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Cassirer EF, Manlove KR, Almberg ES, Kamath PL, Cox M, Wolff P, Roug A, Shannon J, Robinson R, Harris RB, Gonzales BJ, Plowright RK, Hudson PJ, Cross PC, Dobson A, Besser TE. Pneumonia in bighorn sheep: Risk and resilience. J Wildl Manage 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kezia R. Manlove
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and PathologyWashington State UniversityPullmanWA 99164USA
| | - Emily S. Almberg
- Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks1400 South 19th St.BozemanMT 59717USA
| | | | - Mike Cox
- Nevada Department of Wildlife6980 Sierra Center Parkway, Suite 120RenoNV 89511USA
| | - Peregrine Wolff
- Nevada Department of Wildlife6980 Sierra Center Parkway, Suite 120RenoNV 89511USA
| | - Annette Roug
- Utah Division of Wildlife Resources1594 W. North Temple, Suite 2110Salt Lake CityUT 84116USA
| | - Justin Shannon
- Utah Division of Wildlife Resources1594 W. North Temple, Suite 2110Salt Lake CityUT 84116USA
| | - Rusty Robinson
- Utah Division of Wildlife Resources1594 W. North Temple, Suite 2110Salt Lake CityUT 84116USA
| | - Richard B. Harris
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife600 Capitol Way NorthOlympiaWA 98501USA
| | - Ben J. Gonzales
- Wildlife Investigations LaboratoryCalifornia Department of Fish and Wildlife1701 Nimbus RoadRancho CordovaCA 95670‐4503USA
| | - Raina K. Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMontana State UniversityBozemanMT 59717USA
| | - Peter J. Hudson
- Center for Infectious Disease DynamicsPenn State UniversityUniversity ParkPA 16802USA
| | - Paul C. Cross
- U.S. Geological SurveyNorthern Rocky Mountain Science CenterBozemanMT 59715USA
| | - Andrew Dobson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNJ 08544USA
| | - Thomas E. Besser
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and PathologyWashington State UniversityPullmanWA 99164USA
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Effect of vaccination against pneumonia on the survival of bighorn sheep ( Ovis canadensis ) commingled with carrier animals. Vet Microbiol 2017; 203:56-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Immunization of bighorn sheep against Mannheimia haemolytica with a bovine herpesvirus 1-vectored vaccine. Vaccine 2017; 35:1630-1636. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Raghavan B, Erickson K, Kugadas A, Batra SA, Call DR, Davis MA, Foreyt WJ, Srikumaran S. Role of carriers in the transmission of pneumonia in bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis). Biol Open 2016; 5:745-55. [PMID: 27185269 PMCID: PMC4920194 DOI: 10.1242/bio.018234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of livestock contact, recurring lamb mortality in bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) populations previously exposed to pneumonia indicates the likely presence of carriers of pneumonia-causing pathogens, and possibly inadequate maternally derived immunity. To investigate this problem we commingled naïve, pregnant ewes (n=3) with previously exposed rams (n=2). Post-commingling, all ewes and lambs born to them acquired pneumonia-causing pathogens (leukotoxin-producing Pasteurellaceae and Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae), with subsequent lamb mortality between 4-9 weeks of age. Infected ewes became carriers for two subsequent years and lambs born to them succumbed to pneumonia. In another experiment, we attempted to suppress the carriage of leukotoxin-producing Pasteurellaceae by administering an antibiotic to carrier ewes, and evaluated lamb survival. Lambs born to both treatment and control ewes (n=4 each) acquired pneumonia and died. Antibody titers against leukotoxin-producing Pasteurellaceae in all eight ewes were ‘protective’ (>1:800 and no apparent respiratory disease); however their lambs were either born with comparatively low titers, or with high (but non-protective) titers that declined rapidly within 2-8 weeks of age, rendering them susceptible to fatal disease. Thus, exposure to pneumonia-causing pathogens from carrier ewes, and inadequate titers of maternally derived protective antibodies, are likely to render bighorn lambs susceptible to fatal pneumonia. Summary: Previously exposed bighorn sheep can become carriers and transmit respiratory pathogens to naïve animals. Successive crops of lambs acquire pathogens and inadequate passive immunity and subsequently succumb to pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu Raghavan
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA
| | - Kayla Erickson
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA
| | - Abirami Kugadas
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA
| | - Sai A Batra
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA
| | - Douglas R Call
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA
| | - Margaret A Davis
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA
| | - William J Foreyt
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA
| | - Subramaniam Srikumaran
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA
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Lacasta D, Ferrer L, Ramos J, González J, Ortín A, Fthenakis G. Vaccination schedules in small ruminant farms. Vet Microbiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Jolles AE, Beechler BR, Dolan BP. Beyond mice and men: environmental change, immunity and infections in wild ungulates. Parasite Immunol 2015; 37:255-66. [PMID: 25354672 PMCID: PMC4414670 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the face of rapid environmental change, anticipating shifts in microparasite and macroparasite dynamics, including emergence events, is an enormous challenge. We argue that immunological studies in natural populations are pivotal to meeting this challenge: many components of environmental change--shifts in biotic assemblages, altered climate patterns and reduced environmental predictability--may affect host immunity. We suggest that wild ungulates can serve as model systems aiding the discovery of immunological mechanisms that link environmental change with parasite transmission dynamics. Our review of eco-immunological studies in wild ungulates reveals progress in understanding how co-infections affect immunity and parasite transmission and how environmental and genetic factors interact to shape immunity. Changes in bioavailability of micronutrients have been linked to immunity and health in wild ungulates. Although physiological stress in response to environmental change has been assessed, downstream effects on immunity have not been studied. Moreover, the taxonomic range of ungulates studied is limited to bovids (bighorn sheep, Soay sheep, chamois, musk oxen, bison, African buffalo) and a few cervids (red deer, black-tailed deer). We discuss areas where future studies in ungulates could lead to significant contributions in understanding the patterns of immunity and infection in natural populations and across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. Jolles
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Brianna R. Beechler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Brian P. Dolan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
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Acute die-off of chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) in the Eastern Austrian Alps due to bacterial bronchopneumonia with Pasteurellaceae. J Wildl Dis 2014; 50:616-20. [PMID: 24807183 DOI: 10.7589/2013-04-090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring circulating pathogens in wildlife populations is important in evaluating causes and sources of disease as well as understanding transmission between wild and domestic animals. In spring 2010, a sudden die-off in a chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) population sharing habitat with livestock occurred in northeastern Austria. Nineteen animals were submitted for examination. Necropsy and pathohistologic and bacteriologic results yielded lesions associated with Pasteurellaceae species. Additional testing included enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus and random amplification of polymorphic DNA PCR analysis to evaluate the circulating strains. The isolated strains were most closely related to Mannheimia glucosida and Bibersteinia trehalosi. Reports of mass mortalities in chamois due to pneumonia have been reported previously in the northern Alpine area of Italy. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of acute mortality due to strains of Mannheimia and Bibersteinia in Austrian chamois.
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Besser TE, Frances Cassirer E, Highland MA, Wolff P, Justice-Allen A, Mansfield K, Davis MA, Foreyt W. Bighorn sheep pneumonia: sorting out the cause of a polymicrobial disease. Prev Vet Med 2012; 108:85-93. [PMID: 23253148 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pneumonia of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) is a dramatic disease of high morbidity and mortality first described more than 80 years ago. The etiology of the disease has been debated since its initial discovery, and at various times lungworms, Mannheimia haemolytica and other Pasteurellaceae, and Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae have been proposed as primary causal agents. A multi-factorial "respiratory disease complex" has also been proposed as confirmation of causation has eluded investigators. In this paper we review the evidence for each of the candidate primary agents with regard to causal criteria including strength of association, temporality, plausibility, experimental evidence, and analogy. While we find some degree of biological plausibility for all agents and strong experimental evidence for M. haemolytica, we demonstrate that of the alternatives considered, M. ovipneumoniae is the best supported by all criteria and is therefore the most parsimonious explanation for the disease. The strong but somewhat controversial experimental evidence implicating disease transmission from domestic sheep is consistent with this finding. Based on epidemiologic and microbiologic data, we propose that healthy bighorn sheep populations are naïve to M. ovipneumoniae, and that its introduction to susceptible bighorn sheep populations results in epizootic polymicrobial bacterial pneumonia often followed by chronic infection in recovered adults. If this hypothesized model is correct, efforts to control this disease by development or application of vectored vaccines to Pasteurellaceae are unlikely to provide significant benefits, whereas efforts to ensure segregation of healthy bighorn sheep populations from M. ovipneumoniae-infected reservoir hosts are crucial to prevention of new disease epizootics. It may also be possible to develop M. ovipneumoniae vaccines or other management strategies that could reduce the impact of this devastating disease in bighorn sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Besser
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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Subramaniam R, White SN, Herrmann-Hoesing LM, Srikumaran S. MHC class II DR allelic diversity in bighorn sheep. Gene 2012; 506:217-22. [PMID: 22750296 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that decreased diversity and/or unique polymorphisms in MHC class II alleles of bighorn sheep (BHS, Ovis canadensis) are responsible for lower titer of antibodies against Mannheimia haemolytica leukotoxin, in comparison to domestic sheep (DS, Ovis aries). To test this hypothesis, DRA and DRB transcripts from 24 captive BHS (Ovca-DRA and Ovca-DRB) were sequenced. Based on exon 2 (β1 domain) sequences, eight different Ovca-DRB cDNA sequences were identified in BHS. Six of them were 100% identical to previously reported Ovca-DRB genomic DNA sequences. The new alleles DRB*23 and DRB*24, were closely related to two other Ovca-DRB exon 2 genomic DNA sequences. Nineteen out of 24 BHS (79%) Ovca-DRB exon 3 (β2 domain) sequences were 100% identical to exon 3 sequence of DRB1 of DS (Ovar-DRB1). Ovca-DRA full length cDNA sequences exhibited >99% identity. Based upon exon 2 sequences, this BHS herd yielded higher Ovca-DRB allelic diversity than that reported in the previous study. Positively selected amino acid positions were identified in the peptide-binding groove of BHS and DS, but BHS showed more such sites. This highlights differing population histories, and may suggest differing needs for DR peptide-binding specificities. Presence of glutamine at position 52 (52Q) in some of the desert and captive BHS is predicted to alter the efficiency of DR dimerization, which may influence antigen presentation and T(h) cell activation. Functional assays with unique alleles should reveal whether the presentation of M. haemolytica leukotoxin peptides to T(h) cells by Ovca-DRB alleles is equivalent to that of Ovar-DRB1 alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Subramaniam
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA
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A multivalent Mannheimia-Bibersteinia vaccine protects bighorn sheep against Mannheimia haemolytica challenge. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:1689-94. [PMID: 21832104 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05276-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bighorn sheep (BHS) are more susceptible than domestic sheep (DS) to Mannheimia haemolytica pneumonia. Although both species carry M. haemolytica as a commensal bacterium in the nasopharynx, DS carry mostly leukotoxin (Lkt)-positive strains while BHS carry Lkt-negative strains. Consequently, antibodies to surface antigens and Lkt are present at much higher titers in DS than in BHS. The objective of this study was to determine whether repeated immunization of BHS with multivalent Mannheimia-Bibersteinia vaccine will protect them upon M. haemolytica challenge. Four BHS were vaccinated with a culture supernatant vaccine prepared from M. haemolytica serotypes A1 and A2 and Bibersteinia trehalosi serotype T10 on days 0, 21, 35, 49, and 77. Four other BHS were used as nonvaccinated controls. On the day of challenge, 12 days after the last immunization, the mean serum titers of Lkt-neutralizing antibodies and antibodies to surface antigens against M. haemolytica were 1:160 and 1:4,000, respectively. Following intranasal challenge with M. haemolytica A2 (1 × 10(5) CFU), all four control BHS died within 48 h. Necropsy revealed acute fibrinonecrotic pneumonia characteristic of M. haemolytica infection. None of the vaccinated BHS died during the 8 weeks postchallenge observation period. Radiography at 3 weeks postchallenge revealed no lung lesions in two vaccinated BHS and mild lesions in the other two, which resolved by 8 weeks postchallenge. These results indicate that if BHS can be induced to develop high titers of Lkt-neutralizing antibodies and antibodies to surface antigens, they are likely to survive M. haemolytica challenge which is likely to reduce the BHS population decline due to pneumonia.
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