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Phage Display Detection of Mimotopes that Are Shared Epitopes of Clinically and Epidemiologically Relevant Enterobacteria. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050780. [PMID: 32455888 PMCID: PMC7285282 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Escherichia coli and Salmonella are etiologic agents of intestinal infections. A previous study showed the presence of shared epitopes between lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) of E. coli O157 and Salmonella. Aim: Using phage display, the aim of this study is to identify mimotopes of shared epitopes in different enterobacterial LPSs. Methods: We use anti-LPS IgG from E. coli O157 and Salmonella to select peptide mimotopes of the M13 phage. The amino acid sequence of the mimotopes is used to synthesize peptides, which are in turn used to immunize rabbits. The antibody response of the resulting sera against the LPSs and synthetic peptides (SPs) is analyzed by ELISA and by Western blot assays, indicating that LPS sites are recognized by the same antibody. In a complementary test, the reactions of human serum samples obtained from the general population against the SPs and LPSs are also analyzed. Results: From the last biopanning phase, sixty phagotopes are selected. The analysis of the peptide mimotope amino acid sequences shows that in 4 of them the S/N/A/PF motif is a common sequence. Antibodies from the sera of immunized rabbits with SP287/3, SP459/1, SP308/3, and SP073/14 react against both their own peptide and the different LPSs. The Western blot test shows a sera reaction against both the lateral chains and the cores of the LPSs. The analysis of the human sera shows a response against the SPs and LPSs. Conclusion: The designed synthetic peptides are mimotopes of LPS epitopes of Salmonella and E. coli that possess immunogenic capacity. These mimotopes could be considered for use in the design of vaccines against both enterobacteria.
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del Carmen Fernández-Alonso M, Díaz D, Berbis MÁ, Marcelo F, Cañada J, Jiménez-Barbero J. Protein-carbohydrate interactions studied by NMR: from molecular recognition to drug design. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2013; 13:816-30. [PMID: 23305367 PMCID: PMC3706953 DOI: 10.2174/138920312804871175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Diseases that result from infection are, in general, a consequence of specific interactions between a pathogenic organism and the cells. The study of host-pathogen interactions has provided insights for the design of drugs with therapeutic properties. One area that has proved to be promising for such studies is the constituted by carbohydrates which participate in biological processes of paramount importance. On the one hand, carbohydrates have shown to be information carriers with similar, if not higher, importance than traditionally considered carriers as amino acids and nucleic acids. On the other hand, the knowledge on molecular recognition of sugars by lectins and other carbohydrate-binding proteins has been employed for the development of new biomedical strategies. Biophysical techniques such as X-Ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy lead currently the investigation on this field. In this review, a description of traditional and novel NMR methodologies employed in the study of sugar-protein interactions is briefly presented in combination with a palette of NMR-based studies related to biologically and/or pharmaceutically relevant applications.
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Auzanneau FI, Borrelli S, Pinto BM. Synthesis and immunological activity of an oligosaccharide-conjugate as a vaccine candidate against Group A Streptococcus. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6038-42. [PMID: 24103300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and immunogenicity of a tetanus toxoid (TT)-conjugate of the hexasaccharide portion of the cell-wall polysaccharide (CWPS) of the Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is described. The synthesis relies on the reaction of an allyl glycoside of the hexasaccharide with cysteamine, followed by the reaction of the resultant amine with diethyl squarate to give the monoethyl squarate adduct. Subsequent reaction with the lysine ε-amino groups on TT gives the glycoconjugate containing 30 hexasaccharide haptens per TT molecule. The immunogenicity in mice is similar to that obtained with a native CWPS-TT conjugate, validating the glycoconjugate as a vaccine candidate against GAS infections.
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Shigella flexneri 3a outer membrane protein C epitope is recognized by human umbilical cord sera and associated with protective activity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70539. [PMID: 23940590 PMCID: PMC3734276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella flexneri 3a is one of the five major strains of the Shigella genus responsible for dysentery, especially among children, in regions of high poverty and poor sanitation. The outer membrane proteins (OMP) of this bacterium elicit immunological responses and are considered a prime target for vaccine development. When injected into mice they elicit a protective immunological response against a lethal dose of the pathogen. The OMPs from S. flexneri 3a were isolated and resolved by two-dimension-SDS-PAGE. Two 38-kDa spots were of particular interest since in our earlier studies OMPs of such molecular mass were found to interact with umbilical cord sera. These two spots were identified as OmpC by ESI-MS/MS spectrometry. By DNA sequencing, the ompC gene from S. flexneri 3a was identical to ompC from S. flexneri 2a [Gene Bank: 24113600]. A 3D model of OmpC was built and used to predict B-cell type (discontinuous) antigenic epitopes. Six epitopes bearing the highest score were selected and the corresponding peptides were synthesized. Only the peptides representing loop V of OmpC reacted strongly with the umbilical cord serum immunoglobulins. To determine which amino acids are essential for the antigenic activity of the epitope, the loop V was scanned with a series of dodecapeptides. The peptide RYDERY was identified as a minimal sequence for the loop V epitope. Truncation at either the C- or N-terminus rendered this peptide inactive. Apart from C-terminal tyrosine, substitution of each of the remaining five amino acids with glycine, led to a precipitous loss of immunological activity. This peptide may serve as a ligand in affinity chromatography of OmpC-specific antibodies and as a component of a vaccine designed to boost human immune defenses against enterobacterial infections.
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Camacho AI, Irache JM, Gamazo C. Recent progress towards development of a Shigella vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 12:43-55. [PMID: 23256738 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The burden of dysentery due to shigellosis among children in the developing world is still a major concern. A safe and efficacious vaccine against this disease is a priority, since no licensed vaccine is available. This review provides an update of vaccine achievements focusing on subunit vaccine strategies and the forthcoming strategies surrounding this approach. In particular, this review explores several aspects of the pathogenesis of shigellosis and the elicited immune response as being the basis of vaccine requirements. The use of appropriate Shigella antigens, together with the right adjuvants, may offer safety, efficacy and more convenient delivery methods for massive worldwide vaccination campaigns.
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Molecular dynamics simulations of carbohydrate-mimetic haptens in complex with a complementary anti-carbohydrate antibody. Carbohydr Res 2012; 358:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Szczepina MG, Bleile DW, Müllegger J, Lewis AR, Pinto BM. WaterLOGSY NMR Experiments in Conjunction with Molecular-Dynamics Simulations Identify Immobilized Water Molecules That Bridge Peptide Mimic MDWNMHAA to Anticarbohydrate Antibody SYA/J6. Chemistry 2011; 17:11438-45. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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8
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Henry KA, Murira A, van Houten NE, Scott JK. Developing strategies to enhance and focus humoral immune responses using filamentous phage as a model antigen. Bioeng Bugs 2011; 2:275-83. [PMID: 22008640 DOI: 10.4161/bbug.2.5.16559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Filamentous bacteriophage are commonly used as immunogenic carriers for peptides and proteins displayed on the phage surface. Previously, we showed that immunization with phage to which peptides had been chemically conjugated can elicit a focused anti-peptide antibody response compared with traditional carrier molecules bearing the same peptide, perhaps due to the low surface complexity of the phage. The regularity of its surface also gives the phage other advantages as a carrier, including immunological simplicity and thousands of well-defined sites for chemical conjugation. More recently, we showed that focusing of antibody responses against 'target' peptides was enhanced when the phage's molecular surface was simplified by removal of immunodominant B-cell epitopes present on the minor coat protein, pIII. The pIII-truncated variant elicits an antibody response that is largely restricted to the exposed N-terminus of the major coat protein, pVIII, and to phage-associated bacterial lipopolysaccharide, and a significant fraction of this response cross-reacts with a 12-residue peptide covering the surface-exposed region of pVIII. This allows one to track antibody responses against the phage (and any associated haptens) as they develop over time, and characterize them using a combination of serological, flow cytometric, cellular and immunogenetic assays. The filamentous phage thus provides an excellent model system for studying various aspects of the antibody response, all with the goal of targeting antibody production against weakly immunogenic peptides, proteins and carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Henry
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A1S6, Canada
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Synthesis of mimetic peptides containing glucosamine. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:1997-2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Szczepina MG, Bleile DW, Pinto BM. Investigation of the Binding of a Carbohydrate-Mimetic Peptide to its Complementary Anticarbohydrate Antibody by STD-NMR Spectroscopy and Molecular-Dynamics Simulations. Chemistry 2011; 17:11446-55. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Brade L, Heine H, Raina S, Klein G, Di Padova F, Brade H, Müller-Loennies S. Immunization with an anti-idiotypic antibody against the broadly lipopolysaccharide-reactive antibody WN1 222-5 induces Escherichia coli R3-core-type specific antibodies in rabbits. Innate Immun 2011; 18:279-93. [PMID: 21844130 DOI: 10.1177/1753425911401055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) WN1 222-5 recognizes a carbohydrate epitope in the inner core region of LPS that is shared by all strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica and is able to neutralize their endotoxic activity in vitro and in vivo. Immunization of mice with mAb WN1 222-5 yielded several anti-idiotypic mAbs one of which (mAb S81-19) competitively inhibited binding of mAb WN1 222-5 to E. coli and Salmonella LPS. After immunization of rabbits with mAb S81-19, the serological responses towards LPS were characterized at intervals over two years. Whereas the serological response against the anti-idiotype developed as expected, the anti-anti-idiotypic response against LPS developed slowly and antibodies appeared after 200 d that bound to E. coli LPS of the R3 core-type and neutralized its TNF-α inducing capacity for human peripheral mononuclear cells. We describe the generation of a novel anti-idiotypic antibody that can induce LPS core-reactive antibodies upon immunization in rabbits and show that it is possible, in principle, to obtain LPS neutralizing antibodies by anti-idiotypic immunization against the mAb WN1 222-5. The mimicked epitope likely shares common determinants with the WN1 222-5 epitope, yet differences with respect to either affinity or specificity do exist, as binding to smaller oligosaccharides of the inner core was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lore Brade
- Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
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Agostino M, Sandrin MS, Thompson PE, Ramsland PA, Yuriev E. Peptide inhibitors of xenoreactive antibodies mimic the interaction profile of the native carbohydrate antigens. Biopolymers 2011; 96:193-206. [PMID: 20564023 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-antibody interactions mediate many cellular processes and immune responses. Carbohydrates expressed on the surface of cells serve as recognition elements for particular cell types, for example, in the ABO(H) blood group system. Antibodies that recognize host-incompatible ABO(H) system antigens exist in the bloodstream of all individuals (except AB individuals), preventing blood transfusion and organ transplantation between incompatible donors and recipients. A similar barrier exists for cross-species transplantation (xenotransplantation), in particular for pig-to-human transplantation. All humans express antibodies against the major carbohydrate xenoantigen, Galalpha (1,3)Gal (alphaGal), preventing successful xenotransplantation. Although antibody binding sites are precisely organized so as to selectively bind a specific antigen, many antibodies recognize molecules other than their native antigen. A range of peptides have been identified that can mimic carbohydrates and inhibit anti-alphaGal antibodies. However, the structural basis of how the peptides achieved this was not known. Previously, we developed an in silico method which we used to investigate carbohydrate recognition by a panel of anti-alphaGal antibodies. The method involves molecular docking of carbohydrates to antibodies and uses the docked carbohydrate poses to generate maps of th antibody binding sites in terms of prevalent hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions. We have applied this method to investigate peptide recognition by the anti-alphaGal antibodies. It was found that the site maps of the peptides and the carbohydrates were similar, indicating that the peptides interact with the same residues as those involved in carbohydrate recognition. This study demonstrates the potential for "design by mapping" of anti-carbohydrate antibody inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Agostino
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Action, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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Agostino M, Sandrin MS, Thompson PE, Farrugia W, Ramsland PA, Yuriev E. Carbohydrate-mimetic peptides: structural aspects of mimicry and therapeutic implications. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 11:211-24. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2011.542140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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14
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Kaminski RW, Oaks EV. Inactivated and subunit vaccines to prevent shigellosis. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 8:1693-704. [PMID: 19943764 DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Shigellosis remains a formidable disease globally, with children of the developing world bearing the greatest number of infections. The need for an affordable, safe and efficacious vaccine has persisted for decades. Vaccines to prevent shigellosis can be divided into living and nonliving approaches. Several nonliving Shigella vaccines are currently at different stages of development and show substantial promise. Outlined here is an overview of multiple nonliving vaccine technologies, highlighting their current status and recent advances in testing. In addition, gaps in the knowledge base regarding immune mechanisms of protection are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Kaminski
- Division of Bacterial and Rickettsial Diseases, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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van Houten NE, Henry KA, Smith GP, Scott JK. Engineering filamentous phage carriers to improve focusing of antibody responses against peptides. Vaccine 2010; 28:2174-2185. [PMID: 20056188 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The filamentous bacteriophage are highly immunogenic particles that can be used as carrier proteins for peptides and presumably other haptens and antigens. Our previous work demonstrated that the antibody response was better focused against a synthetic peptide if it was conjugated to phage as compared to the classical carrier, ovalbumin. We speculated that this was due, in part, to the relatively low surface complexity of the phage. Here, we further investigate the phage as an immunogenic carrier, and the effect reducing its surface complexity has on the antibody response against peptides that are either displayed as recombinant fusions to the phage coat or are chemically conjugated to it. Immunodominant regions of the minor coat protein, pIII, were removed from the phage surface by excising its N1 and N2 domains (Delta3 phage variant), whereas immunodominant epitopes of the major coat protein, pVIII, were altered by reducing the charge of its surface-exposed N-terminal residues (Delta8 phage variant). Immunization of mice revealed that the Delta3 variant was less immunogenic than wild-type (WT) phage, whereas the Delta8 variant was more immunogenic. The immunogenicity of two different peptides was tested in the context of the WT and Delta3 phage in two different forms: (i) as recombinant peptides fused to pVIII, and (ii) as synthetic peptides conjugated to the phage surface. One peptide (MD10) in its recombinant form produced a stronger anti-peptide antibody response fused to the WT carrier compared to the Delta3 phage carrier, and did not elicit a detectable anti-peptide response in its synthetic form conjugated to either phage carrier. This trend was reversed for a different peptide (4E10(L)), which did not produce a detectable anti-peptide antibody response as a recombinant fusion; yet, as a chemical conjugate to Delta3 phage, but not WT phage, it elicited a highly focused anti-peptide antibody response that exceeded the anti-carrier response by approximately 65-fold. The results suggest that focusing of the antibody response against synthetic peptides can be improved by decreasing the antigenic complexity of the phage surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke E van Houten
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Kevin A Henry
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - George P Smith
- Division of Biological Sciences, Tucker Hall, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211-7400, USA
| | - Jamie K Scott
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
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Irving MB, Craig L, Menendez A, Gangadhar BP, Montero M, van Houten NE, Scott JK. Exploring peptide mimics for the production of antibodies against discontinuous protein epitopes. Mol Immunol 2009; 47:1137-48. [PMID: 20031219 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Peptide "mimics" (mimotopes) of linear protein epitopes and carbohydrate epitopes have been successfully used as immunogens to elicit cross-reactive antibodies against their cognate epitopes; however, immunogenic mimicry has been difficult to achieve for discontinuous protein epitopes. To explore this, we developed from phage-displayed peptide libraries optimized peptide mimics for three well-characterized discontinuous epitopes on hen egg lysozyme and horse cytochrome c. The peptides competed with their cognate antigens for antibody binding, displayed affinities in the nM range, and shared critical binding residues with their native epitopes. Yet, while immunogenic, none of the peptides elicited antibodies that cross-reacted with their cognate antigens. We analyzed the 3-D structure of the site within each discontinuous epitope that shared critical binding residues with its peptide mimic, and observed that in each case it formed a ridge-like patch on the epitope; in no case did it cover most or all of the epitope. Thus, the peptides' lack of immunogenic mimicry could be attributed to their inability to recapitulate the topological features of their cognate epitopes. Our results suggest that direct peptide immunizations are not a practical strategy for generating targeted antibody responses against discontinuous epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melita B Irving
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Hossany BR, Johnston BD, Wen X, Borrelli S, Yuan Y, Johnson MA, Pinto BM. Design, synthesis, and immunochemical characterization of a chimeric glycopeptide corresponding to the Shigella flexneri Y O-polysaccharide and its peptide mimic MDWNMHAA. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:1412-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Structural Mimicry of O-Antigen by a Peptide Revealed in a Complex with an Antibody Raised against Shigella flexneri Serotype 2a. J Mol Biol 2009; 388:839-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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