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Vijaykumar LK, Chikkachowdappa PG, Venkatappa MH, Rizvan A, Yogisharadhya R, Shivachandra SB, Bayyappa MRG. Evaluation of recombinant BgSA3 protein based indirect-ELISA for sero-diagnosis and sero-surveillance of Babesia gibsoni in dogs. Vet Parasitol 2020; 289:109338. [PMID: 33359970 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Canine babesiosis, a tick-borne haemoprotozoan disease of dogs, is of significance globally due to its rapid spread. A precise confirmatory diagnosis is required to curtail the rapid spread of infection. Our study described the evaluation of recombinant BgSA3 protein based indirect ELISA for sero-diagnosis and sero-surveillance of Babesia gibsoni infection in dogs. A partial BgSA3 gene segment (1921 bp) of B. gibsoni, encoding for recombinant truncated BgSA3 (75 kDa) protein devoid of predicted signal peptide (23 aa) at N-terminus and transmembrane region (20 aa) at C-terminus, was expressed in E. coli using a pET28a(+) vector. The rBgSA3 protein purified under native conditions using Ni-NTA superflow cartridge was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting using sera from dogs infected/uninfected with B. gibsoni, and erythrocyte lysate/ plasma from infected/uninfected dogs. The rBgSA3 protein was specific only to B. gibsoni antibodies but did not react with uninfected sera. Further, rBgSA3 protein was evaluated for sero-diagnosis/sero-surveillance using Indirect-ELISA format. There was no cross reactivity to B. vogeli, E. canis, H. canis and D. repens infected dogs serum samples. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of rBgSA3 based I-ELISA was found to be 86.4 and 93.1 % respectively, in comparison with cytb based PCR assay. Additionally, rBgSA3-ELISA evaluated using survey serum samples (n = 287), detected 11.85 % samples as positive. In conclusion, B. gibsoni infection, an emerging disease is prevalent in the present study area and the standardized rBgSA3 protein based indirect-ELISA was found to be a specific and sensitive test for large scale sero-diagnosis and sero-surveillance of B. gibsoni infection in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya K Vijaykumar
- Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fishries Sciences University (KVAFSU), Bengaluru, 560024, Karnataka, India; Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals (IAH&VB), Bengaluru, 560024, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Mohan H Venkatappa
- Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fishries Sciences University (KVAFSU), Bengaluru, 560024, Karnataka, India
| | - Apsana Rizvan
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals (IAH&VB), Bengaluru, 560024, Karnataka, India
| | - Revanaiah Yogisharadhya
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Manjunatha Reddy G Bayyappa
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India.
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Wang H, Wang Y, Huang J, Xu B, Chen J, Dai J, Zhou X. Babesia microti Protein BmSP44 Is a Novel Protective Antigen in a Mouse Model of Babesiosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1437. [PMID: 32733477 PMCID: PMC7358449 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Babesiosis caused by Babesia species imposes an increasing threat to public-health and so far, there is no effective vaccine to prevent Babesia infections. Babesia surface antigen may participate in the invasion of erythrocytes. In our previous study, a surface antigen of B. microti merozoites, named as BmSP44 was identified as a dominant reactive antigen by protein microarray screening. To evaluate its potential applications in diagnosis and prevention of Babesiosis, the open reading frame encoding BmSP44 was cloned and the recombinant protein was expressed. In consistent with the protein microarray result, recombinant BmSP44 (rBmSP44) can be recognized by sera from B. microti infected mice. Immunofluorescence assays (IFA) confirmed that BmSP44 is a secreted protein and localized principally in the cytoplasm of the parasites. The parasitemia and Babesia gene copies were lower in mice administered rBmSP44 antisera compared with normal controls. Active immunization with rBmSP44 also afforded protection against B. microti infection. The concentrations of hemoglobin in rBmSP44 immunization group were higher than those in the control group. Importantly, vaccination of mice with rBmSP44 resulted in a Th1/Th2 mixed immune response with significantly elevated IL-10 and IFN-γ levels during the early stage of infection. Taken together, our results indicated that rBmSP44 can induce a protective immune response against Babesia infection. Thus, BmSP44 can be used as both a diagnosis marker and a vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- School of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Yao Wang
- School of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Jilei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Junhu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- School of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou, China
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Eichenberger RM, Ramakrishnan C, Russo G, Deplazes P, Hehl AB. Genome-wide analysis of gene expression and protein secretion of Babesia canis during virulent infection identifies potential pathogenicity factors. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3357. [PMID: 28611446 PMCID: PMC5469757 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03445-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections of dogs with virulent strains of Babesia canis are characterized by rapid onset and high mortality, comparable to complicated human malaria. As in other apicomplexan parasites, most Babesia virulence factors responsible for survival and pathogenicity are secreted to the host cell surface and beyond where they remodel and biochemically modify the infected cell interacting with host proteins in a very specific manner. Here, we investigated factors secreted by B. canis during acute infections in dogs and report on in silico predictions and experimental analysis of the parasite’s exportome. As a backdrop, we generated a fully annotated B. canis genome sequence of a virulent Hungarian field isolate (strain BcH-CHIPZ) underpinned by extensive genome-wide RNA-seq analysis. We find evidence for conserved factors in apicomplexan hemoparasites involved in immune-evasion (e.g. VESA-protein family), proteins secreted across the iRBC membrane into the host bloodstream (e.g. SA- and Bc28 protein families), potential moonlighting proteins (e.g. profilin and histones), and uncharacterized antigens present during acute crisis in dogs. The combined data provides a first predicted and partially validated set of potential virulence factors exported during fatal infections, which can be exploited for urgently needed innovative intervention strategies aimed at facilitating diagnosis and management of canine babesiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adrian B Hehl
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Identification of a thioredoxin reductase from Babesia microti during mammalian infection. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:3219-27. [PMID: 27164832 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Babesia microti is the primary causative agent of human babesiosis worldwide and associated with increased human health risks and the safety of blood supply. The parasite replicates in the host's red blood cells, thus, in order to counteract the oxidative stress and toxic effects, parasites employ a thioredoxin (Trx) system to maintain a redox balance. Since thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) plays a critical role in the system, in this study, we report the cloning, expression, and functional characterization of a novel TrxR from B. microti (BmiTrxR). The complete gene BmiTrxR was obtained by amplifying the 5' and 3' regions of messenger RNA (mRNA) by RACE. The full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) of BmiTrxR was 1766 bp and contained an intact open reading frame with 1662 bp that encoded a polypeptide with 553 amino acids. Molecular weight of the predicted protein was 58.4 kDa with an isoelectric point of 6.95, similar to high molecular weight TrxR. The recombinant protein of BmiTrxR was expressed in a His-fused soluble form in Escherichia coli. The native protein BmiTrxR was identified with the mouse anti-BmiTrxR polyclonal serum by western blotting and IFAT. Moreover, the enzyme showed a disulfide reductase activity using DTNB as substrate and catalyzed the NADPH-dependent reduction of Trx. Auranofin, a known inhibitor of TrxR, completely abrogated the activity of the recombinant enzyme in vitro. These results not only contribute to the understanding of redox pathway in this parasite but also suggest that BmiTrxR could be a potential target for the development of novel strategies to control B. microti thus reducing the incidence of babesiosis.
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Mandal M, Banerjee PS, Kumar S, Garg R, Ram H, Raina OK. Development of recombinant BgP12 based enzyme linked immunosorbent assays for serodiagnosis of Babesia gibsoni infection in dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 169:27-33. [PMID: 26827835 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Indirect ELISA and dot-ELISA using recombinant BgP12 (rBgP12) were developed for the diagnosis of Babesia gibsoni infected dogs. The complete open reading frame of BgP12 gene (378bp) was cloned in pET-32a(+) expression vector and expressed in Escherichia coli as a soluble thioredoxin (Trx) fusion protein. The purified rBgP12 was used for production of anti-rBgP12 rabbit serum, which recognized a native 12-kDa protein in B. gibsoni infected erythrocyte by Western blot analysis. To evaluate the potential of rBgP12 for the serodiagnosis of B. gibsoni, a panel of serum/plasma samples from dogs infected with B. gibsoni (n=13), uninfected sera (n=13) and sera from dogs infected with other haemoparasites viz., Babesia canis vogeli (n=3), Ehrlichia canis (n=3), Hepatozoon canis (n=1) and Dirofilaria immitis (n=1) were used in ELISA formats. In addition, the performance of rBgP12 based indirect ELISA and dot-ELISA were evaluated using 75 serum/plasma samples collected from suspected dogs, in respect to the nested PCR as reference test. The diagnostic sensitivities of indirect ELISA and dot-ELISA were 94.59% and 89.18%, respectively, while their specificities were 84.21% and 81.57%, respectively. Moreover, both the assays using rBgP12 showed no cross reaction with sera from dogs infected with other common haemoparasites indicating their high specificity. High kappa values of indirect ELISA and dot-ELISA indicated the potentials of these assays with substantial agreement at 95% confidence level. It is concluded that indirect ELISA and dot ELISA using rBgP12 might be used in large scale epidemiological surveys and clinical diagnosis of B. gibsoni infection in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrityunjay Mandal
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Partha S Banerjee
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Saroj Kumar
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajat Garg
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hira Ram
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Opinder K Raina
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Mandal M, Banerjee PS, Kumar S, Garg R, Ram H, Kundu K, Raina OK. Development and evaluation of serodiagnostic assays with recombinant BgSA1 of Babesia gibsoni. Vet Parasitol 2014; 205:483-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Goo YK, Xuan X. New Molecules in Babesia gibsoni and their application for diagnosis, vaccine development, and drug discovery. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2014; 52:345-53. [PMID: 25246713 PMCID: PMC4170030 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Babesia gibsoni is an intraerythrocytic apicomplexan parasite that causes piroplasmosis in dogs. B. gibsoni infection is characterized clinically by fever, regenerative anemia, splenomegaly, and sometimes death. Since no vaccine is available, rapid and accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment of infected animals are required to control this disease. Over the past decade, several candidate molecules have been identified using biomolecular techniques in the authors' laboratory for the development of a serodiagnostic method, vaccine, and drug for B. gibsoni. This review article describes newly identified candidate molecules and their applications for diagnosis, vaccine production, and drug development of B. gibsoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Kyoung Goo
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan. ; Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Goo YK, Lee N, Alaa Terkawi M, Luo Y, Oluga Aboge G, Nishikawa Y, Suzuki H, Kim S, Xuan X. Development of a rapid immunochromatographic test using a recombinant thrombospondin-related adhesive protein of Babesia gibsoni. Vet Parasitol 2012; 190:595-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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