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Tumba NL, Owen GR, Killick MA, Papathanasopoulos MA. Immunization with HIV-1 trimeric SOSIP.664 BG505 or Founder Virus C (FVCEnv) covalently complexed to two-domain CD4S60C elicits cross-clade neutralizing antibodies in New Zealand white rabbits. Vaccine X 2022; 12:100222. [PMID: 36262212 PMCID: PMC9573916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2022.100222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: An ongoing challenge in HIV-1 vaccine research is finding a novel HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env)-based immunogen that elicits broadly cross-neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) without requiring complex sequential immunization regimens to drive the required antibody affinity maturation. Previous vaccination studies have shown monomeric Env and Env trimers which contain the GCN4 leucine zipper trimerization domain and are covalently bound to the first two domains of CD4 (2dCD4S60C) generate potent bnAbs in small animals. Since SOSIP.664 trimers are considered the most accurate, conformationally intact representation of HIV-1 Env generated to date, this study further evaluated the immunogenicity of SOSIP.664 HIV Env trimers (the well characterized BG505 and FVCEnv) covalently complexed to 2dCD4S60C. Methods: Recombinant BG505 SOSIP.664 and FVCEnv SOSIP.664 were expressed in mammalian cells, purified, covalently coupled to 2dCD4S60C and antigenically characterized for their interaction with HIV-1 bnAbs. The immunogenicity of BG505 SOSIP.664-2dCD4S60C and FVCEnv SOSIP.664-2dCD4S60C was investigated in New Zealand white rabbits and compared to unliganded FVCEnv and 2dCD4S60C. Rabbit sera were tested for the presence of neutralizing antibodies against a panel of 17 pseudoviruses. Results: Both BG505 SOSIP.664-2dCD4S60C and FVCEnv SOSIP.664-2dCD4S60C elicited a potent, HIV-specific response in rabbits with antibodies having considerable potency and breadth (70.5% and 76%, respectively) when tested against a global panel of 17 pseudoviruses mainly composed of harder-to-neutralize multiple clade tier-2 pseudoviruses. Conclusion: BG505 SOSIP.664-2dCD4S60C and FVCEnvSOSIP.664-2dCD4S60C are highly immunogenic and elicit potent, broadly neutralizing antibodies, the extent of which has never been reported previously for SOSIP.664 trimers. Adding to our previous results, the ability to consistently elicit these types of potent, cross-neutralizing antibody responses is dependent on novel epitopes exposed following the covalent binding of Env (independent of sequence and conformation) to 2dCD4S60C. These findings justify further investment into research exploring modified open, CD4-bound Env conformations as novel vaccine immunogens.
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Chua JV, Davis C, Husson JS, Nelson A, Prado I, Flinko R, Lam KWJ, Mutumbi L, Mayer BT, Dong D, Fulp W, Mahoney C, Gerber M, Gottardo R, Gilliam BL, Greene K, Gao H, Yates N, Ferrari G, Tomaras G, Montefiori D, Schwartz JA, Fouts T, DeVico AL, Lewis GK, Gallo RC, Sajadi MM. Safety and immunogenicity of an HIV-1 gp120-CD4 chimeric subunit vaccine in a phase 1a randomized controlled trial. Vaccine 2021; 39:3879-3891. [PMID: 34099328 PMCID: PMC8224181 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge for HIV vaccine development is to raise anti-envelope antibodies capable of recognizing and neutralizing diverse strains of HIV-1. Accordingly, a full length single chain (FLSC) of gp120-CD4 chimeric vaccine construct was designed to present a highly conserved CD4-induced (CD4i) HIV-1 envelope structure that elicits cross-reactive anti-envelope humoral responses and protective immunity in animal models of HIV infection. IHV01 is the FLSC formulated in aluminum phosphate adjuvant. We enrolled 65 healthy adult volunteers in this first-in-human phase 1a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with three dose-escalating cohorts (75 µg, 150 µg, and 300 µg doses). Intramuscular injections were given on weeks 0, 4, 8, and 24. Participants were followed for an additional 24 weeks after the last immunization. The overall incidence of adverse events (AEs) was not significantly different between vaccinees and controls. The majority (89%) of vaccine-related AE were mild. The most common vaccine-related adverse event was injection site pain. There were no vaccine-related serious AE, discontinuation due to AE, intercurrent HIV infection, or significant decreases in CD4 count. By the final vaccination, all vaccine recipients developed antibodies against IHV01 and demonstrated anti-CD4i epitope antibodies. The elicited antibodies reacted with CD4 non-liganded Env antigens from diverse HIV-1 strains. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against heterologous infected cells or gp120 bound to CD4+ cells was evident in all cohorts as were anti-gp120 T-cell responses. IHV01 vaccine was safe, well tolerated, and immunogenic at all doses tested. The vaccine raised broadly reactive humoral responses against conserved CD4i epitopes on gp120 that mediates antiviral functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel V Chua
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Charles Davis
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer S Husson
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy Nelson
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ilia Prado
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robin Flinko
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ka Wing J Lam
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lydiah Mutumbi
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bryan T Mayer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dan Dong
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William Fulp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Celia Mahoney
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Monica Gerber
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bruce L Gilliam
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kelli Greene
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hongmei Gao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nicole Yates
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Georgia Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Timothy Fouts
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Anthony L DeVico
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - George K Lewis
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert C Gallo
- Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Basic Science, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mohammad M Sajadi
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Intralytix, Columbia, MD, USA.
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Sui Y, Lewis GK, Wang Y, Berckmueller K, Frey B, Dzutsev A, Vargas-Inchaustegui D, Mohanram V, Musich T, Shen X, DeVico A, Fouts T, Venzon D, Kirk J, Waters RC, Talton J, Klinman D, Clements J, Tomaras GD, Franchini G, Robert-Guroff M, Trinchieri G, Gallo RC, Berzofsky JA. Mucosal vaccine efficacy against intrarectal SHIV is independent of anti-Env antibody response. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:1314-1328. [PMID: 30776026 DOI: 10.1172/jci122110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely believed that protection against acquisition of HIV or SIV infection requires anti-envelope (anti-Env) antibodies, and that cellular immunity may affect viral loads but not acquisition, except in special cases. Here we provide evidence to the contrary. Mucosal immunization may enhance HIV vaccine efficacy by eliciting protective responses at portals of exposure. Accordingly, we vaccinated macaques mucosally with HIV/SIV peptides, modified vaccinia Ankara-SIV (MVA-SIV), and HIV-gp120-CD4 fusion protein plus adjuvants, which consistently reduced infection risk against heterologous intrarectal SHIVSF162P4 challenge, both high dose and repeated low dose. Surprisingly, vaccinated animals exhibited no anti-gp120 humoral responses above background and Gag- and Env-specific T cells were induced but failed to correlate with viral acquisition. Instead, vaccine-induced gut microbiome alteration and myeloid cell accumulation in colorectal mucosa correlated with protection. Ex vivo stimulation of the myeloid cell-enriched population with SHIV led to enhanced production of trained immunity markers TNF-α and IL-6, as well as viral coreceptor agonist MIP1α, which correlated with reduced viral Gag expression and in vivo viral acquisition. Overall, our results suggest mechanisms involving trained innate mucosal immunity together with antigen-specific T cells, and also indicate that vaccines can have critical effects on the gut microbiome, which in turn can affect resistance to infection. Strategies to elicit similar responses may be considered for vaccine designs to achieve optimal protective efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Sui
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - George K Lewis
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yichuan Wang
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kurt Berckmueller
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Blake Frey
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amiran Dzutsev
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Diego Vargas-Inchaustegui
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Venkatramanan Mohanram
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas Musich
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anthony DeVico
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - David Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, NCI, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - James Kirk
- Nanotherapeutics, Inc., Alachua, Florida, USA
| | | | | | - Dennis Klinman
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert C Gallo
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jay A Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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CD4-mimetic sulfopeptide conjugates display sub-nanomolar anti-HIV-1 activity and protect macaques against a SHIV162P3 vaginal challenge. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34829. [PMID: 27721488 PMCID: PMC5056392 DOI: 10.1038/srep34829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD4 and the cryptic coreceptor binding sites of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein are key to viral attachment and entry. We developed new molecules comprising a CD4 mimetic peptide linked to anionic compounds (mCD4.1-HS12 and mCD4.1-PS1), that block the CD4-gp120 interaction and simultaneously induce the exposure of the cryptic coreceptor binding site, rendering it accessible to HS12- or PS1- mediated inhibition. Using a cynomolgus macaque model of vaginal challenge with SHIV162P3, we report that mCD4.1-PS1, formulated into a hydroxyethyl-cellulose gel provides 83% protection (5/6 animals). We next engineered the mCD4 moiety of the compound, giving rise to mCD4.2 and mCD4.3 that, when conjugated to PS1, inhibited cell-free and cell-associated HIV-1 with particularly low IC50, in the nM to pM range, including some viral strains that were resistant to the parent molecule mCD4.1. These chemically defined molecules, which target major sites of vulnerability of gp120, are stable for at least 48 hours in conditions replicating the vaginal milieu (37 °C, pH 4.5). They efficiently mimic several large gp120 ligands, including CD4, coreceptor or neutralizing antibodies, to which their efficacy compares very favorably, despite a molecular mass reduced to 5500 Da. Together, these results support the development of such molecules as potential microbicides.
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