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Kovacevic J, Samia AM, Shah A, Motaparthi K. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Clin Dermatol 2024:S0738-081X(24)00007-5. [PMID: 38281688 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) occurs when latent varicella zoster virus reactivates in the ophthalmic division of the fifth cranial nerve (CNV1). HZO commonly affects older and immunocompromised patients. This disease is considered an ophthalmic emergency due to the wide range of associated ocular symptoms, including severe chronic pain and vision loss. HZO is typically a clinical diagnosis due to its classic presentation of a unilateral vesicular eruption in the dermatomes corresponding to CNV1. Timely treatment is imperative to minimize ocular morbidity in HZO, given that ocular involvement is present in 50% of affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Kovacevic
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Arthur Mark Samia
- Department of Dermatology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ankit Shah
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kiran Motaparthi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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Hadi AM, Mohammed Al-Alwany SH, Al-Khafaji ZA, Sharaf M, Mofed D, Khan TU. Molecular diagnosis of Herpes virus type 1 by glycoprotein receptor primers. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Nath P, Kabir MA, Doust SK, Ray A. Diagnosis of Herpes Simplex Virus: Laboratory and Point-of-Care Techniques. Infect Dis Rep 2021; 13:518-539. [PMID: 34199547 PMCID: PMC8293188 DOI: 10.3390/idr13020049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes is a widespread viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) that has no permanent cure to date. There are two subtypes, HSV-1 and HSV-2, that are known to cause a variety of symptoms, ranging from acute to chronic. HSV is highly contagious and can be transmitted via any type of physical contact. Additionally, viral shedding can also happen from asymptomatic infections. Thus, early and accurate detection of HSV is needed to prevent the transmission of this infection. Herpes can be diagnosed in two ways, by either detecting the presence of the virus in lesions or the antibodies in the blood. Different detection techniques are available based on both laboratory and point of care (POC) devices. Laboratory techniques include different biochemical assays, microscopy, and nucleic acid amplification. In contrast, POC techniques include microfluidics-based tests that enable on-spot testing. Here, we aim to review the different diagnostic techniques, both laboratory-based and POC, their limits of detection, sensitivity, and specificity, as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aniruddha Ray
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (P.N.); (M.A.K.); (S.K.D.)
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Cymerman RM, Kaplan Hoffmann R, Rouhani Schaffer P, Pomeranz MK. Vulvar infections: beyond sexually transmitted infections. Int J Dermatol 2017; 56:361-369. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Cymerman
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology; NYU School of Medicine; New York NY USA
| | - Rachel Kaplan Hoffmann
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology; NYU School of Medicine; New York NY USA
| | - Panta Rouhani Schaffer
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology; NYU School of Medicine; New York NY USA
| | - Miriam Keltz Pomeranz
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology; NYU School of Medicine; New York NY USA
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Young S, Body B, Moore F, Dunbar S. Multicenter evaluation of the Luminex® ARIES® HSV 1&2 Assay for the detection of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in cutaneous and mucocutaneous lesion specimens. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2016; 16:1241-1249. [PMID: 27771977 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2016.1251841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The ARIES® HSV 1&2 Assay is a new FDA cleared real-time PCR test for detection and differentiation of HSV-1 and HSV-2 DNA from cutaneous and mucocutaneous lesions. The test is performed on the ARIES® System, an automated sample to answer real-time PCR instrument that provides a closed system and simple workflow for performing molecular testing. Areas covered: This article reports the clinical performance of the ARIES® HSV 1&2 Assay assessed on 1963 prospectively collected specimens. Assay sensitivities were 91.1-95% (cutaneous) and 97-98.5% (mucocutaneous), and specificities were 88.8-94.2% (cutaneous) and 93.2-95.4% (mucocutaneous), as compared to the ELVIS® HSV test system. Expert commentary: Detection of HSV DNA by PCR is rapid and more sensitive than traditional culture and immunoassay methods and is being widely adopted in many laboratory settings. Sample to answer molecular platforms like ARIES® will enable routine and non-molecular labs to perform sensitive and rapid molecular testing with ease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Young
- a TriCore Reference Laboratories , Research and Clinical Trials , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Barbara Body
- b Laboratory Corporation of America , Atlantic Division Regional Laboratory & Center for Esoteric Testing , Burlington , NC , USA
| | - Franklin Moore
- c Baystate Health , Molecular and Microbiology Laboratories , Springfield , MA , USA
| | - Sherry Dunbar
- d Luminex Corporation, Global Scientific Affairs , Austin , TX , USA
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Chen I, Fohtung RB, Oughli HA, Bauer R, Mattar C, Powderly WG, Thoelke MS. Concurrent Ramsay Hunt syndrome and disseminated herpes zoster in a patient with relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia. IDCases 2016; 6:79-82. [PMID: 27757380 PMCID: PMC5067093 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ramsay Hunt Syndrome (RHS) is a rare complication of latent varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection that can occur in immunocompetent host. It usually involves ipsilateral facial paralysis, ear pain and facial vesicles. Disseminated herpes zoster is another complication of VZV infection typically seen in immunocompromised hosts. We describe a patient with relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who presented simultaneously with RHS and disseminated herpes zoster. While other complications have been documented to coexist with RHS, to our knowledge, this is the first reported case in the literature of concurrent RHS with disseminated herpes zoster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Chen
- School of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Raymond B Fohtung
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hanadi Ajam Oughli
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Caline Mattar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - William G Powderly
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mark S Thoelke
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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Fan F, Day S, Lu X, Tang YW. Laboratory diagnosis of HSV and varicella zoster virus infections. Future Virol 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.14.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Abstract
Oral herpes virus infections (OHVIs) are among the most common mucosal disorders encountered by oral health care providers. These infections can affect individuals at any age, from infants to the elderly, and may cause significant pain and dysfunction. Immunosuppressed patients may be at increased risk for serious and potential life-threatening complications caused by OHVIs. Clinicians may have difficulty in diagnosing these infections because they can mimic other conditions of the oral mucosa. This article provides oral health care providers with clinically relevant information regarding etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of OHVIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Balasubramaniam
- Orofacial Pain Clinic, School of Dentistry, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Perth Oral Medicine and Dental Sleep Centre, St John of God Hospital, Suite 311, 25 McCourt Street, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - Arthur S Kuperstein
- Department of Oral Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, 240 South 40th Street, Room 207, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eric T Stoopler
- Department of Oral Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, 240 South 40th Street, Room 206, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Abstract
Since the last Handbook of Clinical Neurology volume on this topic, viral diagnosis has made tremendous strides, moving from the margin to the mainstream of clinical care. For many years, conventional virus isolation was the mainstay of viral diagnosis since it was sensitive and “open-minded.” However, growth in conventional cell culture entails an inherent delay that limits its clinical impact. Although rapid culture and viral antigen methods detect fewer pathogens and are less sensitive than conventional culture, both require less expertise and have greatly reduced time to result. Polymerase chain reaction has ushered in a new era in virology, especially in the diagnosis of neurologic diseases. Molecular amplification methods are rapid, highly sensitive, can be automated, quantitative, and detect viruses not amenable to routine culture. User-friendly, walk-away tests with results in an hour, as well as multiplex tests that can detect 20 viruses in a single reaction, are now a reality. As the variety of test methods and commercial products proliferate, the challenges for clinicians and laboratories are selecting which tests to utilize in which clinical scenarios, and understanding how to interpret the results. The advantages and limitations of each method are discussed in this chapter, with special attention to neurologic disease.
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Should varicella-zoster virus culture be eliminated? A comparison of direct immunofluorescence antigen detection, culture, and PCR, with a historical review. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:4120-2. [PMID: 23035203 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.06753-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A comparison of direct fluorescent-antibody assay (DFA), culture, and two PCR assays disclosed sensitivities of 87.8%, 46.3%, and 97.6% and 100%, respectively. We reviewed 1,150 results for clinical specimens submitted for DFA and culture and found that only 17 were culture positive/DFA negative. The incremental cost to detect these 17 positives was $3,078/specimen.
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Herpes simplex virus and pregnancy: a review of the management of antenatal and peripartum herpes infections. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2012; 66:629-38. [PMID: 22112524 DOI: 10.1097/ogx.0b013e31823983ec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Genital herpes is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections, affecting 1 in 6 people in the United States. Women are twice as likely to be infected as men and infections in women of reproductive age carry the additional risk of vertical transmission to the neonate at the time of delivery. Neonatal herpes infections can be devastating with up to 50% mortality for disseminated herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections in the newborn. Rates of transmission are affected by the viral type of HSV infection and whether the infection around delivery is primary or recurrent. Current management approaches decrease rates of active lesions at the time of delivery and thereby cesarean deliveries, but have not been shown to decrease the incidence of neonatal herpes infections. More research is needed to better elucidate the risk factors for transmission to the neonate and to improve our current management methodology to further decrease vertical transmission. In this review, we will discuss management of antenatal and peripartum herpes infections, considerations for mode of delivery, and the course of neonatal HSV infections.
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Toutous-Trellu L, Vantieghem KM, Terumalai K, Herrmann FR, Piguet V, Kaiser L, Vuagnat H, Zulian G. Cutaneous lumbosacral Herpes simplex virus among patients hospitalized for an advanced disease. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011; 26:417-22. [PMID: 21545541 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.04085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are regularly observed in lumbosacral areas, and many are refractory to appropriate initial diagnosis and management. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the incidence of lumbosacral HSV among advanced disease patients, to estimate their survival index from HSV onset, and to describe their clinical and virological characteristics. METHODS A prospective, descriptive study was conducted in a palliative and continuous care centre, collecting patients with suspected cutaneous HSV lesions in the lumbosacral area. RESULTS From 2008 to 2010, 24 patients were included: 19 had HSV-2 confirmed by at least one laboratory test. Incidence of HSV-2 was 2.67% (1.73-4.33%, 95% CI). No age, gender or survival differences were observed compared to the global population in the centre. Most lesions were detected early as vesicles (14/24) or small ulcers. Sensitivity was good for all diagnostic methods (62.5% for immunofluorescence and 79.2% for culture and/or PCR). Outcome was favourable under classical antiherpetic drugs and topical antiseptic dressing. CONCLUSIONS Cutaneous lumbosacral HSV remains uncommon in patients hospitalized with advanced diseases. Most of these patients suffer from pressure ulcers or other dermatitis; we advocate increased attention of this diagnosis to avoid skin complications and added pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Toutous-Trellu
- Division of Dermatology, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Direct immunofluorescence assay compared to cell culture for the diagnosis of mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus infections in children. J Clin Virol 2010; 49:58-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Styczynski J, Reusser P, Einsele H, de la Camara R, Cordonnier C, Ward KN, Ljungman P, Engelhard D. Management of HSV, VZV and EBV infections in patients with hematological malignancies and after SCT: guidelines from the Second European Conference on Infections in Leukemia. Bone Marrow Transplant 2008; 43:757-70. [PMID: 19043458 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2008.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
These guidelines on the management of HSV, VZV and EBV infection in patients with hematological malignancies and after SCT were prepared by the European Conference on Infections in Leukemia following a predefined methodology. A PubMed search was conducted using the appropriate key words to identify studies pertinent to management of HSV, VZV and EBV infections. References of relevant articles and abstracts from recent hematology and SCT scientific meetings were also reviewed. Prospective and retrospective studies identified from the data sources were evaluated, and all data deemed relevant were included in this analysis. The clinical and scientific background was described and discussed, and the quality of evidence and level of recommendation were graded according to the Centers for Disease Control criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Styczynski
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Collegium Medicum UMK, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Leland DS, Ginocchio CC. Role of cell culture for virus detection in the age of technology. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007; 20:49-78. [PMID: 17223623 PMCID: PMC1797634 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00002-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral disease diagnosis has traditionally relied on the isolation of viral pathogens in cell cultures. Although this approach is often slow and requires considerable technical expertise, it has been regarded for decades as the "gold standard" for the laboratory diagnosis of viral disease. With the development of nonculture methods for the rapid detection of viral antigens and/or nucleic acids, the usefulness of viral culture has been questioned. This review describes advances in cell culture-based viral diagnostic products and techniques, including the use of newer cell culture formats, cryopreserved cell cultures, centrifugation-enhanced inoculation, precytopathogenic effect detection, cocultivated cell cultures, and transgenic cell lines. All of these contribute to more efficient and less technically demanding viral detection in cell culture. Although most laboratories combine various culture and nonculture approaches to optimize viral disease diagnosis, virus isolation in cell culture remains a useful approach, especially when a viable isolate is needed, if viable and nonviable virus must be differentiated, when infection is not characteristic of any single virus (i.e., when testing for only one virus is not sufficient), and when available culture-based methods can provide a result in a more timely fashion than molecular methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane S Leland
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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El-Aal AMA, El Sayed M, Mohammed E, Ahmed M, Fathy M. Evaluation of herpes simplex detection in corneal scrapings by three molecular methods. Curr Microbiol 2006; 52:379-82. [PMID: 16586022 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-005-0289-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2005] [Accepted: 10/17/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 keratitis (HSK) is a sight-threatening ocular infection with worldwide occurrence. A prompt laboratory diagnosis is often very useful. The purpose of this study was to evaluate molecular methods as rapid diagnostic tools compared with cell culture of HSK. Corneal scrapings from patients with clinically suspected HSK were tested by direct immunofluorescence assay (IFA) for HSV-1 antigen and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HSV-1 DNA, and an attempt for viral isolation was performed on Vero cell line culture. Positive samples by cell culture were 20.8%, whereas PCR was positive in 29.2%, and IFA was positive in 33.3%. IFA had better sensitivity (80%) and negative predictive value (81.8%) than PCR (70% and 76.9%, respectively); however, PCR had better specificity (71.4%) and positive predictive value (63.6%). This indicates that a combination of cell culture, IFA and PCR constitutes the best set of tools for diagnosis of clinically suspected cases of HSK. Documented infection can be further assessed by cell-culture technique or PCR depending laboratory availability.
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Abstract
Oral herpes virus infections are commonly seen by the dental practitioner. Saliva is a reservoir for the herpes virus, and a variety of infections, both localized and systemic, may be induced by the virus. Patients who are immunocompromised may be at risk for serious and potentially life-threatening complications of herpes virus infections. This article highlights the basic virology and clinical manifestations of herpetic infections and the differential diagnosis and management of oral herpes virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Stoopler
- Department of Oral Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, 240 South 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Abstract
Herpes simplex hepatitis is a treatable cause of acute hepatitis with a high mortality (41% to 79%). We present 4 adult patients who died of herpes simplex hepatitis and review another 70 patients (including pregnant women) from the literature to illustrate that herpes simplex hepatitis was only considered in the differential diagnosis in 26% to 33% of patients even though muco-cutaneous involvement was present in at least 70% of these patients. The presence of muco-cutaneous lesions in a patient with clinical symptoms and biochemical findings of acute hepatitis should raise the suspicion of herpes simplex hepatitis. Prompt treatment with acyclovir can be initiated within hours of admission in an attempt to prevent further hepatocellular damage in this potentially life-threatening infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobha Sharma
- Emory University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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Besser JM, Crouch NA, Sullivan M. Laboratory diagnosis to differentiate smallpox, vaccinia, and other vesicular/pustular illnesses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 142:246-51. [PMID: 14625530 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2143(03)00146-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John M Besser
- Public Health Laboratory, Minnesota Department of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
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Abstract
Herpesviruses are responsible for many illnesses that affect the oral and maxillofacial region. The most common of these are primary or recurrent HSV infection, but knowledge of the manifestations of the eight herpesviruses that cause infections in humans will provide clinicians with a better understanding and basis for diagnosing and managing patients with these diseases. Immunocompromised patients are at greater risk for serious illness: therefore, clinicians treating transplant patients, patients receiving cancer chemotherapy, or HIV-infected individuals should be aware of the various clinical manifestations of infection with herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Stoopler
- Department of Oral Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, 240 South 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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