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Najera J, Berry MM, Ramirez AD, Reyes BR, Angel A, Jellyman JK, Mercer F. Bovine neutrophils kill the sexually-transmitted parasite Tritrichomonas foetus using trogocytosis. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:865-875. [PMID: 37968413 PMCID: PMC10998815 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10260-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Tritrichomonas foetus (T. foetus) is the causative organism of bovine trichomonosis (also referred to as trichomoniasis), a sexually-transmitted infection that reduces fertility in cattle. Efforts to control trichomonosis on cattle farms are hindered by the discouragement of antibiotic use in agriculture, and the incomplete, short-lived protection conferred by the current vaccines. A more complete mechanistic understanding of what effective immunity to T. foetus entails could enable the development of more robust infection control strategies. While neutrophils, the primary responders to infection, are present in infected tissues and have been shown to kill the parasite in vitro, the mechanism they use for parasite killing has not been established. Here, we show that primary bovine neutrophils isolated from peripheral blood rapidly kill T. foetus in vitro in a dose-dependent manner, and that optimal parasite killing is reduced by inhibitors of trogocytosis. We also use imaging to show that bovine neutrophils surround T. foetus and trogocytose its membrane. These findings are consistent with killing via trogocytosis, a recently described novel neutrophil antimicrobial mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Najera
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University Pomona, Pomona, CA, 91768, USA
| | - Michael M Berry
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University Pomona, Pomona, CA, 91768, USA
| | - Ashley D Ramirez
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University Pomona, Pomona, CA, 91768, USA
| | - Bryan Ramirez Reyes
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University Pomona, Pomona, CA, 91768, USA
| | - Arielle Angel
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University Pomona, Pomona, CA, 91768, USA
| | - Juanita K Jellyman
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University Pomona, Pomona, CA, 91768, USA
| | - Frances Mercer
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University Pomona, Pomona, CA, 91768, USA.
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Ortega-Mora LM, Sánchez-Sánchez R, Rojo-Montejo S, Román-Trufero A, Montenegro-Gregorio D, Puentes-Colorado E, Parra-Romero A, Regidor-Cerrillo J, Osoro K, Collantes-Fernández E. A new inactivated Tritrichomonas foetus vaccine that improves genital clearance of the infection and calving intervals in cattle. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1005556. [PMID: 36277069 PMCID: PMC9582342 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1005556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine trichomonosis is a sexually transmitted disease that is a primary cause of early reproductive failure in cattle. The aim of the present study was to develop a vaccine formulation based on Tritrichomonas foetus trophozoites inactivated by lyophilization and Quil-A-adjuvanted. The safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of this new vaccine formulation (Trichobovis®) administered by two routes (subcutaneous: SC, and intravulvar: IVU) were compared with a commercial vaccine (TrichGuard®) in a well-established experimental bovine model of genital T. foetus infection. The new vaccine was considered safe in cattle because only mild local reactions were found in the vaccination area, which disappeared 3 weeks after administration. Cows immunized with Trichobovis cleared the infection faster than the non-immunized/challenged group (27–28 vs. 60 days; P < 0.05). Not significant differences were observed with the commercial vaccine respect to the positive control group, or between SC and IVU routes. The new vaccine stimulated high serum anti-T. foetus IgG and genital IgA levels and generated an IgG booster effect similar to TrichGuard. IgA levels were associated with significantly earlier genital clearance of T. foetus in cows immunized with Trichobovis by SC route (G1A) or TrichGuard (G2). The strongest association was found in the group G1A on day 14 post-infection (p.i.) (r = −0.74) and in G2 on day 35 p.i. (r = −0.71). The efficacy of vaccination using Trichobovis on the reproductive performance was also investigated under field conditions in a herd where T. foetus was present. The calving intervals were significantly reduced by 45.2 days (P < 0.05), calves were born 28 days earlier (P < 0.05) and an increase of 8.7% in the calving rate (P > 0.05) was observed in the vaccinated group. These results demonstrate that Trichobovis improved the reproductive performance under field conditions in herds where T. foetus infection is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Miguel Ortega-Mora
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain,SALUVET-Innova S.L., Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain,*Correspondence: Luis Miguel Ortega-Mora
| | - Roberto Sánchez-Sánchez
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Rojo-Montejo
- SALUVET-Innova S.L., Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Regional Service for Research and Agri-Food Development (SERIDA), Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Alicia Román-Trufero
- SALUVET-Innova S.L., Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Regional Service for Research and Agri-Food Development (SERIDA), Villaviciosa, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Javier Regidor-Cerrillo
- SALUVET-Innova S.L., Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Koldo Osoro
- Regional Service for Research and Agri-Food Development (SERIDA), Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Esther Collantes-Fernández
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain,SALUVET-Innova S.L., Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Esther Collantes-Fernández
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Setyo L, Donahoe SL, Šlapeta J. Fulminant Tritrichomonas foetus 'feline genotype' infection in a 3-month old kitten associated with viral co-infection. Vet Parasitol 2018; 267:17-20. [PMID: 30878079 PMCID: PMC7115762 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Marked necrotising to lymphoplasmacytic Tritrichomonas foetus-induced colitis. Microabscesses in crypts of the colon with T. foetus. Coinfection of Tritrichomonas foetus, FPV and FCoV.
Tritrichomonas foetus is a flagellate protist which commonly causes a waxing and waning large bowel diarrhoea in young cats. We report severe T. foetus infection of the colon, cecum and ileum with concurrent feline enteric coronavirus (FCoV) and feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) in a 3-month-old Bengal kitten with an 8-day history of vomiting, diarrhoea, failure to thrive and coughing. Protozoa filling the lumen and crypts and occasional invading into lamina propria were identified within the affected colon and confirmed by PCR as T. foetus ‘feline genotype’. Assessment of faeces by PCR revealed concurrent infection with FCoV and FPV. It is possible that immunosuppression by FPV played a role in the unprecedented T. foetus infection intensity observed histologically. Studies during and after resolution of FPV infection, will be critical to determine if T. foetus co-infection affects long-term prognosis of FPV survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Setyo
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Shannon L Donahoe
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Jan Šlapeta
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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Evaluation of Tritrichomonas foetus infection clearance in heifers immunized with a single intravaginal dose of formaldehyde fixed strain B1 cells. Vet Parasitol 2018; 255:32-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Collántes-Fernández E, Fort MC, Ortega-Mora LM, Schares G. Trichomonas. PARASITIC PROTOZOA OF FARM ANIMALS AND PETS 2018. [PMCID: PMC7122547 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-70132-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The most widely known trichomonad in veterinary medicine is Tritrichomonas foetus. It is the etiologic agent of bovine tritrichomonosis, a sexually transmitted disease in extensively managed herds throughout many geographic regions worldwide. The same trichomonad species is also regarded as the causative agent of chronic diarrhea in the domestic cat, although more recent studies observed molecular differences between bovine- and feline-derived T. foetus. Trichomonosis in cats has a worldwide distribution and is mainly present among cats from high-density housing environments. Other trichomonads are found as inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract in birds, such as Trichomonas gallinae. Particularly, Columbiformes, Falconiformes, Strigiformes, and wild Passeriformes can be severely affected by avian trichomonads. Diagnosis of trichomonosis is often complicated by the fragility of the parasite. To ensure valid test results, it is essential to collect and handle specimens in the right way prior to analysis. Cultivation tests, the specific amplification of parasites, or a combination of both test methods is the most efficient and most commonly used way to diagnose trichomonosis in animals. Bovine tritrichomonosis is mainly controlled by the identification and withdrawal of infected animals from bovine herds. The control of feline and avian trichomonosis relies mainly on preventive measures.
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Palomares R, Hurley D, Crum L, Rollin E, Collop T, Williard A, Felton J, Parrish J, Corbeil L. Serum, uterine, and vaginal mucosal IgG antibody responses against Tritrichomonas foetus after administration of a commercial killed whole T foetus vaccine in beef cows. Theriogenology 2017; 87:235-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Michi AN, Favetto PH, Kastelic J, Cobo ER. A review of sexually transmitted bovine trichomoniasis and campylobacteriosis affecting cattle reproductive health. Theriogenology 2015; 85:781-791. [PMID: 26679515 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The objective is to discuss sexually transmitted diseases caused by Tritrichomonas foetus (T foetus) and Campylobacter fetus (C fetus) subsp. venerealis, with a focus on prevalence, pathogenesis, and diagnosis in cows and bulls. Diagnosis and control are problematic because these diseases cause severe reproductive losses in cows, but in bulls are clinically asymptomatic, which allows the disease to flourish, especially in the absence of legislated control programs. We review research regarding prophylactic systemic immunization of bulls and cows with antigens of T foetus and C fetus venerealis and their efficacy in preventing or clearing preexisting infections in the genital tract. Current diagnostic methods of C fetus venerealis and T foetus (microbial culture and PCR) should be improved. Review of the latest advances in bovine trichomoniasis and campylobacteriosis should promote knowledge and provide an impetus to pursue further efforts to control bovine sexually transmitted diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey N Michi
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pedro H Favetto
- Private Veterinarian (Dairy Veterinary Services), Escalon, California, USA
| | - John Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eduardo R Cobo
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Comparative aspects of immunity and vaccination in human and bovine trichomoniasis: a review. Trop Anim Health Prod 2015; 48:1-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-015-0909-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Cobo ER, Corbeil LB, Gershwin LJ, BonDurant RH. Preputial cellular and antibody responses of bulls vaccinated and/or challenged with Tritrichomonas foetus. Vaccine 2009; 28:361-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Rutkowski MR, McNamee LA, Harmsen AG. Neutrophils and inducible nitric-oxide synthase are critical for early resistance to the establishment of Tritrichomonas foetus infection. J Parasitol 2007; 93:562-74. [PMID: 17626348 DOI: 10.1645/ge-976r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus is the cause of trichomoniasis in cattle. Severe infection is often associated with heavy neutrophil and macrophage accumulation, although it is not known how this response protects during early parasite colonization. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of an early host response upon initial T. foetus colonization within the murine reproductive tract. Mice depleted of neutrophils before T. foetus infection had a significantly higher parasite burden within the reproductive tract compared with mock-depleted control mice. Additionally, gp91(phox-/-)/ iNOS(-/-), and iNOS(-/-) mice had substantially larger parasite burdens than C57BL/6 control mice, whereas gp91l(Phox-/-) mice had similar parasite burden to C57BL/6 control mice. Interestingly, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-stimulated neutrophils and macrophages isolated from all groups of mice were unable to kill T. foetus in vitro. However, macrophages isolated from gp91l(phox-/-) and C57BL/6 mice stimulated with interferon-gamma and lipopolysaccharide were able to kill T. foetus in vitro, whereas macrophages isolated from gp91(phox(-/-)/ iNOS(-/-) and iNOS(-/-) mice were unable to kill T. foetus, suggesting the ability of macrophages to produce reactive nitrogen species but not reactive oxygen species (ROS) is critical for parasite killing during early infection in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, neutrophils seem to control early dissemination of T. foetus throughout the reproductive tract, although production of ROS is not critical for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R Rutkowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon New Hampshire 03756, USA.
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