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Seo SB, Lee J, Kim E, Lim J, Jang S, Son SU, Jeong Y, Kang T, Jung J, Lee KG, Lee SW, Kim K, Lim EK. On-site detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) utilizing G-quadruplex based isothermal exponential amplification reaction (GQ-EXPAR). Talanta 2024; 275:126073. [PMID: 38688085 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has a high incidence in infectious hospitals and communities, highlighting the need for early on-site detection due to its resistance to methicillin antibiotics. The present study introduces a highly sensitive detection system for mecA, a crucial methicillin marker, utilizing an RCA-based isothermal exponential amplification reaction. The G-quadruplex-based isothermal exponential amplification reaction (GQ-EXPAR) method designs probes to establish G-quadruplex secondary structures incorporating thioflavin T for fluorescence. The system, unlike conventional genetic detection methods, works with portable isothermal PCR devices (isoQuark), facilitating on-site detection. A detection limit of 0.1 fmol was demonstrated using synthetic DNA, and effective detection was proven using thermal lysis. The study also validated the detection of targets swabbed from surfaces within bacterial 3D nanostructures using the GQ-EXPAR method. After applying complementary sequences to the padlock probe for the target, the GQ-EXPAR method can be used on various targets. The developed method could facilitate rapid and accurate diagnostics within MRSA strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Beom Seo
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jina Lee
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, UST, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjung Kim
- Department of Bioengineering and Nano-Bioengineering, Research Center for Bio Materials and Process, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea; Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewoo Lim
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Medical Device Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, 123, Osongsaengmyeong-ro, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Jang
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, UST, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Uk Son
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, UST, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonwoo Jeong
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejeoon Kang
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeon Jung
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, UST, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea; School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung G Lee
- Center for Nanobio Develpment, National NanoFab Center (NNFC), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Kyujung Kim
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun-Kyung Lim
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, UST, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea; School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Dendi FZ, Allem R, Sebaihia M, Bensefia S, Cheurfa M, Alamir H, Obeagu EI. Prevalence and molecular detection of Staphylococcus aureus resistance to antibiotics. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38562. [PMID: 38875387 PMCID: PMC11175868 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
In Algeria, the issue of antibiotic resistance is on the rise, being the Staphylococcus aureus infection as a significant concern of hospital-acquired infections. The emergence of antibiotic resistance in this bacterium poses a worldwide challenge. The aim of this study aims to establish the incidence of S aureus strains in Algeria as well as identify phenotypic and genotypic resistance based on the "mecA" and "nuc" genes. From 2014 to 2017, a total of 185 S aureus strains were isolated from patients at a hospital in the city of Rouïba, Algiers the number of isolates was slightly higher in males at 58.06% compared to females at 41.94%, resulting in a sex ratio of 1.38. the Oxacillin and Cefoxitin DD test (1 μg oxacillin disk and 30 μg cefoxitin disk) identified 42 strains as resistant. The results indicated high resistance to lactam antibiotics, with penicillin having a 100% resistance rate. There was also significant resistance to oxacillin (51.25%) and cefoxitin (50%). This resistance was frequently associated with resistance to other antibiotic classes, such as aminoglycosides (50%) and Macrolides (28.29%). To confirm methicillin-resistant characteristics, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) multiplex was conducted on 10 isolates (6 SARM; 4 MSSA) on a phenotypic level. Three isolates tested positive for "mecA," while 7 were negative. All strains carry the nuc gene, which is specific to S aureus. In Algeria, the incidence of S aureus resistance is slightly lower compared to other countries, but it is increasing over time. It is now more crucial than ever to restrict the proliferation of multidrug-resistant strains and reduce undue antibiotic prescriptions. To achieve this, it is vital to keep updated on the epidemiology of this bacterium and its antibiotic susceptibility. This will enable the formulation of appropriate preventive control measures to manage its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Zahra Dendi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Genomics and Bioinformatics, University Hassiba Benbouali of Chlef, Algeria
| | - Rachida Allem
- Bioresource Laboratory, Faculty of Science of Nature and Live, University Hassiba Benbouali of Chlef, Algeria
| | - Mohammed Sebaihia
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Genomics and Bioinformatics, University Hassiba Benbouali of Chlef, Algeria
| | - Sidahmed Bensefia
- Food Bacteriology laboratory, Pasteur Institute, Dalybrahim, Algiers
| | - Mohammed Cheurfa
- Bioresource Laboratory, Faculty of Science of Nature and Live, University Hassiba Benbouali of Chlef, Algeria
- University of Djilali BounaalaKhmismilia, Ain defla, Algiers
| | - Hannan Alamir
- Food Bacteriology laboratory, Pasteur Institute, Dalybrahim, Algiers
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Jurado A, Fernández L, Rodríguez A, García P. Prevalence of virulence- and antibiotic resistance-associated genotypes and phenotypes in Staphylococcus aureus strains from the food sector compared to clinical and cow mastitis isolates. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1327131. [PMID: 38348375 PMCID: PMC10859521 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1327131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Infections by the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus currently represent one of the most serious threats to human health worldwide, especially due to the production of enterotoxins and the ability to form biofilms. These structures and the acquisition of antibiotic resistance limit the action of antibiotics and disinfectants used to combat this microorganism in the industry and the clinic. Methods This work reports a comparative phenotypic and genotypic study of 18 S. aureus strains from different origins: clinical samples, milk from mastitic cows and food industry surfaces, most of which were isolated in Northern Spain. Results Genetically, the strains were very diverse but, in most cases, a closer proximity was observed for those from the same source. Notably, the average number of virulence genes was not significantly different in strains from the food sector. Of the 18 strains, 10 coded for at least one enterotoxin, and four of them carried 6 or 7 enterotoxin genes. The latter were all veterinary or clinical isolates. Most strains carried prophages, plasmids and/or pathogenicity islands. Regarding antibiotic resistance, although phenotypically all strains showed resistance to at least one antibiotic, resistance genes were only identified in 44.5% of strains, being mastitis isolates those with the lowest prevalence. Virulence-related phenotypic properties such as haemolytic activity, staphyloxanthin production, biofilm-forming capacity and spreading ability were widely distributed amongst the isolates. Conclusions Our results indicate that production of virulence factors, antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation can be found in S. aureus isolates from diverse environments, including the food industry, although some of these traits are more prevalent in strains isolated from infections in cows or humans. This emphasizes on the importance of monitoring the spread of these determinants not only in samples from the clinical environment, but also along the food chain, a strategy that falls under the prism of a one-health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Jurado
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain
- DairySafe Group. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Lucía Fernández
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain
- DairySafe Group. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain
- DairySafe Group. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pilar García
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain
- DairySafe Group. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
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Joshi AA, Patil RH. Metal nanoparticles as inhibitors of enzymes and toxins of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. INFECTIOUS MEDICINE 2023; 2:294-307. [PMID: 38205183 PMCID: PMC10774769 DOI: 10.1016/j.imj.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an aerobic Gram-positive spherical bacterium known to cause a broad range of infections worldwide. It is a major cause of infective skin and soft infections and severe and life-threatening conditions, such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and endocarditis. The emergence of drug-resistant strains of S aureus, particularly methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA), has become a significant concern in the healthcare community. Antibiotic-resistant S aureus is commonly acquired in hospitals and long-term care facilities. It often affects patients with weakened immune systems, those undergoing invasive medical procedures, or those who have been hospitalized for extended periods. In the US, S aureus is known to cause potentially fatal illnesses, such as toxic shock syndrome (TSS) and acute-onset toxic shock syndrome (TSS), which are characterized by fever and hypotension. It develops resistance to antibiotics through several mechanisms, such as the production of enzymes that inactivate antibiotics, target site modification, efflux pumps, and plasmid-mediated resistance. Therefore, preventing the spread of drug-resistant S aureus is needed, and there is an urgent need to explore novel approaches in the development of anti-staphylococcal agents. This article reviews the principal infections caused by S aureus, major virulence factors, mechanisms of resistance development, and nanotechnology-based solutions for the control of drug-resistant S aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amruta A. Joshi
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, R. C. Patel Arts, Commerce and Science College, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Ravindra H. Patil
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, R. C. Patel Arts, Commerce and Science College, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India
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Rathi R. Potential inhibitors of FemC to combat Staphylococcus aureus: virtual screening, molecular docking, dynamics simulation, and MM-PBSA analysis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:10495-10506. [PMID: 36524526 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2157328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
FemC is a methicillin resistance factor involved in the alterations of peptidoglycan and glutamine synthesis in Staphylococcus aureus. To identify the potent antibacterial agents, antibacterial molecules were screened against the predicted and validated FemC model. Based on docking scores, presence of essential interactions with active site residues of FemC, pharmacokinetic, and ADMET properties, six candidates were shortlisted and subjected to molecular dynamics to evaluate the stability of FemC-ligand complexes. Further, per residue decomposition analysis and Molecular Mechanics/Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MMPBSA) analysis confirmed that S15, M16, S17, R31, R43, Q47, K48 and R49 of FemC played a vital role in the formation of lower energy stable FemC-inhibitor(s) complexes. Therefore, in the present study, the reported six molecules (Z317461228, Z92241701, Z30923155, Z30202349, Z2609517102 and Z92470167) may pave the path to design the scaffold of novel potent antimicrobials against S. aureus.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Rathi
- Amity School of Applied Sciences, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
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Elbehiry A, Marzouk E, Moussa I, Anagreyyah S, AlGhamdi A, Alqarni A, Aljohani A, Hemeg HA, Almuzaini AM, Alzaben F, Abalkhail A, Alsubki RA, Najdi A, Algohani N, Abead B, Gazzaz B, Abu-Okail A. Using Protein Fingerprinting for Identifying and Discriminating Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Inpatient and Outpatient Clinics. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2825. [PMID: 37685363 PMCID: PMC10486511 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13172825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In hospitals and other clinical settings, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a particularly dangerous pathogen that can cause serious or even fatal infections. Thus, the detection and differentiation of MRSA has become an urgent matter in order to provide appropriate treatment and timely intervention in infection control. To ensure this, laboratories must have access to the most up-to-date testing methods and technology available. This study was conducted to determine whether protein fingerprinting technology could be used to identify and distinguish MRSA recovered from both inpatients and outpatients. A total of 326 S. aureus isolates were obtained from 2800 in- and outpatient samples collected from King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, from October 2018 to March 2021. For the phenotypic identification of 326 probable S. aureus cultures, microscopic analysis, Gram staining, a tube coagulase test, a Staph ID 32 API system, and a Vitek 2 Compact system were used. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), referred to as protein fingerprinting, was performed on each bacterial isolate to determine its proteomic composition. As part of the analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and a single-peak analysis of MALDI-TOF MS software were also used to distinguish between Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and MRSA. According to the results, S. aureus isolates constituted 326 out of 2800 (11.64%) based on the culture technique. The Staph ID 32 API system and Vitek 2 Compact System were able to correctly identify 262 (80.7%) and 281 (86.2%) S. aureus strains, respectively. Based on the Oxacillin Disc Diffusion Method, 197 (62.23%) of 326 isolates of S. aureus exhibited a cefoxitin inhibition zone of less than 21 mm and an oxacillin inhibition zone of less than 10 mm, and were classified as MRSA under Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. MALDI-TOF MS was able to correctly identify 100% of all S. aureus isolates with a score value equal to or greater than 2.00. In addition, a close relationship was found between S. aureus isolates and higher peak intensities in the mass ranges of 3990 Da, 4120 Da, and 5850 Da, which were found in MRSA isolates but absent in MSSA isolates. Therefore, protein fingerprinting has the potential to be used in clinical settings to rapidly detect and differentiate MRSA isolates, allowing for more targeted treatments and improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Elbehiry
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Qassim University, Al Bukayriyah 52741, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32511, Egypt
| | - Eman Marzouk
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Qassim University, Al Bukayriyah 52741, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ihab Moussa
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman Anagreyyah
- Family Medicine Department, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah 23311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz AlGhamdi
- Medical Director Office, North Area Armed Forces Hospital, King Khalid Military City 39747, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Alqarni
- Respiratory Therapy Department, Armed Forces Hospital Dhahran, Dhahran 34641, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Aljohani
- Patient Affairs Department, Sharourah Armed Forces Hospital, Sharourah 68372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A. Hemeg
- Department of Medical Technology/Microbiology, College of Applied Medical Science, Taibah University, Madina 30001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz M. Almuzaini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Feras Alzaben
- Department of Food Service, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah 23311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adil Abalkhail
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Qassim University, Al Bukayriyah 52741, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roua A. Alsubki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Najdi
- Northern Area Armed Forces Hospital, King Khalid Military City 39748, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawaf Algohani
- Consultant Forensic Medicine, Forensic Medicine Center, Madina 42319, Saudi Arabia
| | - Banan Abead
- Support Service Department, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah 23311, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Bassam Gazzaz
- Patient Affairs Department, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah 23311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Akram Abu-Okail
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia
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Almuhayawi MS, Alruhaili MH, Gattan HS, Alharbi MT, Nagshabandi M, Al Jaouni S, Selim S, Alanazi A, Alruwaili Y, Faried OA, Elnosary ME. Staphylococcus aureus Induced Wound Infections Which Antimicrobial Resistance, Methicillin- and Vancomycin-Resistant: Assessment of Emergence and Cross Sectional Study. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:5335-5346. [PMID: 37605760 PMCID: PMC10440082 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s418681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Wound infection is a prevalent concern in the medical field, being is a multi-step process involving several biological processes. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) infections often occur in areas of damaged skin, such as abrasions and open wounds. Methods This research aims to light the incidence of MRSA and VRSA in wound swabs, the antimicrobial susceptibility configuration of isolated S. aureus patterns in pus/wound samples collected from Saudi Arabian tertiary hospital. The cross section study, β- lactamase detection, VRSA genotyping, MAR index, D-test and VRSA genotyping are methods, which used for completed this research. Results Patients of several ages and genders delivered specimens from two hospitals in the Al jouf area, in the northern province of Saudi Arabia. S. aureus was found in 188 (34.7%) of the 542 wounds. The traumatized wounds provided 71 isolates (38.8%), surgical wound provided 49 isolates (26.8%) and abscess were represented 16 by isolates (8.7%). In the study, 123 (65.4%) out of 188 were MRSA, 60 (31.9%) were MSSA, and five (2.7%) were VRSA. Linezolid and rifampin were found to be the most effective antimicrobials with 100% in vitro antibacterial activity against S. aureus isolates. The Multiple antimicrobials resistance (MAR) index revealed 73 isolates (38.9%) with a MAR index greater than 0.2, and 115 (61.1%) less than 0.2. The D-test showed that of MLSb phenotypes among S. aureus, 22 (11.7%) strains were D-test positive (MLSbi phenotype), 53 (28.2%) strains were constitutive MLSc phenotypes, and 17 (9%) strains were shown to have MSb phenotypes. All VRSA isolates (n=5) were found to be positive for vanA, and no vanB positive isolates were detected in the study. Conclusion Regular monitoring and an antimicrobials stewardship program should be in place to provide critical information that can be utilized for empirical therapy and future prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Almuhayawi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed H Alruhaili
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hattan S Gattan
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohanned Talal Alharbi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 23218, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Nagshabandi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 23218, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soad Al Jaouni
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Yousef Abdulatif Jameel Scientific Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samy Selim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awadh Alanazi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasir Alruwaili
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama Ahmed Faried
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Elnosary
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Heinzinger LR, Pugh AR, Wagner JA, Otto M. Evaluating the Translational Potential of Bacteriocins as an Alternative Treatment for Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Animals and Humans. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1256. [PMID: 37627676 PMCID: PMC10451987 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance remains a global threat to human and animal health. Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that causes minor to life-threatening infections. The widespread use of antibiotics in the clinical, veterinary, and agricultural setting combined with the increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant S. aureus strains makes it abundantly clear that alternatives to antibiotics are urgently needed. Bacteriocins represent one potential alternative therapeutic. They are antimicrobial peptides that are produced by bacteria that are generally nontoxic and have a relatively narrow target spectrum, and they leave many commensals and most mammalian cells unperturbed. Multiple studies involving bacteriocins (e.g., nisin, epidermicin, mersacidin, and lysostaphin) have demonstrated their efficacy at eliminating or treating a wide variety of S. aureus infections in animal models. This review provides a comprehensive and updated evaluation of animal studies involving bacteriocins and highlights their translational potential. The strengths and limitations associated with bacteriocin treatments compared with traditional antibiotic therapies are evaluated, and the challenges that are involved with implementing novel therapeutics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (L.R.H.); (A.R.P.); (J.A.W.)
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Thornton CS, Parkins MD. Microbial Epidemiology of the Cystic Fibrosis Airways: Past, Present, and Future. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 44:269-286. [PMID: 36623820 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1758732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Progressive obstructive lung disease secondary to chronic airway infection, coupled with impaired host immunity, is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF). Classical pathogens found in the airways of persons with CF (pwCF) include Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, the Burkholderia cepacia complex, Achromobacter species, and Haemophilus influenzae. While traditional respiratory-tract surveillance culturing has focused on this limited range of pathogens, the use of both comprehensive culture and culture-independent molecular approaches have demonstrated complex highly personalized microbial communities. Loss of bacterial community diversity and richness, counteracted with relative increases in dominant taxa by traditional CF pathogens such as Burkholderia or Pseudomonas, have long been considered the hallmark of disease progression. Acquisition of these classic pathogens is viewed as a harbinger of advanced disease and postulated to be driven in part by recurrent and frequent antibiotic exposure driven by frequent acute pulmonary exacerbations. Recently, CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators, small molecules designed to potentiate or restore diminished protein levels/function, have been successfully developed and have profoundly influenced disease course. Despite the multitude of clinical benefits, structural lung damage and consequent chronic airway infection persist in pwCF. In this article, we review the microbial epidemiology of pwCF, focus on our evolving understanding of these infections in the era of modulators, and identify future challenges in infection surveillance and clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina S Thornton
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael D Parkins
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Ali Alghamdi B, Al-Johani I, Al-Shamrani JM, Musamed Alshamrani H, Al-Otaibi BG, Almazmomi K, Yusnoraini Yusof N. Antimicrobial resistance in methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103604. [PMID: 36936699 PMCID: PMC10018568 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the medical community, antibiotics are revered as a miracle because they stop diseases brought on by pathogenic bacteria. Antibiotics have become the cornerstone of contemporary medical advancements ever since penicillin was discovered. Antibiotic resistance developed among germs quickly, placing a strain in the medical field. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Since 1961, has emerged as the major general antimicrobial resistant bacteria (AMR) worldwide. MRSA can easily transmit across the hospital system and has mostly gained resistance to medications called beta-lactamases. This enzyme destroys the cell wall of beta-lactam antibiotics resulting in resistance against that respective antibiotic. Daptomycin, linezolid and vancomycin were previously used to treat MRSA infections. However, due to mutations and Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Open reading frames (ORFs) and SCCmec machinery of respective antibody, MRSA developed resistance against those antibiotics. The MRSA strains (USA300, CC398, CC130 etc.), when their pan-genomes were analyzed were found the genes involved in invoking resistance against the antibiotics as well as the epidemiology of that respective strain. PENC (penicillin plus potassium clavulanate) is the new antibiotic showing potential in treatment of MRSA though it is itself resistant against penicillin alone. In this review, our main focus is on mechanism of development of AMR in MRSA, how different ORFs are involved in evoking resistance in MRSA and what is the core-genome of different antimicrobial resistant MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandar Ali Alghamdi
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Intisar Al-Johani
- Department of Biotechnology, Taif University, Taif City, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hussein Musamed Alshamrani
- Directorate of Health Affairs in Qunfudah Center (Namerah Primary Health care) Pharmacy Department, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Kholod Almazmomi
- Department of Biotechnology, Taif University, Taif City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nik Yusnoraini Yusof
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Corresponding author at.: Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM) Universiti Sains Malaysia Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia.
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He P, Li X, Guo X, Bian X, Wang R, Wang Y, Huang S, Qi M, Liu Y, Feng M. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of a Novel Vancomycin Derivative LYSC98 in a Murine Thigh Infection Model Against Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:1019-1028. [PMID: 36845018 PMCID: PMC9946004 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s399150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction LYSC98 is a novel vancomycin derivative used for gram-positive bacterial infections. Here we compared the antibacterial activity of LYSC98 with vancomycin and linezolid in vitro and in vivo. Besides, we also reported the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) index and efficacy-target values of LYSC98. Methods The MIC values of LYSC98 were identified through broth microdilution method. A mice sepsis model was established to investigate the protective effect of LYSC98 in vivo. Single-dose pharmacokinetics of LYSC98 was studied in thigh-infected mice and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was used to determine LYSC98 concentration in plasma. Dose fractionation studies were performed to evaluate different PK/PD indices. Two methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clinical strains were used in the dose ranging studies to determine the efficacy-target values. Results LYSC98 showed a universal antibacterial effect in Staphylococcus aureus with a MIC range of 2-4 µg/mL. In vivo, LYSC98 demonstrated distinctive mortality protection in mice sepsis model with an ED50 value of 0.41-1.86 mg/kg. The pharmacokinetics results displayed maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) 11,466.67-48,866.67 ng/mL, area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC0-24) 14,788.42-91,885.93 ng/mL·h, and elimination half-life (T1/2) 1.70-2.64 h, respectively. Cmax/MIC (R 2 0.8941) was proved to be the most suitable PK/PD index for LYSC98 to predict its antibacterial efficacy. The magnitude of LYSC98 Cmax/MIC associated with net stasis, 1, 2, 3 and 4 - log 10 kill were 5.78, 8.17, 11.14, 15.85 and 30.58, respectively. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that LYSC98 is more effective than vancomycin either in killing vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) in vitro or treating S. aureus infections in vivo, making it a novel and promising antibiotic. The PK/PD analysis will also contribute to the LYSC98 Phase I dose design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng He
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohan Guo
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingchen Bian
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sijing Huang
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengya Qi
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanxia Liu
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Pathology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,Yuanxia Liu, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Pathology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China, Email
| | - Meiqing Feng
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Meiqing Feng, Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 21 51980035, Email
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12
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Molecular Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci from the Dairy Value Chain in Two Indian States. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020344. [PMID: 36839616 PMCID: PMC9965176 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine milk and milk products may contain pathogens, antimicrobial resistant bacteria, and antibiotic residues that could harm consumers. We analyzed 282 gram-positive isolates from milk samples from dairy farmers and vendors in Haryana and Assam, India, to assess the prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci using microbiological tests, antibiotic susceptibility testing, and genotyping by PCR. The prevalence of genotypic methicillin resistance in isolates from raw milk samples was 5% [95% confidence interval, CI (3-8)], with 7% [CI (3-10)] in Haryana, in contrast to 2% [CI (0.2-6)] in Assam. The prevalence was the same in isolates from milk samples collected from farmers [5% (n = 6), CI (2-11)] and vendors [5% (n = 7), CI (2-10)]. Methicillin resistance was also observed in 15% of the isolates from pasteurized milk [(n = 3), CI (3-38)]. Two staphylococci harboring a novel mecC gene were identified for the first time in Indian dairy products. The only SCCmec type identified was Type V. The staphylococci with the mecA (n = 11) gene in raw milk were commonly resistant to oxacillin [92%, CI (59-100)] and cefoxitin [74%, CI (39-94)], while the isolates with mecC (n = 2) were resistant to oxacillin (100%) only. All the staphylococci with the mecA (n = 3) gene in pasteurized milk were resistant to both oxacillin and cefoxitin. Our results provided evidence that methicillin-resistant staphylococci occur in dairy products in India with potential public health implications. The state with more intensive dairy systems (Haryana) had higher levels of methicillin-resistant bacteria in milk.
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13
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Molecular Characterizations of the Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Species Causing Urinary Tract Infection in Tanzania: A Laboratory-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020180. [PMID: 36839452 PMCID: PMC9967252 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a growing body of evidence on the potential involvement of coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) in causing urinary tract infections (UTIs). The aim of this study was to delineate virulence potential, antimicrobial resistance genes, and sequence types of CoNS isolated from patients with UTI symptoms and pyuria in Tanzania. METHODS CoNS from patients with UTI symptoms and more than 125 leucocytes/μL were retrieved, subcultured, and whole-genome sequenced. RESULTS Out of 65 CoNS isolates, 8 species of CoNS were identified; Staphylococcus haemolyticus, n = 27 (41.5%), and Staphylococcus epidermidis, n = 24 (36.9%), were predominant. The majority of S. haemolyticus were sequence type (ST) 30, with 8 new ST138-145 reported, while the majority of S. epidermidis were typed as ST490 with 7 new ST1184-1190 reported. Sixty isolates (92.3%) had either one or multiple antimicrobial resistance genes. The most frequently detected resistance genes were 53 (21%) dfrG, 32 (12.9%) blaZ, and 26 (10.5%) mecA genes conferring resistance to trimethoprim, penicillin, and methicillin, respectively. Out of 65 isolates, 59 (90.8%) had virulence genes associated with UTI, with a predominance of the icaC 47 (46.5%) and icaA 14 (13.9%) genes. Conclusion:S. haemolyticus and S. epidermidis harboring icaC, dfrG, blaZ, and mecA genes were the predominant CoNS causing UTI in Tanzania. Laboratories should carefully interpret the significant bacteriuria due to CoNS in relation to UTI symptoms and pyuria before labeling them as contaminants. Follow-up studies to document the outcome of the treated patients is needed to add more evidence that CoNS are UTI pathogens.
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14
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Ong'era E, Kagira J, Maina N, Kiboi D, Waititu K, Michira L, Ngotho M. Prevalence and Potential Risk Factors for the Acquisition of Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus spp. Bacteria Among Pastoralist Farmers in Kajiado Central Subcounty, Kenya. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:3573056. [PMID: 37082192 PMCID: PMC10113052 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3573056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing health problem globally. To address this challenge, there is a need to generate baseline data on the prevalence and AMR profile of the main disease-causing bacteria. Here, we interrogated the prevalence of bacteria in the nasal cavity of healthy pastoralists in Kajiado Central Subcounty, Kenya, and the occurrence of AMR in Staphylococcus isolates among the study subjects. Nasal swabs from 176 pastoralists were cultured, and the bacteria isolates identified using standard phenotypic and biochemical bacteriological methods. Among the obtained 195 isolates, the most prevalent isolates were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) (44.9%), followed by Enterococci spp. (43.2%) while Staphylococcus aureus prevalence was 8%. Antimicrobial sensitivity of the Staphylococcus spp. isolates to 14 antibiotics representing six antibiotic groups was undertaken using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Among the CoNS, the highest resistance was reported in amoxicillin (78.7%) and ceftazidime (76%), while the most resistance for S. aureus was reported in ceftazidime (100%), amoxicillin (71.4%), and streptomycin (71.4%). From an administered questionnaire looking at gender, animal contact frequency, history of hospital visitation and antibiotic usage, and habitual intake of raw milk, the study showed that male participants had a higher risk of carrying multiple drug resistant (MDR) bacteria than females (p = 0.02, OR = 1.3). Likewise, habitual intake of raw milk was significantly associated MDR acquisition (p = 0.02, OR = 1.82). This study reveals a high prevalence of AMR Staphylococcus isolates in the study area laying a foundation for further analysis of molecular characterization of the observed resistance as well as the development of interventions that can reduce the occurrence of AMR in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edidah Ong'era
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya P.O. Box 62000-00200
| | - John Kagira
- Department of Animal Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya P.O. Box 62000-00200
| | - Naomi Maina
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya P.O. Box 62000-00200
| | - Daniel Kiboi
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya P.O. Box 62000-00200
| | - Kenneth Waititu
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Primate Research, P.O. Box 24481 Karen 00502 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lynda Michira
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya P.O. Box 62000-00200
| | - Maina Ngotho
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya P.O. Box 30197-GPO
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15
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Abo-Amer AE, Gad El-Rab SMF, Halawani EM, Niaz AM, Bamaga MS. Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Nasal Specimens: Overcoming MRSA with Silver Nanoparticles and Their Applications. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:1537-1546. [PMID: 36379700 PMCID: PMC9843750 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2208.08004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a cause of high mortality in humans and therefore it is necessary to prevent its transmission and reduce infections. Our goals in this research were to investigate the frequency of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in Taif, Saudi Arabia, and assess the relationship between the phenotypic antimicrobial sensitivity patterns and the genes responsible for resistance. In addition, we examined the antimicrobial efficiency and application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against MRSA isolates. Seventy-two nasal swabs were taken from patients; MRSA was cultivated on Mannitol Salt Agar supplemented with methicillin, and 16S rRNA sequencing was conducted in addition to morphological and biochemical identification. Specific resistance genes such as ermAC, aacA-aphD, tetKM, vatABC and mecA were PCR-amplified and resistance plasmids were also investigated. The MRSA incidence was ~49 % among the 72 S. aureus isolates and all MRSA strains were resistant to oxacillin, penicillin, and cefoxitin. However, vancomycin, linezolid, teicoplanin, mupirocin, and rifampicin were effective against 100% of MRSA strains. About 61% of MRSA strains exhibited multidrug resistance and were resistant to 3-12 antimicrobial medications (MDR). Methicillin resistance gene mecA was presented in all MDR-MRSA strains. Most MDR-MRSA contained a plasmid of > 10 kb. To overcome bacterial resistance, AgNPs were applied and displayed high antimicrobial activity and synergistic effect with penicillin. Our findings may help establish programs to control bacterial spread in communities as AgNPs appeared to exert a synergistic effect with penicillin to control bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aly E. Abo-Amer
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Sanaa M. F. Gad El-Rab
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Assuit University, Assiut 71516, Egypt,Corresponding author Phone: +201025475454 E-mail:
| | - Eman M. Halawani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ameen M. Niaz
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S. Bamaga
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Al-Hada Armed Forces Hospital, P.O. Box 1347, HHRC 479, Taif, Saudi Arabia
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Dalal V, Kumari R. Screening and Identification of Natural Product‐Like Compounds as Potential Antibacterial Agents Targeting FemC of
Staphylococcus aureus
: An in‐Silico Approach. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Dalal
- Department of Anesthesiology Washington University in St. Louis Missouri 63110 USA
| | - Reena Kumari
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics Swami Vivekanand Subharti University Meerut 250005 India
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Gemler BT, Mukherjee C, Howland CA, Huk D, Shank Z, Harbo LJ, Tabbaa OP, Bartling CM. Function-based classification of hazardous biological sequences: Demonstration of a new paradigm for biohazard assessments. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:979497. [PMID: 36277394 PMCID: PMC9585941 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.979497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioengineering applies analytical and engineering principles to identify functional biological building blocks for biotechnology applications. While these building blocks are leveraged to improve the human condition, the lack of simplistic, machine-readable definition of biohazards at the function level is creating a gap for biosafety practices. More specifically, traditional safety practices focus on the biohazards of known pathogens at the organism-level and may not accurately consider novel biodesigns with engineered functionalities at the genetic component-level. This gap is motivating the need for a paradigm shift from organism-centric procedures to function-centric biohazard identification and classification practices. To address this challenge, we present a novel methodology for classifying biohazards at the individual sequence level, which we then compiled to distinguish the biohazardous property of pathogenicity at the whole genome level. Our methodology is rooted in compilation of hazardous functions, defined as a set of sequences and associated metadata that describe coarse-level functions associated with pathogens (e.g., adherence, immune subversion). We demonstrate that the resulting database can be used to develop hazardous “fingerprints” based on the functional metadata categories. We verified that these hazardous functions are found at higher levels in pathogens compared to non-pathogens, and hierarchical clustering of the fingerprints can distinguish between these two groups. The methodology presented here defines the hazardous functions associated with bioengineering functional building blocks at the sequence level, which provide a foundational framework for classifying biological hazards at the organism level, thus leading to the improvement and standardization of current biosecurity and biosafety practices.
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18
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Martínez-Santos VI, Torres-Añorve DA, Echániz-Aviles G, Parra-Rojas I, Ramírez-Peralta A, Castro-Alarcón N. Characterization of Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical isolates from hospitalized patients with bloodstream infection obtained in two time periods. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14030. [PMID: 36213498 PMCID: PMC9541613 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years Staphylococcus epidermidis has been considered an important and frequent causative agent of health care-associated infections (HAIs), increasing the costs of hospitalization, morbidity, and mortality. Antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation are the most important obstacles in the treatment of infections caused by this microorganism. The aim of this work was to determine the most prevalent STs, as well as the antibiotic resistance profile and biofilm formation of S. epidermidis clinical isolates obtained from hospitalized patients in two hospitals in Acapulco, Guerrero in two time periods. Methods Twenty methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis strains isolated from patients with bacteremia in two hospitals in two time periods were analyzed. Identification and antibiotic susceptibility were performed using the Vitek automated system. Molecular confirmation of the identification and methicillin resistance was performed by duplex PCR of the mecA and nuc genes. Biofilm production was analyzed, and the clonal origin was determined by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Results We identified 14 antibiotic resistance profiles as well as 13 sequence types (ST), including the new ST761. We also found that ST2 and ST23 were the most prevalent and, together with ST59, were found in both time periods. Seventeen of our clinical isolates were multidrug-resistant, but all of them were sensitive to linezolid and vancomycin, and this was not related to biofilm production. Additionally, we standardized a duplex PCR to identify methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis strains. In conclusion, S. epidermidis STs 2, 23, and 59 were found in both time periods. This study is the first report of S. epidermidis ST761. The clinical isolates obtained in this work showed a high multidrug resistance that is apparently not related to biofilm production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A. Torres-Añorve
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Echániz-Aviles
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Isela Parra-Rojas
- Labotatorio de Investigación en Obesidad y Diabetes, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Arturo Ramírez-Peralta
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patometabolismo Microbiano, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Natividad Castro-Alarcón
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
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Antibacterial activity of lysozyme-loaded cream against MRSA and promotion of scalded wound healing. Int J Pharm 2022; 627:122200. [PMID: 36155893 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection, especially its drug-resistant bacterial infection, is a great challenge often faced by clinicians and patients, and it is also one of the most important threats to public health. Finding a safe and effective antibacterial agent is of great significance for the prevention and treatment of S. aureus infection. Lysozyme is known to have antibacterial effects against Gram-positive bacteria including S. aureus. Here, high-quality lysozyme with a purity of more than 99% and an activity of more than 60, 000 U/mg was prepared from egg white, which showed excellent antibacterial activity against three strains of S. aureus, especially against MRSA. Furthermore, an antibacterial cream loaded with lysozyme was prepared and tested in scald wound healing. The lysozyme-loaded cream exhibited the effect of preventing wound infection and promoting wound healing on scalds, and no toxicity was found in animal organs. Overall, lysozyme showed great application potential in the prevention and treatment of infections caused by S. aureus and scalded wound healing. The most remarkable discovery in this work is the unexpectedly powerful inhibitory effect of lysozyme on the drug-resistant bacterial, especially MRSA, which is usually very difficult to deal with using normal antibacterial drugs.
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Yang C, Anahtar MN, Pierce VM. It’s not you, it’s SOSA: a case study on breaking up with an FDA-cleared susceptibility testing system’s oxacillin results for Staphylococcus spp. other than S. aureus and S. lugdunensis. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac421. [PMID: 36119961 PMCID: PMC9472662 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 2021, the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute revised its susceptible oxacillin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) breakpoint for Staphylococcus spp. other than S. aureus and S. lugdunensis (SOSA) from ≤0.25 to ≤0.5 µg/mL. Here, we describe the response to this breakpoint change, which at the time of this study was not yet recognized by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), in our laboratory, where the primary method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of SOSA is VITEK 2. VITEK 2 uses the Automated Expert System (AES) to integrate the results of oxacillin MIC and cefoxitin screen tests into a final interpretation; our laboratory also adjudicates discordant oxacillin and cefoxitin results using a PBP2a test. Methods We retrospectively reviewed and assessed the yield of PBP2a testing for 189 SOSA isolates with discordant (when applying the FDA susceptible oxacillin breakpoint of ≤0.25 µg/mL) VITEK 2 oxacillin and cefoxitin results, and then prospectively incorporated PBP2a testing for isolates with oxacillin MICs of 0.5 µg/mL and positive cefoxitin screens into our algorithm. Results Compared with accepting the VITEK 2 AES interpretation, PBP2a testing substantially improved the accuracy of mecA-mediated resistance classification in both scenarios, especially for the ∼4.7% of isolates with oxacillin MICs ≤0.5 µg/mL and positive cefoxitin screens. Conclusions Although detection of mecA or PBP2a is the gold standard for assessment of β-lactam resistance in staphylococci, targeting a subset of isolates for mecA or PBP2a testing based on phenotypic AST results that predict an increased risk of misclassification may be a pragmatic, labor- and cost-saving approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Yang
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts , USA
| | - Melis N Anahtar
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts , USA
| | - Virginia M Pierce
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts , USA
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, MassGeneral Hospital for Children , Boston, Massachusetts , USA
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Activity of Exebacase (CF-301) against Biofilms Formed by Staphylococcus epidermidis Strains Isolated from Prosthetic Joint Infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0058822. [PMID: 35861539 PMCID: PMC9380561 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00588-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis
is one of the main pathogens responsible for bone and joint infections, especially those involving prosthetic materials, due to its ability to form biofilms. In these cases, biofilm formation, combined with increased antimicrobial resistance, often results in therapeutic failures.
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Nielsen SS, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Kohnle L, Alvarez J. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in cattle and horses. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07312. [PMID: 35582361 PMCID: PMC9087474 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was identified among the most relevant antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria in the EU for cattle and horses in previous scientific opinions. Thus, it has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on its eligibility to be listed, Annex IV for its categorisation according to disease prevention and control rules as in Article 9, and Article 8 for listing animal species related to the bacterium. The assessment has been performed following a methodology previously published. The outcome is the median of the probability ranges provided by the experts, which indicates whether each criterion is fulfilled (lower bound ≥ 66%) or not (upper bound ≤ 33%), or whether there is uncertainty about fulfilment. Reasoning points are reported for criteria with uncertain outcome. According to the assessment here performed, it is uncertain whether AMR S. aureus can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention according to Article 5 of the AHL (60-90% probability). According to the criteria in Annex IV, for the purpose of categorisation related to the level of prevention and control as in Article 9 of the AHL, the AHAW Panel concluded that the bacterium does not meet the criteria in Sections 1, 2 and 4 (Categories A, B and D; 1-5%, 5-10% and 10-33% probability of meeting the criteria, respectively) and the AHAW Panel was uncertain whether it meets the criteria in Sections 3 and 5 (Categories C and E, 33-90% and 60-90% probability of meeting the criteria, respectively). The animal species to be listed for AMR S. aureus according to Article 8 criteria include mainly mammals, birds, reptiles and fish.
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Kumari R, Rathi R, Pathak SR, Dalal V. Structural-based virtual screening and identification of novel potent antimicrobial compounds against YsxC of Staphylococcus aureus. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Pickens CI, Wunderink RG. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia/Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 43:304-309. [PMID: 35170002 PMCID: PMC10623688 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1740583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a common cause of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). MRSA pneumonia is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Several virulence factors allow S. aureus to become an effective pathogen. The polysaccharide intracellular adhesin allows for the production of biofilms, some strains can produce capsular polysaccharides that protect against phagocytosis, microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs) allow for colonization of epithelial surfaces, and S. aureus secretes several exotoxins that aid in tissue destruction. The α-hemolysin exotoxin secreted by S. aureus is one of the most important virulence factors for the bacteria. The diagnosis of MRSA pneumonia can be challenging; the infection may present as a mild respiratory infection or severe respiratory failure and septic shock. Many individuals are colonized with MRSA and thus a positive nasopharyngeal swab does not confirm infection in the lower respiratory tract. The management of MRSA pneumonia has evolved. Historically, vancomycin has been the primary antibiotic used to treat MRSA pneumonia. Over the past decade, prospective studies have shown that linezolid leads to higher rates of clinical cure. Monoclonal antibodies are being studied as potential therapeutic options. MRSA is an important cause of HAP/VAP; novel diagnostics may facilitate rapid diagnosis of this infection and the available literature should be used to make informed decisions on management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiagozie I. Pickens
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Richard G. Wunderink
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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Lord J, Millis N, Jones RD, Johnson B, Kania SA, Odoi A. Patterns of antimicrobial, multidrug and methicillin resistance among Staphylococcus spp. isolated from canine specimens submitted to a diagnostic laboratory in Tennessee, USA: a descriptive study. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:91. [PMID: 35255907 PMCID: PMC8903740 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03185-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multidrug- and methicillin-resistant staphylococci are both veterinary and public health concerns due to their zoonotic potential. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate patterns of antimicrobial, multidrug, and methicillin resistance among four Staphylococcus spp. commonly isolated from canine clinical specimens submitted to the Clinical Bacteriology Laboratory at the University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine (UTCVM). Methods Results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing and mecA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for isolates of four common Staphylococcus spp. isolates were obtained from the Bacteriology Laboratory at the UTCVM between 01/01/2006 and 12/31/2017. Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to assess temporal trends of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), multidrug resistance (MDR), and methicillin resistance. Kappa test of agreement was used to assess agreement between the results of PCR and disk diffusion tests. Results Most of the 7805 isolates were S. pseudintermedius (6453 isolates), followed by S. coagulans (860), S. aureus (330), and S. schleiferi (162). Among S. pseudintermedius isolates, 45.5% were MDR, and 30.8% were methicillin-resistant (MRSP). There was a significant temporal increase in MRSP (p = 0.017). Chloramphenicol resistance increased among both MRSP and methicillin-susceptible (MSSP) isolates (p < 0.0001). Among S. aureus isolates, 40.9% were MDR, 37.4% were methicillin-resistant (MRSA), and the proportion of MRSA isolates increased significantly (p = 0.0480) over time. There was an increasing temporal trend in the proportion of MDR isolates among MSSP (p = 0.0022), but a decrease among MRSP (p < 0.0001) and MRSA (p = 0.0298). S. schleiferi had the highest percentage (56.9%) of methicillin-resistant isolates. Oxacillin disk diffusion was superior to cefoxitin for the detection of mecA-mediated resistance and had almost perfect agreement with mecA PCR assay for S. pseudintermedius (95.4% agreement, kappa (κ) = 0.904; p < 0.0001), S. coagulans (95.6%, κ = 0.913; p < 0.0001) and S. schleiferi (97.7%, κ = 0.945; p < 0.0001). However, cefoxitin disk diffusion was superior to oxacillin disk diffusion and had almost perfect agreement with mecA PCR assay for S. aureus (95.3%, κ = 0.834; p < 0.0001). Conclusions The levels of resistance and increasing temporal trends are concerning. These findings have implications for treatment decisions and public health due to the zoonotic potential of staphylococci. Continued surveillance and use of antibiograms to guide clinical decisions will be critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lord
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Nick Millis
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Rebekah Duckett Jones
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Brian Johnson
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Stephen A Kania
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Agricola Odoi
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
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Amer WH, Abd Elghafar MS, Abd-El-monsef MME. Comparison of Methods for Detecting Methicillin-Resistant Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci in Device-Associated Infections. ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS 2022; 20. [DOI: 10.2174/2211352519666210715150507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) is one of the major causes of infections
in hospitals. Methicillin resistance has greatly increased in different CoNS species in previous
years. Here, we evaluated the performance of four phenotypic tests for detecting mecA-mediated
methicillin resistance rate in CoNS isolated from different device-associated infections in Tanta
University Hospitals, Egypt.
Methodology:
One hundred and fifteen CoNS isolates were examined for mecA-mediated methicillin
resistance using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as the standard gold test. Susceptibility to
methicillin was investigated using VITEK 2 assay, oxacillin broth microdilution, and cefoxitin disc
diffusion tests.
Results:
Of all isolates, 98.3% were mecA-positive. The sensitivities of the different methods examined
were as follows: 100% for the VITEK cefoxitin test, 97.4% for the VITEK oxacillin test,
93.8% for the oxacillin broth microdilution, and 82.3% for the cefoxitin disc diffusion test. The test
specificity could not be accurately determined because of the small number of mecA-negative isolates
(n = 2).
Conclusion:
The rate of methicillin resistance reached 98.3% among CoNS isolates. Our results demonstrate
that the VITEK 2 assay is rapid and has high sensitivity compared to other phenotypic
methods for detecting methicillin resistance among different species of CoNS. Therefore, we recommend
the dual measurement of both cefoxitin and oxacillin susceptibilities using the VITEK 2
assay for best results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesam Hatem Amer
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University,Egypt
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PATO U, RIFTYAN E, AYU DF, JONNAIDI NN, WAHYUNI MS, FERUNI JA, ABDEL-WAHHAB MA. Antibacterial efficacy of lactic acid bacteria and bacteriocin isolated from Dadih’s against Staphylococcus aureus. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.27121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Nunes LGP, Reichert T, Machini MT. His-Rich Peptides, Gly- and His-Rich Peptides: Functionally Versatile Compounds with Potential Multi-Purpose Applications. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10302-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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El Karkouri J, Bouhrim M, Al Kamaly OM, Mechchate H, Kchibale A, Adadi I, Amine S, Alaoui Ismaili S, Zair T. Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of the Essential Oil from Cistus ladanifer L. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102068. [PMID: 34685879 PMCID: PMC8539845 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cistus ladanifer L. is a plant widely used in folk medicine to treat various illnesses. This study aims to evaluate the effect of the plant flourishing time harvest on the chemical composition and the antimicrobial effect of its essential oil. Chemical analysis of the essential oil was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antibacterial and antifungal proprieties were tested against four selected bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Typhi, Escherichia coli, and Acinetobacter baumannii) and nine fungi (Yeasts (Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata, Candida dubliniensis, Candida sp., Rhodotorula rubra, Cryptococcus neoformans) and molds (Penicillium sp. (P), Fusarium sp. (F), Aspergillus niger (A. niger)), respectively. The essential oil of C. ladanifer demonstrated a powerful antibacterial activity with an inhibition zone of 55 ± 0.22 mm for Staphylococcus aureus, 42 ± 0.11 mm for Escherichia coli, 35 ± 0.27 mm for Acinetobacter baumannii (Full resistant to antibiotics) and 30 ± 0.25 mm for Salmonella Typhi. It also inhibited all tested bacteria at 10 µL/mL. For the antifungal activity test, C. tropicalis and C. neoformans appeared to be the most sensitive strains to the essential oil with an inhibition zone of 13 mm, followed by R. rubra and Penicillium sp. (12 mm), then C. dubliniensis and C. glabrata (11 mm). The chemical analysis of the essential oil by GC-MS revealed that the major components of the essential oil were viridiflorol (17.64%), pinocarveol (11.02%), bornylacetate (9.38%), and ledol (8.85%). C. ladanifer exhibited a remarkable antimicrobial activity that could be more exploited to develop targeted natural remedies against specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamila El Karkouri
- Research Team of Chemistry Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratoire des Matériaux Innovants et Biothenologie des Ressources Naturelles, Faculty of Sciences, University Moulay Ismaïl of Meknes, BP 11201, Zitoune, Meknes 50003, Morocco; (J.E.K.); (M.B.); (A.K.); (I.A.); (S.A.); (S.A.I.)
| | - Mohamed Bouhrim
- Research Team of Chemistry Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratoire des Matériaux Innovants et Biothenologie des Ressources Naturelles, Faculty of Sciences, University Moulay Ismaïl of Meknes, BP 11201, Zitoune, Meknes 50003, Morocco; (J.E.K.); (M.B.); (A.K.); (I.A.); (S.A.); (S.A.I.)
| | - Omkulthom Mohamed Al Kamaly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hamza Mechchate
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Agri-Food, and Health, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, P.O. Box 1796, Fez 30000, Morocco
- Correspondence: (H.M.); (T.Z.)
| | - Amal Kchibale
- Research Team of Chemistry Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratoire des Matériaux Innovants et Biothenologie des Ressources Naturelles, Faculty of Sciences, University Moulay Ismaïl of Meknes, BP 11201, Zitoune, Meknes 50003, Morocco; (J.E.K.); (M.B.); (A.K.); (I.A.); (S.A.); (S.A.I.)
| | - Imad Adadi
- Research Team of Chemistry Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratoire des Matériaux Innovants et Biothenologie des Ressources Naturelles, Faculty of Sciences, University Moulay Ismaïl of Meknes, BP 11201, Zitoune, Meknes 50003, Morocco; (J.E.K.); (M.B.); (A.K.); (I.A.); (S.A.); (S.A.I.)
| | - Sanae Amine
- Research Team of Chemistry Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratoire des Matériaux Innovants et Biothenologie des Ressources Naturelles, Faculty of Sciences, University Moulay Ismaïl of Meknes, BP 11201, Zitoune, Meknes 50003, Morocco; (J.E.K.); (M.B.); (A.K.); (I.A.); (S.A.); (S.A.I.)
| | - Souâd Alaoui Ismaili
- Research Team of Chemistry Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratoire des Matériaux Innovants et Biothenologie des Ressources Naturelles, Faculty of Sciences, University Moulay Ismaïl of Meknes, BP 11201, Zitoune, Meknes 50003, Morocco; (J.E.K.); (M.B.); (A.K.); (I.A.); (S.A.); (S.A.I.)
| | - Touriya Zair
- Research Team of Chemistry Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratoire des Matériaux Innovants et Biothenologie des Ressources Naturelles, Faculty of Sciences, University Moulay Ismaïl of Meknes, BP 11201, Zitoune, Meknes 50003, Morocco; (J.E.K.); (M.B.); (A.K.); (I.A.); (S.A.); (S.A.I.)
- Correspondence: (H.M.); (T.Z.)
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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasal carriage among patients with diabetes at the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257004. [PMID: 34534230 PMCID: PMC8448364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To investigate the epidemiology of S. aureus and MRSA nasal carriage among people with diabetes at the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital in Accra, including the prevalence, predictors of carriage, and antibiotic resistance. Methodology This study was cross-sectional, involving 300 diabetes patients and 106 non-diabetic individuals. Swab specimens of the nares were obtained from the participants and bacteriologically-cultured. Identification and characterization of S. aureus and MRSA were based on standard bacteriological methods; antimicrobial susceptibility testing was by the Kirby-Bauer method. Results The prevalence of staphylococcal carriage, the diabetes group relative to the non-diabetes group, were 31.0% and 10.4% (S. aureus), and 3.3% and 0.0% (MRSA). Presence of diabetes predisposed to S. aureus carriage, but not MRSA nor coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) carriage (OR = 3.88; p < 0.0001). Colonization with CoNS was protective of S. aureus (OR = 0.039, p < 0.001) and MRSA (OR = 0.115, p = 0.043) colonization among the diabetics. The antimicrobial resistance patterns recorded among the S. aureus isolated from the diabetic individuals relative to the non-diabetics were as follows: penicillin (95% vs. 91%), tetracycline (37% vs. 27%), cotrimoxazole (30% vs. 36%), erythromycin (17% vs. 0%), norfloxacin (13% vs. 0%), clindamycin (12% vs. 0%), gentamicin (9% vs. 0%), fusidic acid (10% vs. 9%), linezolid (4% vs. 0%), and rifampicin (5% vs. 0%). The proportion of multidrug resistant S. aureus was 41% (n = 38) in the diabetes group and 0% in the non-diabetes group; this difference was statistically significant (p = 0.01). Conclusions The presence of diabetes predisposed the participants to S. aureus carriage by almost four folds, but not MRSA carriage. Colonization with CoNS was protective of S. aureus and MRSA carriage in the diabetes group. Finally, linezolid remains a good therapeutic agent for anti-MRSA therapy.
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Liao X, Wang J, Jiang G, Lingyu M, Jiang G, Wang J, Huang B. Identification of ruthenium (II) complexes with furan-substituted ligands as possible antibacterial agents against Staphylococcus aureus. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 98:885-893. [PMID: 34453495 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The growing burden of antibiotic resistance worldwide calls for developing new classes of antimicrobial strategy. Recently years, the use of adjuvants that rescue antibiotics identified as a promising strategy for overcoming bacterial resistance. In this study, three ruthenium complexes functionalized with furan-substituted ligands([Ru(phen)2 (CAPIP)](ClO4 )2 (Ru(Ⅱ)-1), [Ru(dmp)2 (CAPIP)](ClO4 )2 (Ru(Ⅱ)-2) and [Ru(dmb)2 (CAPIP)](ClO4 )2 (Ru(Ⅱ)-3) (dmb=4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine, phen=1,10-phenanthroline, dmp=2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, CAPIP=(E)-2- (2-(furan-2-yl)vinyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline)) were designed and synthesized. The antimicrobial activities of all compounds against S. aureus were assessed by growth inhibition assays. The MIC values of three complexes range from 0.015 to 0.050 mg/ml. Subsequently, the Ru(II)-2 complexes which exhibited strongest antibacterial activity were further tested against bacteria biofilms formation and toxin secretion. In addition, aimed to test whether ruthenium complexes have potential value as antimicrobial adjuvants, the synergism between Ru(Ⅱ)-2 and some antibiotics against S. aureus were examined through checkerboard method. Interestingly, Ru(Ⅱ)-2 could not only effectively inhibit biofilms formation of S. aureus and inhibit the hemolysin toxin secretion, but also selectivity show synergism with two common antibiotics. More importantly, mouse infection study also verified Ru(Ⅱ)-2 were highly effective against S. aureus in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwen Liao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Guijuan Jiang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Mao Lingyu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Guangbin Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Function Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Jintao Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bin Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
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Non- β-Lactam Allosteric Inhibitors Target Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: An In Silico Drug Discovery Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10080934. [PMID: 34438984 PMCID: PMC8388891 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10080934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) catalyze the final stages for peptidoglycan cell-wall bio-synthesis. Mutations in the PBP2a subunit can attenuate β-lactam antibiotic activity, resulting in unimpeded cell-wall formation and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). A double mutation in PBP2a (i.e., N146K and E150K) is resistant to β-lactam inhibitors; however, (E)-3-(2-(4-cyanostyryl)-4-oxoquinazolin-3(4H)-yl) benzoic acid (QNZ), a heterocyclic antibiotic devoid of a β-lactam ring, interacts non-covalently with PBP2a allosteric site and inhibits PBP enzymatic activity. In the search for novel inhibitors that target this PBP2a allosteric site in acidic medium, an in silico screening was performed. Chemical databases including eMolecules, ChEMBL, and ChEBI were virtually screened for candidate inhibitors with a physicochemical similarity to QNZ. PBP2a binding affinities from the screening were calculated based on molecular docking with co-crystallized ligand QNZ serving as a reference. Molecular minimization calculations were performed for inhibitors with docking scores lower than QNZ (calc. −8.3 kcal/mol) followed by combined MD simulations and MM-GBSA binding energy calculations. Compounds eMol26313223 and eMol26314565 exhibited promising inhibitor activities based on binding affinities (ΔGbinding) that were twice that of QNZ (−38.5, −34.5, and −15.4 kcal/mol, respectively). Structural and energetic analyses over a 50 ns MD simulation revealed high stability for the inhibitors when complexed with the double mutated PBP2a. The pharmacokinetic properties of the two inhibitors were predicted using an in silico ADMET analysis. Calculated binding affinities hold promise for eMol26313223 and eMol26314565 as allosteric inhibitors of PBP2a in acidic medium and establish that further in vitro and in vivo inhibition experimentation is warranted.
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Jalil MTM, Ibrahim D. Fungal Extract of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae IBRL OS-64 Inhibits the Growth of Skin Pathogenic Bacterium and Attenuates Biofilms of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Malays J Med Sci 2021; 28:24-36. [PMID: 34512128 PMCID: PMC8407792 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2021.28.4.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens associated with biofilm formation can cause life-threatening infections to humans. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the effects of the fungal extract of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae (L. pseudotheobromae) Industrial Biotechnology Research Laboratory (IBRL) OS-64 on bacterial cells and the biofilm formation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). METHODS Broth microdilution and semi-quantitative adherence assays were conducted to determine the anti-biofilm activity of the fungal extract. Light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were performed to observe the effect of the fungal extract on biofilm formation by MRSA. RESULTS The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) microphotographs showed that the bacterial cells were severely damaged upon 24 h exposure to the extract and displayed several symptoms such as cell shrinkage and breakage. Meanwhile, results from the antibiofilm study indicated the extract attenuated the initial and preformed biofilms of MRSA by 80.82% and 61.39%, respectively. The initial biofilm was more sensitive to the extract compared to the pre-formed biofilm, as evidenced by the light microscopy and SEM observations that demonstrated more severe bacterial cell damage on the initial biofilms compared to pre-formed biofilms. CONCLUSION The ethyl acetate extract of L. pseudotheobromae IBRL OS-64 significantly inhibited bacterial cells growth and eliminated biofilm formation by MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Taufiq Mat Jalil
- School of Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Darah Ibrahim
- Industrial Biotechnology Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Molecular fingerprinting of bovine mastitis-associated Staphylococcus aureus isolates from India. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15228. [PMID: 34315981 PMCID: PMC8316343 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94760-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major etiological agent of clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis. Owing to the mostly backyard dairy practices, we hypothesized that genetic diversity among mastitis-associated S. aureus from India would be high, and investigated 166 isolates obtained mostly from the Southern State of Karnataka, but also from a few other states. The results revealed (a) 8 to 13 fragments in pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), forming 31 distinct patterns, and (b) 34 spa types, of which three (t17680, t18314, and t18320) were newly identified. Multi-locus sequencing typing (MLST) identified 39 sequence types (STs), with ST2454 (34.4%) and ST2459 (24%) being the most commonly represented, which clustered to clonal complexes (CC) CC9 and CC97, respectively; 12 STs were newly identified. Thirty-four (20.5%) of the 166 isolates displayed oxacillin resistance. On the other hand, whereas none were mecC+, 44 (26.5%) isolates were mecA+, with a predominance of SCCmecIVb (26/32 isolates, others being untypeable); 24 isolates (14.46%) were oxacillin-susceptible methicillin-resistant S. aureus (OS-MRSA; mecA+ but OS). Integrated analysis revealed that CC9-ST2454- and CC97-ST2459-SCCmecIVb were the predominant MRSA, although the distribution of CC9 and CC97 was similar between methicillin-resistant and -susceptible isolates. By PCR, 56.25%, 28.75% and 47.5% of the 166 isolates were positive for hlg, tsst and pvl genes, respectively. Our results, for the first time describe the application of a combination of various molecular methods to bovine mastitis-associated S. aureus isolates from India, corroborate the worldwide distribution of CC97 and CC9, and suggest pathogenic potential of the isolates.
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Hernández-Aristizábal I, Ocampo-Ibáñez ID. Antimicrobial Peptides with Antibacterial Activity against Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains: Classification, Structures, and Mechanisms of Action. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7927. [PMID: 34360692 PMCID: PMC8347216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of bacteria resistant to conventional antibiotics is of great concern in modern medicine because it renders ineffectiveness of the current empirical antibiotic therapies. Infections caused by vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) and vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) strains represent a serious threat to global health due to their considerable morbidity and mortality rates. Therefore, there is an urgent need of research and development of new antimicrobial alternatives against these bacteria. In this context, the use of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) is considered a promising alternative therapeutic strategy to control resistant strains. Therefore, a wide number of natural, artificial, and synthetic AMPs have been evaluated against VRSA and VISA strains, with great potential for clinical application. In this regard, we aimed to present a comprehensive and systematic review of research findings on AMPs that have shown antibacterial activity against vancomycin-resistant and vancomycin-intermediate resistant strains and clinical isolates of S. aureus, discussing their classification and origin, physicochemical and structural characteristics, and possible action mechanisms. This is the first review that includes all peptides that have shown antibacterial activity against VRSA and VISA strains exclusively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iván Darío Ocampo-Ibáñez
- Research Group of Microbiology, Industry and Environment, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Cali 760035, Colombia;
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Konstantinovski MM, Veldkamp KE, Lavrijsen APM, Bosch T, Kraakman MEM, Nooij S, Claas ECJ, Gooskens J. Hospital transmission of borderline oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus evaluated by whole-genome sequencing. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 34269673 PMCID: PMC8493421 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of hospital infections worldwide. Awareness towards methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections is high but attention towards borderline oxacillin-resistant S. aureus (BORSA) is limited, possibly due to an underestimated clinical relevance, presumption of low incidence and diagnostic limitations. Gap statement BORSA surveillance has not been routinely implemented, and thus consensus with regard to a definition and infection control measures is lacking. Aim Our goals were to investigate the occurrence, molecular characteristics and clinical manifestations of BORSA infections in the hospital setting. Methodology Following an increased incidence in 2016, BORSA cases in 2014/2016 (in our institution) were more specifically evaluated. Medical records were reviewed to investigate epidemiological links, clinical characteristics and outcomes. Resistance and virulence markers were assessed by whole genome sequencing (WGS). Conventional methods: amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) ; multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and multiple locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) were compared with core genome MLST (cgMLST) and whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (wgSNP) analysis to confirm genetic clusters. Results From 2009 to 2013, BORSA comprised 0.1 % of all clinical S. aureus strains. In 2016, the incidence was six-fold higher in comparison to the baseline. Whole-genome SNP and cgMLST confirmed two BORSA clusters among patients with dermatological conditions. Patients with BORSA presented with skin infections, and one case developed a severe invasive infection with a fatal outcome. Infection control measures successfully prevented further transmission in both clusters. WGS findings showed that BORSA strains carried multiple resistance and virulence genes with increased pathogenic potential. Conclusion WGS and cgMLST effectively characterized and confirmed BORSA clusters among at-risk patients with clinical manifestations ranging from mild skin infections to life-threatening bacteraemia. Clinical awareness and active monitoring are therefore warranted for the timely implementation of infection control measures to prevent BORSA transmission in high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin Ellen Veldkamp
- Medical Microbiology Department, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Thijs Bosch
- Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Laboratory Surveillance, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, de Bilt, Netherlands
| | - Margriet E M Kraakman
- Medical Microbiology Department, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sam Nooij
- Medical Microbiology Department, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Eric C J Claas
- Medical Microbiology Department, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jairo Gooskens
- Medical Microbiology Department, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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Fernández-Cuenca F, López-Hernández I, Cercenado E, Conejo C, Tormo N, Gimeno C, Pascual A. Reporting antimicrobial susceptibilities and resistance phenotypes in Staphylococcus spp.: a nationwide proficiency study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:1187-1196. [PMID: 33555012 PMCID: PMC8784165 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkab017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the proficiency of microbiology laboratories in Spain in antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of Staphylococcus spp. Materials and methods Eight Staphylococcus spp. with different resistance mechanisms were selected: six Staphylococcus aureus (CC-01/mecA, CC-02/mecC, CC-03/BORSA, CC-04/MLSBi, CC-06/blaZ and CC-07/linezolid resistant, cfr); one Staphylococcus epidermidis (CC-05/linezolid resistant, 23S rRNA mutation); and one Staphylococcus capitis (CC-08/daptomycin non-susceptible). Fifty-one laboratories were asked to report: (i) AST system used; (ii) antimicrobial MICs; (iii) breakpoints used (CLSI or EUCAST); and (iv) clinical category. Minor, major and very major errors (mEs, MEs and VMEs, respectively) were determined. Results The greatest MIC discrepancies found were: (i) by AST method: 19.4% (gradient diffusion); (ii) by antimicrobial agent: daptomycin (21.3%) and oxacillin (20.6%); and (iii) by isolate: CC-07/cfr (48.0%). The greatest error rates were: (i) by AST method: gradient diffusion (4.3% and 5.1% VMEs, using EUCAST and CLSI, respectively); (ii) by breakpoint: 3.8% EUCAST and 2.3% CLSI; (iii) by error type: mEs (0.8% EUCAST and 1.0% CLSI), MEs (1.8% EUCAST and 0.7% CLSI) and VMEs (1.2% EUCAST and 0.6% CLSI); (iii) by antimicrobial agent: VMEs (4.7% linezolid and 4.3% oxacillin using EUCAST); MEs (14.3% fosfomycin, 9.1% tobramycin and 5.7% gentamicin using EUCAST); and mEs (22.6% amikacin using EUCAST). Conclusions Clinical microbiology laboratories should improve their ability to determine the susceptibility of Staphylococcus spp. to some antimicrobial agents to avoid reporting false-susceptible or false-resistant results. The greatest discrepancies and errors were associated with gradient diffusion, EUCAST breakpoints and some antimicrobials (mEs for aminoglycosides; MEs for fosfomycin, aminoglycosides and oxacillin; and VMEs for linezolid and oxacillin).
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Fernández-Cuenca
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología Clínica y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIs), Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Spanish Network for the Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD16/0016), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada López-Hernández
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología Clínica y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIs), Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Spanish Network for the Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD16/0016), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilia Cercenado
- Servicio de Microbiología y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERES, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, CB06/06/0058, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Conejo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIs), Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Spanish Network for the Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD16/0016), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Nuria Tormo
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital General de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Concha Gimeno
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital General de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alvaro Pascual
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología Clínica y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIs), Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Spanish Network for the Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD16/0016), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Zhu Y, Liu J, Guo K, Qiu J, Cheng Z, Liu F, Zhao Y, Zhang D, Guo H, Li H. Outbreak of a novel disease caused by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides). Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:1995-2004. [PMID: 32966709 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study reports outbreak of a new disease caused by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (S. pseudintermedius) in raccoon dogs. The disease occurred in a breeding farm of raccoon dogs in Guan County of Shandong Province in China in August of 2019. 47% (425/896) of the raccoon dogs showed some abnormal symptoms; 17.6% (75/425) of which had severe skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), dyspnoea and severe pathological lesions in lungs, livers, etc; and 4.2% (18/425) of which died within 4 weeks. The pathogen of the disease was identified as S. pseudintermedius by mass spectrometer detection, animal pathogenicity tests, microscopic examination and biochemical reaction tests. Its nucleotide homology of 16S rRNA gene was 100% with that of other published strains, and its genotype was between the American and Brazilian strains from other animals. The isolated S. pseudintermedius strain from the diseased raccoon dogs could cause ulceration and suppuration in the skins and severe pathological lesions not only in raccoon dogs, but also in mice; and it is confirmed as a methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) strain by the amplification of mecA gene; and 12 sensitive drugs were screened by drug sensitivity tests. Full attention should be paid to the great economic loss and the potential zoonotic risk caused by the S. pseudintermedius in raccoon dogs, and this study can provide a reference for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of this new disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisong Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Junhong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Kaiyan Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Jianhua Qiu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Ziqiang Cheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Faxiao Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Dingxiu Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Huijun Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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Esener N, Maciel-Guerra A, Giebel K, Lea D, Green MJ, Bradley AJ, Dottorini T. Mass spectrometry and machine learning for the accurate diagnosis of benzylpenicillin and multidrug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in bovine mastitis. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009108. [PMID: 34115749 PMCID: PMC8221797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a serious human and animal pathogen threat exhibiting extraordinary capacity for acquiring new antibiotic resistance traits in the pathogen population worldwide. The development of fast, affordable and effective diagnostic solutions capable of discriminating between antibiotic-resistant and susceptible S. aureus strains would be of huge benefit for effective disease detection and treatment. Here we develop a diagnostics solution that uses Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) and machine learning, to identify signature profiles of antibiotic resistance to either multidrug or benzylpenicillin in S. aureus isolates. Using ten different supervised learning techniques, we have analysed a set of 82 S. aureus isolates collected from 67 cows diagnosed with bovine mastitis across 24 farms. For the multidrug phenotyping analysis, LDA, linear SVM, RBF SVM, logistic regression, naïve Bayes, MLP neural network and QDA had Cohen's kappa values over 85.00%. For the benzylpenicillin phenotyping analysis, RBF SVM, MLP neural network, naïve Bayes, logistic regression, linear SVM, QDA, LDA, and random forests had Cohen's kappa values over 85.00%. For the benzylpenicillin the diagnostic systems achieved up to (mean result ± standard deviation over 30 runs on the test set): accuracy = 97.54% ± 1.91%, sensitivity = 99.93% ± 0.25%, specificity = 95.04% ± 3.83%, and Cohen's kappa = 95.04% ± 3.83%. Moreover, the diagnostic platform complemented by a protein-protein network and 3D structural protein information framework allowed the identification of five molecular determinants underlying the susceptible and resistant profiles. Four proteins were able to classify multidrug-resistant and susceptible strains with 96.81% ± 0.43% accuracy. Five proteins, including the previous four, were able to classify benzylpenicillin resistant and susceptible strains with 97.54% ± 1.91% accuracy. Our approach may open up new avenues for the development of a fast, affordable and effective day-to-day diagnostic solution, which would offer new opportunities for targeting resistant bacteria.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bacterial Proteins/chemistry
- Cattle
- Computational Biology
- Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted/methods
- Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted/statistics & numerical data
- Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted/veterinary
- Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial
- Female
- Humans
- Mastitis, Bovine/diagnosis
- Mastitis, Bovine/drug therapy
- Mastitis, Bovine/microbiology
- Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/chemistry
- Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects
- Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification
- Microbial Sensitivity Tests
- Models, Molecular
- Penicillin G/pharmacology
- Protein Interaction Maps
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Staphylococcal Infections/diagnosis
- Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy
- Staphylococcal Infections/veterinary
- Staphylococcus aureus/chemistry
- Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects
- Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification
- Supervised Machine Learning
- United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- Necati Esener
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre Maciel-Guerra
- University of Nottingham School of Computer Science, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Daniel Lea
- Digital Research Service, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. Green
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Bradley
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
- Quality Milk Management Services ltd, Easton, United Kingdom
| | - Tania Dottorini
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
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Öztürk İ, Eraç Y, Ballar Kırmızibayrak P, Ermertcan Ş. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs alter antibiotic susceptibility and expression of virulence-related genes and protein A of Staphylococcus aureus. Turk J Med Sci 2021; 51:835-847. [PMID: 33078603 PMCID: PMC8203164 DOI: 10.3906/sag-2003-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen, acetylsalicylic acid, and acetaminophen have been shown to have antimicrobial effects on various microorganisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial effects of NSAIDs on
Staphylococcus aureus
. Materials and methods Susceptibilities of
S. aureus
strains to NSAIDs with or without antimicrobials (moxifloxacin, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, and gentamicin) were determined using the microdilution method and disk diffusion test. Expression levels of genes in the presence of drugs were investigated by real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), and immunoblotting analysis was performed for staphylococcal protein A (SpA). Results Our results showed that all NSAIDs were active against
S. aureus
strains with MIC values ranging from 195 µg/mL to 6250 µg/mL. NSAIDs increased the antibiotic susceptibility of the strains, and diclofenac was found to be more effective than the other drugs. Drugs showed different effects on expression levels of virulence factor and/or regulatory genes. Immunoblotting analysis of SpA protein was mostly in accordance with qRT-PCR results. Conclusion The regulatory/virulence factor genes and proteins of
S. aureus
investigated in this study may be reasonable targets for these drugs, and we suggest that the data may contribute to the field of infection control and antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- İsmail Öztürk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Eraç
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | | | - Şafak Ermertcan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
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Liao X, Liu L, Tan Y, Jiang G, Fang H, Xiong Y, Duan X, Jiang G, Wang J. Synthesis of ruthenium complexes functionalized with benzothiophene and their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:5607-5616. [PMID: 33908929 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt04258g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
New effective antimicrobial agents with novel modes of action are urgently needed due to the continued emergence of drug-resistant bacteria. Here, three ruthenium complexes functionalized with benzothiophene: [Ru(phen)2(BTPIP)](ClO4)2 (Ru(II)-1), [Ru(dmp)2(BTPIP)](ClO4)2 (Ru(II)-2) and [Ru(dmb)2(BTPIP)](ClO4)2 (Ru(II)-3) (dmb = 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, dmp = 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline) have been synthesized and their antimicrobial activities in vitro were assessed. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays indicated that the three Ru(II)-1, Ru(II)-2 and Ru(II)-3 complexes all showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The most active Ru(II)-3 complex was further tested against biofilms. Furthermore, it was also tested whether complex Ru(II)-3 could serve as an antibacterial adjuvant. Interestingly, the checkerboard data showed that Ru(II)-3 selectively exhibited synergism with aminoglycoside antibiotics. More importantly, the observed synergetic effect might be attributed to the inhibition of the regulatory function of SaCcpA. Finally, in vivo bacterial infection treatment studies through a murine skin infection model and skin irritation test were also conducted. All in all, these results confirmed that ruthenium complexes functionalized with benzothiophene have good antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwen Liao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
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Gallique M, Wei K, Maisuria VB, Okshevsky M, McKay G, Nguyen D, Tufenkji N. Cranberry-Derived Proanthocyanidins Potentiate β-Lactam Antibiotics against Resistant Bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e00127-21. [PMID: 33712420 PMCID: PMC8117774 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00127-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence and spread of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs), or variant low-affinity penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) pose a major threat to our ability to treat bacterial infection using β-lactam antibiotics. Although combinations of β-lactamase inhibitors with β-lactam agents have been clinically successful, there are no MBL inhibitors in current therapeutic use. Furthermore, recent clinical use of new-generation cephalosporins targeting PBP2a, an altered PBP, has led to the emergence of resistance to these antimicrobial agents. Previous work shows that natural polyphenols such as cranberry-extracted proanthocyanidins (cPAC) can potentiate non-β-lactam antibiotics against Gram-negative bacteria. This study extends beyond previous work by investigating the in vitro effect of cPAC in overcoming ESBL-, MBL-, and PBP2a-mediated β-lactam resistance. The results show that cPAC exhibit variable potentiation of different β-lactams against β-lactam-resistant Enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates as well as ESBL- and MBL-producing E. coli We also discovered that cPAC have broad-spectrum inhibitory properties in vitro on the activity of different classes of β-lactamases, including CTX-M3 ESBL and IMP-1 MBL. Furthermore, we observe that cPAC selectively potentiate oxacillin and carbenicillin against methicillin-resistant but not methicillin-sensitive staphylococci, suggesting that cPAC also interfere with PBP2a-mediated resistance. This study motivates the need for future work to identify the most bioactive compounds in cPAC and to evaluate their antibiotic-potentiating efficacy in vivoIMPORTANCE The emergence of β-lactam-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and staphylococci compromises the effectiveness of β-lactam-based therapy. By acquisition of ESBLs, MBLs, or PBPs, it is highly likely that bacteria may become completely resistant to the most effective β-lactam agents in the near future. In this study, we described a natural extract rich in proanthocyanidins which exerts adjuvant properties by interfering with two different resistance mechanisms. By their broad-spectrum inhibitory ability, cranberry-extracted proanthocyanidins could have the potential to enhance the effectiveness of existing β-lactam agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Gallique
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kuan Wei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vimal B Maisuria
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mira Okshevsky
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Geoffrey McKay
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dao Nguyen
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Tufenkji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Gan T, Shu G, Fu H, Yan Q, Zhang W, Tang H, Yin L, Zhao L, Lin J. Antimicrobial resistance and genotyping of Staphylococcus aureus obtained from food animals in Sichuan Province, China. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:177. [PMID: 33902574 PMCID: PMC8077920 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02884-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), especially methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), is considered a common zoonotic pathogen, causing severe infections. The objective of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility, resistance genes and molecular epidemiology among MRSA and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) isolated from food animals in Sichuan Province, China. Methods This study was conducted on 236 S. aureus isolates. All isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by using a standard microbroth dilution method. The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed to identify genes encoding the β-lactams resistance (blaZ, mecA), macrolides (ermA, ermB, ermC) and aminoglycosides (aacA-aphD). The molecular structures and genomic relatedness of MRSA isolates were determined by staphylococcal chromosome cassette mec (SCCmec) typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), respectively. Results Among 236 isolates, 24 (10.17 %) were recognized as MRSA. MRSA isolates showed different resistance rates to 11 antimicrobials ranging from 33.33 to 100 %, while for MSSA isolates the rates varied from 8.02 to 91.51 %. Multi-drug resistance phenotype was found in all MRSA isolates. The ermC gene encoding macrolides-lincosamides-streptogramin B was the most prevalent gene detected in 87.29 % of the S. aureus isolates, followed by ermB (83.05 %), blaZ (63.98 %), aacA-aphD (44.07 %), ermA (11.44 %) and mecA (11.02 %) genes. The prevalence of resistance genes in MRSA isolates was significantly higher than that of MSSA. Regarding the molecular morphology, SCCmec III (12/24, 50 %) was the most common SCCmec type. Furthermore, the PFGE typing showed that 24 MRSA were divided into 15 cluster groups (A to O), the major pulsotype J encompassed 25 % of MRSA isolates. Conclusions The S. aureus isolates from food animals in Sichuan province of China have severe antimicrobials resistance with various resistance genes, especially MRSA isolates. Additionally, the genetic pool of MRSA isolates is diverse and complex, and further investigation is necessary. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-02884-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Gan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Shu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hualin Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qigui Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Huaqiao Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lizi Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Juchun Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Cho SH, Kim JB, Kim CH, Bak YS. Evaluation of Microbiological Contamination of Dummies Used in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Korea. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 22:281-287. [PMID: 32767917 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200807105136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In order to prevent infections through dummies used during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) training, we analyzed the microbiological contamination on dummies used in CPR institutions. METHODS A total of 31 dummy samples were collected from 13 different institutions in Korea, and were evaluated for the number of contaminating bacteria and fungi on the surface. PCR and biochemical tests were performed to identify pathogenic bacteria and fungi, including Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Moreover, we further assessed the survival rate of microorganisms on the surface of the dummies. RESULTS We assessed the total number of microorganisms on the surface to be 77,752CFU/cm2 (±50,047CFU), which is up to 188 times higher than the required surface contamination level. Grampositive cocci such as Micrococcus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. accounted for the highest proportion (55.3%). Especially, we detected three MRSA strains. Considering the isolated fungi and yeast, Aspergillus spp. and Candidia spp. accounted for the highest proportion. Assessing the contamination level simulation and survival rate on the humanoid surface showed that within two weeks of training, the level of contamination on the dummy's surface exceeded the standard, and artificially contaminated pathogenic strains on the surface of the dummy survived for at least 40 days. CONCLUSION To minimize the possibility of secondary infections during CPR training, there is a requirement for a standardized protocol for proper microbiological management of dummies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hak Cho
- Division of Bacterial Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jung-Beom Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam, Korea
| | - Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Science, SungKyunkwan University and Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology (SAIHST), Suwon, Korea
| | - Young-Seok Bak
- Department of Emergency Medical Services, Sun Moon University, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31460, Korea
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Queiroz HA, da Silva CR, de Andrade Neto JB, do Av Sá LG, do Nascimento FB, Moreno LS, Barroso FD, da Silva LJ, Cândido TM, de Oliveira LC, de Mesquita JR, de Moraes MO, Cavalcanti BC, Nobre Júnior HV. Synergistic activity of diclofenac sodium with oxacillin against planktonic cells and biofilm of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Future Microbiol 2021; 16:375-387. [PMID: 33870731 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the activity of diclofenac sodium and synergism with oxacillin against clinical strains of SARM in plactonic cells, antibiofilm and biofilm. Materials & methods: Synergism activity was assessed using the fractional inhibitory concentration index and its possible mechanism of action by flow cytometry. Results: The synergistic activity of diclofenac sodium with oxacillin was observed against plactonic cells, antibiofilm and in biofilm formed from clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Conclusion: This combination caused damage to the integrity of the membrane and ruptures in the DNA of the cells, leading to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helaine A Queiroz
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Cecília R da Silva
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - João B de Andrade Neto
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,University Center Christus, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Lívia G do Av Sá
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,University Center Christus, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Francisca Bsa do Nascimento
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Leticia Ss Moreno
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Fátima Dd Barroso
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Lisandra J da Silva
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Cândido
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Leilson C de Oliveira
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Manoel O de Moraes
- Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Bruno C Cavalcanti
- Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Hélio V Nobre Júnior
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Lienen T, Schnitt A, Hammerl JA, Marino SF, Maurischat S, Tenhagen BA. Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus cohnii and Staphylococcus urealyticus isolates from German dairy farms exhibit resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and divergent penicillin-binding proteins. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6075. [PMID: 33727647 PMCID: PMC7966787 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85461-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-aureus staphylococci are commonly found on dairy farms. Two rarely investigated species are Staphylococcus (S.) cohnii and S. urealyticus. Since multidrug-resistant S. cohnii and S. urealyticus are known, they may serve as an antimicrobial resistance (AMR) gene reservoir for harmful staphylococcal species. In our study, nine S. cohnii and six S. urealyticus isolates from German dairy farms were analyzed by whole-genome sequencing and AMR testing. The isolates harbored various AMR genes (aadD1, str, mecA, dfrC/K, tetK/L, ermC, lnuA, fexA, fusF, fosB6, qacG/H) and exhibited non-wildtype phenotypes (resistances) against chloramphenicol, clindamycin, erythromycin, fusidic acid, rifampicin, streptomycin, tetracycline, tiamulin and trimethoprim. Although 14/15 isolates lacked the blaZ, mecA and mecC genes, they showed reduced susceptibility to a number of beta-lactam antibiotics including cefoxitin (MIC 4-8 mg/L) and penicillin (MIC 0.25-0.5 mg/L). The specificity of cefoxitin susceptibility testing for mecA or mecC gene prediction in S. cohnii and S. urealyticus seems to be low. A comparison with penicillin-binding protein (PBP) amino acid sequences of S. aureus showed identities of only 70-80% with regard to PBP1, PBP2 and PBP3. In conclusion, S. cohnii and S. urealyticus from selected German dairy farms show multiple resistances to antimicrobial substances and may carry unknown antimicrobial resistance determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Lienen
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Arne Schnitt
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Andre Hammerl
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephen F Marino
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Maurischat
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd-Alois Tenhagen
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany.
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47
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Nair D, Shashindran N, Kumar A, Vinodh V, Biswas L, Biswas R. Comparison of Phenotypic MRSA Detection Methods with PCR for mecA Gene in the Background of Emergence of Oxacillin-Susceptible MRSA. Microb Drug Resist 2021; 27:1190-1194. [PMID: 33689504 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2020.0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Phenotypic methods for detection of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can be inaccurate due to heterogeneous expression of resistance and due to environmental factors that influence the expression of resistance. This study aims to compare various phenotypic methods of detection of methicillin resistance with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for mecA gene and to detect the presence of oxacillin-susceptible MRSA (OS-MRSA). Materials and Methods: A total of 150 S. aureus isolates were tested using cefoxitin disk diffusion, oxacillin salt agar (OSA), latex agglutination test for penicillin binding protein 2a antigen, chromogenic MRSA ID agar, and mecA PCR. Results: Using PCR as the gold standard, 91 (60.66%) of 150 clinical S. aureus strains were identified as MRSA. Three oxacillin-susceptible (minimum inhibitory concentration ≤2 μg/mL) mecA-positive isolates were classified as OS-MRSA. Among the different phenotypic MRSA detection methods studied, latex agglutination had the highest sensitivity and specificity (98.9% and 98.3%), followed by cefoxitin disk diffusion (95.6% and 98.3%), MRSA ID (97.8% and 83.05%), and OSA (86.81% and 94.92%). Conclusion: The sensitivity of cefoxitin disk diffusion method may be reduced in areas with a high prevalence of OS-MRSA where a combination of cefoxitin disk diffusion test with MRSA ID agar or latex agglutination is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Nair
- Department of Microbiology, Medical Trust Hospital, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Nandita Shashindran
- Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Vivek Vinodh
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Lalitha Biswas
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Raja Biswas
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
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48
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Schnitt A, Lienen T, Wichmann-Schauer H, Tenhagen BA. The occurrence of methicillin-resistant non-aureus staphylococci in samples from cows, young stock, and the environment on German dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:4604-4614. [PMID: 33685714 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the occurrence of methicillin-resistant (MR) non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) on 20 preselected German dairy farms. Farms were selected based on the detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) during previous diagnostic investigations. Bacterial culture of presumptive MR-NAS was based on a 2-step enrichment method that has been recommended for MRSA detection. Quarter milk samples (QMS), bulk tank milk, swab samples from young stock, and environmental samples were collected for bacterial culture. Methicillin-resistant NAS were detected on all study farms. The MR-NAS positive test rate was 3.3% (77/2,347) in QMS, 42.1% (8/19) in bulk tank milk, 29.1% (59/203) in nasal swabs from milk-fed calves, 18.3% (35/191) in postweaning calves, and 7.3% (14/191) in nasal swabs from prefresh heifers. In the environment, MR-NAS were detected in dust samples on 25% (5/20) of the dairy farms as well as in teat liners and suckers from automatic calf feeders. The geometric mean somatic cell count in QMS affected by MR-NAS (183,000 cells/mL) was slightly higher compared with all QMS (114,000 cells/mL). Nine MR-NAS species were identified; Staph. sciuri, Staph. lentus, Staph. fleurettii, Staph. epidermidis, and Staph. haemolyticus were the most common species. In addition, 170 NAS isolates were identified that showed reduced cefoxitin susceptibility (4 mg/L) but did not harbor the mecA or mecC genes. On some farms, similar mobile genetic elements were detected in MR-NAS and MRSA. It was suggested that resistance genes may be transferred between NAS and Staph. aureus on the respective farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schnitt
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - T Lienen
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - H Wichmann-Schauer
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - B-A Tenhagen
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
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49
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Dayie NTKD, Sekoh DNK, Kotey FCN, Egyir B, Tetteh-Quarcoo PB, Adutwum-Ofosu KK, Ahenkorah J, Osei MM, Donkor ES. Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) Children in the Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Era. Infect Dis Rep 2021; 13:191-204. [PMID: 33804397 PMCID: PMC7931118 DOI: 10.3390/idr13010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate Staphylococcus aureus nasopharyngeal carriage epidemiology in relation to other nasopharyngeal bacterial colonizers among sickle cell disease (SCD) children about five years into pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 13 (PCV-13) introduction in Ghana. The study involved bacteriological culture of nasopharyngeal swabs obtained from 202 SCD children recruited from the Princess Marie Louise Children's Hospital. S. aureus isolates were identified using standard methods and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Cefoxitin-resistant S. aureus isolates were screened for carriage of the mecA, pvl, and tsst-1 genes using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. The carriage prevalence of S. aureus was 57.9% (n = 117), and that of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was 3.5% (n = 7). Carriage of the mecA, pvl, and tsst-1 genes were respectively demonstrated in 20.0% (n = 7), 85.7% (n = 30), and 11.4% (n = 4) of the cefoxitin-resistant S. aureus isolates. PCV-13 vaccination (OR = 0.356, p = 0.004) and colonization with coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) (OR = 0.044, p < 0.0001) each protected against S. aureus carriage. However, none of these and other features of the participants emerged as a determinant of MRSA carriage. The following antimicrobial resistance rates were observed in MRSA compared to methicillin-sensitive S. aureus: clindamycin (28.6% vs. 4.3%), erythromycin (42.9% vs. 19.1%), tetracycline (100% vs. 42.6%), teicoplanin (14.3% vs. 2.6%), penicillin (100% vs. 99.1%), amoxiclav (28.6% vs. 3.5%), linezolid (14.3% vs. 0.0%), ciprofloxacin (42.9% vs. 13.9%), and gentamicin (42.9% vs. 13.0%). The proportion of S. aureus isolates that were multidrug resistant was 37.7% (n = 46). We conclude that S. aureus was the predominant colonizer of the nasopharynx of the SCD children, warranting the continuous monitoring of this risk group for invasive S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T. K. D. Dayie
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, P.O. Box KB 4236, Korle Bu, Accra 00233, Ghana; (D.N.K.S.); (F.C.N.K.); (P.B.T.-Q.); (M.-M.O.); (E.S.D.)
| | - Deborah N. K. Sekoh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, P.O. Box KB 4236, Korle Bu, Accra 00233, Ghana; (D.N.K.S.); (F.C.N.K.); (P.B.T.-Q.); (M.-M.O.); (E.S.D.)
- FleRhoLife Research Consult, P.O. Box TS 853, Teshie, Accra 00233, Ghana
| | - Fleischer C. N. Kotey
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, P.O. Box KB 4236, Korle Bu, Accra 00233, Ghana; (D.N.K.S.); (F.C.N.K.); (P.B.T.-Q.); (M.-M.O.); (E.S.D.)
- FleRhoLife Research Consult, P.O. Box TS 853, Teshie, Accra 00233, Ghana
| | - Beverly Egyir
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra 00233, Ghana;
| | - Patience B. Tetteh-Quarcoo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, P.O. Box KB 4236, Korle Bu, Accra 00233, Ghana; (D.N.K.S.); (F.C.N.K.); (P.B.T.-Q.); (M.-M.O.); (E.S.D.)
| | - Kevin Kofi Adutwum-Ofosu
- Department of Anatomy, University of Ghana Medical School, P.O. Box KB 4236, Korle Bu, Accra 00233, Ghana; (K.K.A.-O.); (J.A.)
| | - John Ahenkorah
- Department of Anatomy, University of Ghana Medical School, P.O. Box KB 4236, Korle Bu, Accra 00233, Ghana; (K.K.A.-O.); (J.A.)
| | - Mary-Magdalene Osei
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, P.O. Box KB 4236, Korle Bu, Accra 00233, Ghana; (D.N.K.S.); (F.C.N.K.); (P.B.T.-Q.); (M.-M.O.); (E.S.D.)
- FleRhoLife Research Consult, P.O. Box TS 853, Teshie, Accra 00233, Ghana
| | - Eric S. Donkor
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, P.O. Box KB 4236, Korle Bu, Accra 00233, Ghana; (D.N.K.S.); (F.C.N.K.); (P.B.T.-Q.); (M.-M.O.); (E.S.D.)
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Alseqely M, Newton-Foot M, Khalil A, El-Nakeeb M, Whitelaw A, Abouelfetouh A. Association between fluoroquinolone resistance and MRSA genotype in Alexandria, Egypt. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4253. [PMID: 33608606 PMCID: PMC7896087 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83578-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial stewardship isn't strictly observed in most Egyptian hospitals, raising antibiotic resistance. Epidemiology of Egyptian MRSA isolates, or associations with resistance to other antibiotics remain largely unknown. We identified MRSA genotypes in Alexandria Main University Hospital (AMUH) and investigated rates of moxifloxacin resistance, an alternative MRSA treatment, among different genotypes. Antibiotic susceptibility of 72 MRSA clinical isolates collected in 2015 from AMUH was determined by disc diffusion and broth microdilution. spa- and Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing were performed; with multi-locus sequence typing conducted on isolates representing major genotypes. Resistance to moxifloxacin, levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were 69%, 78% and 96%, respectively. spa type t037 (57%) was commonest, followed by t127 (12.5%), t267 (8%) and t688 (6%). SCCmec III predominated (57%), all of these were moxifloxacin resistant and 97.6% t037 (ST241). SCCmec IV, IV E and V represented 15%, 7% and 11% of the isolates, respectively, 79% of these were moxifloxacin susceptible and of different spa types. t127 (ST-1) was associated with SCCmec V in 56% of the isolates, mostly moxifloxacin susceptible. Moxifloxacin resistance was high, most resistant isolates belonged to t037 and SCCmec III, suggesting local dissemination and antibiotic pressure. We recommend caution in treating MRSA infections with moxifloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Alseqely
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 1 Khartoum Sq., Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Mae Newton-Foot
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa and National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg Hospital, Francie van Zijl Drive, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Amal Khalil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 1 Khartoum Sq., Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Mostafa El-Nakeeb
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 1 Khartoum Sq., Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Andrew Whitelaw
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa and National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg Hospital, Francie van Zijl Drive, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Alaa Abouelfetouh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 1 Khartoum Sq., Alexandria, 21521, Egypt. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alalamein International University, Alalamein, Egypt.
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