-87) IFN-g, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 secretion was studied. We found a significant reduction of spontaneous IFN-g, IL-4 and IL-5, but no difference in IL-10 secreting cells in both groups of treated patients compared with the untreated patients. Myelin-specific responses showed a significant decrease of IFN-g and an increase of IL-5, but no change in IL-4 and IL-10 secreting cells in treated compared with untreated patients. Both treatment groups revealed similar cytokine secretion patterns except for a more pronounced decrease of both spontaneous and MO G 14-39 induced IL-4 secretion in the IFN-b1a treated group. Thus, immunological effects of IFN-b1a and G A were similar showing that disease promoting Th1 (IFN-g) cells were reduced while the potentially beneficial Th2 response (IL-4) was maintained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Jansson
- Clinical Research Centre and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Linköping University, S-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hedegaard CJ, Krakauer M, Bendtzen K, Sørensen PS, Sellebjerg F, Nielsen CH. The effect of beta-interferon therapy on myelin basic protein-elicited CD4+ T cell proliferation and cytokine production in multiple sclerosis. Clin Immunol 2008; 129:80-9. [PMID: 18653385 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2008] [Revised: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-beta therapy has well-established clinical benefits in multiple sclerosis (MS), but the underlying modulation of cytokine responses to myelin self-antigens remains poorly understood. We analysed the CD4+ T cell proliferation and cytokine responses elicited by myelin basic protein (MBP) and a foreign recall antigen, tetanus toxoid (TT), in mononuclear cell cultures from fourteen MS patients undergoing IFN-beta therapy. The MBP-elicited IFN-gamma-, TNF-alpha- and IL-10 production decreased during therapy (p<0.007-0.03), while the IL-6 production increased (p<0.03). No significant change was observed in the MBP-induced CD4+ T cell proliferation, or in the production of IL-4, IL-5 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. In comparison, IFN-beta therapy reduced IFN-gamma and IL-4 responses to TT (p<0.003 and p<0.04). Thus, IFN-beta inhibits IFN-gamma production in general, presumably alleviating the detrimental influence of IFN-gamma in MS. However, the increase in proinflammatory IL-6 and the decrease in anti-inflammatory IL-10 responses suggest that IFN-beta has more diverse effects than previously assumed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Hedegaard
- Institute for Inflammation Research, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yasui T, Maegawa M, Tomita J, Miyatani Y, Yamada M, Uemura H, Ueno SI, Numata S, Ohmori T, Tsuchiya N, Yuzurihara M, Takeda S, Irahara M. Association of serum cytokine concentrations with psychological symptoms in midlife women. J Reprod Immunol 2007; 75:56-62. [PMID: 17412426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2007.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Revised: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to clarify the association of serum cytokine concentrations, determined using a multiplexed cytokine assay, with psychological symptoms in midlife women. METHODS Fifty-three peri- and post-menopausal women with and without psychological symptoms in Greene's climacteric scale were enrolled in this study. Levels of 17 cytokines in serum samples were measured simultaneously using a multiplexed human cytokine assay. RESULTS Serum interleukin (IL)-6 concentration in women with psychological symptoms (2.71+/-047 pg/ml) was significantly (p=0.009) higher than that in women without psychological symptoms (0.98+/-0.18 pg/ml). Serum IL-8 concentration in women with psychological symptoms (33.4+/-8.17 pg/ml) was also significantly (p=0.022) higher than that in women without psychological symptoms (7.87+/-1.64 pg/ml). In addition, serum IL-10 concentration in women with psychological symptoms (0.74+/-0.26 pg/ml) was significantly (p=0.048) higher than that in women without psychological symptoms (0.07+/-0.04 pg/ml). Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in serum was detected only in women with psychological symptoms. Serum IL-2 concentration in women with psychological symptoms tended (p=0.066) to be higher than that in women without psychological symptoms. No significant differences were found between levels of other cytokines in women with and without psychological symptoms. CONCLUSION Psychological stress manifested as climacteric symptoms in midlife women may be associated with increases in serum concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-alpha.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Yasui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Course of Human Development, Human Development and Health Science, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Kuramoto, Tokushima, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yasui T, Maegawa M, Tomita J, Miyatani Y, Yamada M, Uemura H, Matsuzaki T, Kuwahara A, Kamada M, Tsuchiya N, Yuzurihara M, Takeda S, Irahara M. Changes in serum cytokine concentrations during the menopausal transition. Maturitas 2006; 56:396-403. [PMID: 17164077 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Revised: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to clarify the changes in serum concentrations of 17 cytokines in healthy women during the menopausal transition by using a multiplexed cytokine assay and to clarify the associations of these cytokines with serum estradiol concentration. METHODS Sixteen premenopausal, 54 perimenopausal and 52 postmenopausal women were enrolled in this study. Seventeen cytokines in serum samples were measured simultaneously using a Bio-Plex human cytokine 17-Plex assay. RESULTS Serum IL-6 concentration showed a weak positive correlation with age (r=0.196, p<0.05). Postmenopausal women for whom less than 5 years had passed since menopause showed significant (p<0.05) increase in serum concentrations of IL-2, GM-CSF and G-CSF, while serum IL-4 concentration was significantly (p<0.05) increased in postmenopausal women for whom more than 5 years had passed since menopause. Serum estradiol concentration showed a significant negative correlation with serum IL-6 concentration and weak negative correlations with serum concentrations of IL-2, IL-8 and GM-CSF. CONCLUSION We were able to simultaneously measure the levels of 17 cytokines using a highly sensitive cytokine assay, and we found that the changes in serum cytokine concentrations during the menopausal transition differed. We also found that serum IL-6 concentration during the menopausal transition was negatively correlated with serum estradiol concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Yasui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tokushima, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dahle C, Kvarnstrom M, Ekerfelt C, Samuelsson M, Ernerudh J. Elevated number of cells secreting transforming growth factor beta in Guillain-Barre syndrome. APMIS 2003; 111:1095-104. [PMID: 14678018 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2003.apm1111204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We used ELISPOT and cell ELISA to study secretion of IL-4, IFN-gamma, TGF-beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha by circulating mononuclear cells during the course of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Compared to healthy controls, patients with GBS had higher numbers of TGF-beta-secreting cells and the number of individuals with myelin-peptide-induced IL-4 and TGF-beta secretion was higher in the GBS group. No significant differences were seen concerning the predominantly pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-gamma, IL-6 or TNF-alpha. Our findings indicate a down-regulatory role for TGF-beta and IL-4 in GBS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Dahle
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Berg G, Ekerfelt C, Hammar M, Lindgren R, Matthiesen L, Ernerudh J. Cytokine changes in postmenopausal women treated with estrogens: a placebo-controlled study. Am J Reprod Immunol 2002; 48:63-9. [PMID: 12389594 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0897.2002.01061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is being increasingly used in postmenopausal women. Sex steroids are known to affect the immune system in several ways, although this is mainly based on clinical observations and experimental studies. METHOD OF STUDY We studied the in vivo effects of transdermal estrogens (50 microg 17 beta-Estradiol/24 hr) on cytokine production in postmenopausal women. A total of 17 women were randomized to either placebo (n = 7) or active estrogen therapy (n = 10) for 14 weeks, with addition of oral medoxyprogesterone acetate 10 mg daily during the last 2 weeks in both groups. Secretion of the cytokines IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-6 in blood mononuclear cells was determined, spontaneously and after stimulation with common vaccination antigens and mitogen, using the cell ELISA technique. RESULTS IL-6 production after stimulation with purified protein derivate (PPD) decreased in the estrogen treated group (P < 0.01). Mitogen-induced IL-6 production was reduced in the estrogen treated group in contrast to an increase in the placebo group, leading to a significant difference (P < 0.01) between the groups after 12 weeks of treatment. This difference was eliminated after an addition of progestagens for 2 weeks. No significant changes were noted for IFN-gamma, IL-4 or IL-10 in relation to estrogen or placebo treatment. CONCLUSIONS In the present controlled study, the main in vivo effect of estrogens was a decrease in IL-6 production, indicating a possible beneficial effect of estrogen therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Göran Berg
- Department of Health and Environment, Linköping University, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bakhiet M, Tjernlund A, Mousa A, Gad A, Strömblad S, Kuziel WA, Seiger A, Andersson J. RANTES promotes growth and survival of human first-trimester forebrain astrocytes. Nat Cell Biol 2001; 3:150-7. [PMID: 11175747 DOI: 10.1038/35055057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the role of alpha and beta chemokines in the promotion of the ontogenetic development of the brain. RANTES was expressed preferentially in human fetal astrocytes in an age-dependent manner. Astrocytes from 5-week-old brains showed high proliferation and reduced survival, whereas 10-week-old astrocytes exhibited opposite effects. These effects were suppressed by anti-RANTES or anti-RANTES receptor antibodies and were enhanced by recombinant RANTES. RANTES induced tyrosine phosphorylation of several cellular proteins and nuclear translocation of STAT-1 in astrocytes. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) was required for RANTES effects because RANTES induced IFN-gamma and only 10-week-old astrocytes expressed the IFN-gamma receptor. Blocking of IFN-gamma with antibody reversed the effects of RANTES, indicating that cytokine/chemokine networks are critically involved in brain development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Bakhiet
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine, Centre for Infectious Medicine, Huddinge University Hospital, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mustafa M, Wondimu B, Bakhiet M, Modéer T. Induction of interferon gamma in human gingival fibroblasts challenged with phytohaemagglutinin. Cytokine 2000; 12:368-73. [PMID: 10805218 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.1999.0565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) is a potential immunoregulatory cytokine, which is secreted mainly by cells of immune origin. In this study, we examined the capacity of human gingival fibroblasts as non-professional immune cells to express IFN-gamma messenger RNA (mRNA) and to produce the protein. Cultures of fibroblast cells were established from gingival biopsies from three children. The expression of mRNA for IFN-gamma was studied by in situ hybridization, and the level of IFN-gamma was determined by cell-released capturing ELISA. Treatment of the cells with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) (2.5, 5.0, and 10 microg/ml) increased the number of IFN-gamma mRNA expressing cells and the protein production at 1, 6, and 24 h. Non-stimulated cells did not reveal measurable levels of IFN-gamma mRNA or the protein. The inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) (100 microg/ml) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) (10 ng/ml) did not affect IFN-gamma mRNA expression or protein production. Treatment of the cells with 1 microM phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) stimulated IFN-gamma mRNA expression but had no effect on IFN-gamma protein production. We conclude that human gingival fibroblasts not only transcribe IFN-gamma mRNA but also produce the IFN-gamma protein in response to PHA. The finding that human gingival fibroblasts, produce the cytokine IFN-gamma, further support the concept that these cells take an active part in the modulation of the inflammatory and immune response in the periodontal tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Mustafa
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
ElKarim R, Granert C, Lindquist L, Link H, Bakhiet M. Levels of gamma interferon and interleukin-4 are inversely related to the levels of their corresponding autoantibodies in patients with lower respiratory tract infection. Infect Immun 1999; 67:3051-4. [PMID: 10338519 PMCID: PMC96620 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.6.3051-3054.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the involvement of cytokines and their corresponding autoantibodies (Aabs) in inflammatory mechanisms in patients with lower respiratory tract infections, blood samples were taken from patients at the time of admission to the hospital and before treatment. Cell-released capturing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the levels of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) produced spontaneously by peripheral mononuclear cells (PMNC). ELISA was used to measure Aabs to these cytokines in sera. The levels of both cytokines were inversely related to the levels of their corresponding Aabs. While a high level of IFN-gamma was observed together with a low level of anti-IFN-gamma Aab, decreased IL-4 levels were observed with increased levels of Aabs to IL-4. Immunoglobulins were purified, digested to obtain Fab fragments, and tested for specificity and cross-reactivity. The Aabs and their Fab fragments were tested in cytokine biological assays and showed neutralizing effects. Our data demonstrated increased levels of the proinflammatory cytokine IFN-gamma and decreased release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 during early presentation of lower respiratory tract infection. The levels of these cytokines were inversely related to the levels of their corresponding Aabs that exhibited regulatory effects on the cytokine biological function in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R ElKarim
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology, Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, S-141 86 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|