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Somanathan A, Mian SY, Chaddha K, Uchoi S, Bharti PK, Tandon R, Gaur D, Chauhan VS. Process development and preclinical evaluation of a major Plasmodium falciparum blood stage vaccine candidate, Cysteine-Rich Protective Antigen (CyRPA). Front Immunol 2022; 13:1005332. [PMID: 36211427 PMCID: PMC9535676 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1005332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum Cysteine-Rich Protective Antigen (CyRPA) is an essential, highly conserved merozoite antigen that forms an important multi-protein complex (RH5/Ripr/CyRPA) necessary for erythrocyte invasion. CyRPA is a promising blood-stage vaccine target that has been shown to elicit potent strain-transcending parasite neutralizing antibodies. Recently, we demonstrated that naturally acquired immune anti-CyRPA antibodies are invasion-inhibitory and therefore a correlate of protection against malaria. Here, we describe a process for the large-scale production of tag-free CyRPA vaccine in E. coli and demonstrate its parasite neutralizing efficacy with commonly used adjuvants. CyRPA was purified from inclusion bodies using a one-step purification method with high purity (>90%). Biochemical and biophysical characterization showed that the purified tag-free CyRPA interacted with RH5, readily detected by a conformation-specific CyRPA monoclonal antibody and recognized by sera from malaria infected individuals thus indicating that the recombinant antigen was correctly folded and retained its native conformation. Tag-free CyRPA formulated with Freund’s adjuvant elicited highly potent parasite neutralizing antibodies achieving inhibition of >90% across diverse parasite strains. Importantly, we identified tag-free CyRPA/Alhydrogel formulation as most effective in inducing a highly immunogenic antibody response that exhibited efficacious, cross-strain in vitro parasite neutralization achieving ~80% at 10 mg/ml. Further, CyRPA/Alhydrogel vaccine induced anti-parasite cytokine response in mice. In summary, our study provides a simple, scalable, cost-effective process for the production of tag-free CyRPA that in combination with human-compatible adjuvant induces efficacious humoral and cell-mediated immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Somanathan
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vaccine Research, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Syed Yusuf Mian
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vaccine Research, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Kritika Chaddha
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vaccine Research, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Seemalata Uchoi
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vaccine Research, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Praveen K. Bharti
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Jabalpur, India
| | - Ravi Tandon
- Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepak Gaur
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vaccine Research, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Virander Singh Chauhan
- Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Virander Singh Chauhan,
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Plasmodium falciparum Cysteine-Rich Protective Antigen (CyRPA) Elicits Detectable Levels of Invasion-Inhibitory Antibodies during Natural Infection in Humans. Infect Immun 2021; 90:e0037721. [PMID: 34694918 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00377-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum Cysteine-Rich Protective Antigen (CyRPA) is a conserved component of an essential erythrocyte invasion complex (RH5/Ripr/CyRPA) and a target of potent cross-strain parasite-neutralizing antibodies. While, naturally acquired human RH5 antibodies have been functionally characterized, there are no similar reports on CyRPA. Thus, we analyzed the parasite neutralizing activity of naturally acquired human CyRPA antibodies. In this regard, CyRPA human antibodies were measured and purified from malaria infected sera obtained from central India and analyzed for their parasite neutralizing activity in in vitro growth inhibition assays (GIA). We report that despite being susceptible to antibody, CyRPA being a highly conserved antigen does not appear to be under substantial immune selection pressure as a very low acquisition of anti-CyRPA antibodies was reported in malaria-exposed Indians. We demonstrate for the first time that the low amounts of natural CyRPA antibodies exhibited functional parasite-neutralizing activity and that a CyRPA based vaccine formulation induces highly potent antibodies in rabbits. Importantly, the vaccine induced CyRPA antibodies exhibited a robust IC50 of 21.96 μg/ml that is comparable to IC50 of antibodies against the leading blood stage vaccine candidate, RH5. Our data support CyRPA as a unique vaccine target that is highly susceptible to immune attack but highly conserved compared to other leading candidates such as MSP-1, AMA-1, further substantiating its promise as a leading blood-stage vaccine candidate.
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Production and Immunogenicity of a Tag-Free Recombinant Chimera Based on PfMSP-1 and PfMSP-3 Using Alhydrogel and Dipeptide-Based Hydrogels. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070782. [PMID: 34358198 PMCID: PMC8310097 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A fusion chimeric vaccine comprising multiple protective domains of different blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum antigens is perhaps necessary for widening the protective immune responses and reducing the morbidity caused by the disease. Here we continue to build upon the prior work of developing a recombinant fusion chimera protein, His-tagged PfMSP-Fu24, by producing it as a tag-free recombinant protein. In this study, tag-free recombinant PfMSPFu24 (rFu24) was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the soluble protein was purified using a three-step purification involving ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by 2-step ion exchange chromatography procedures and shown that it was highly immunogenic with the human-compatible adjuvant Alhydrogel. We further investigated two dipeptides, phenylalanine-α, β-dehydrophenylalanine (FΔF) and Leucine-α, β-dehydrophenylalanine (LΔF) based hydrogels as effective delivery platforms for rFu24. These dipeptides self-assembled spontaneously to form a highly stable hydrogel under physiological conditions. rFu24 was efficiently entrapped in both the F∆F and L∆F hydrogels, and the three-dimensional (3D) mesh-like structures of the hydrogels remained intact after the entrapment of the antigen. The two hydrogels significantly stimulated rFu24-specific antibody titers, and the sera from the immunized mice showed an invasion inhibitory activity comparable to that of Alhydrogel. Easily synthesized dipeptide hydrogels can be used as an effective antigen delivery platform to induce immune responses.
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Combination Adjuvants Affect the Magnitude of Effector-Like Memory CD8 T Cells and Protection against Listeriosis. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0076820. [PMID: 33782151 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00768-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of T cell-based subunit protein vaccines against diseases such as tuberculosis and malaria remains a challenge for immunologists. Here, we have identified a nanoemulsion adjuvant, Adjuplex (ADJ), which enhanced dendritic cell (DC) cross-presentation and elicited effective memory T cell-based immunity to Listeria monocytogenes. We further evaluated whether cross-presentation induced by ADJ can be combined with the immunomodulatory effects of Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists (CpG or glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant [GLA]) to evoke systemic CD8 T cell-based immunity to L. monocytogenes. Mechanistically, vaccination with ADJ, alone or in combination with CpG or GLA, augmented activation and antigen uptake by CD103+ migratory and CD8α+ resident DCs and upregulated CD69 expression on B and T lymphocytes in vaccine-draining lymph nodes. By engaging basic leucine zipper ATF-like transcription factor 3-dependent cross-presenting DCs, ADJ potently elicited effector CD8 T cells that differentiated into granzyme B-expressing CD27LO effector-like memory CD8 T cells, which provided effective immunity to L. monocytogenes in the spleen and liver. CpG or GLA alone did not elicit effector-like memory CD8 T cells and induced moderate protection in the spleen but not in the liver. Surprisingly, combining CpG or GLA with ADJ reduced the number of ADJ-induced memory CD8 T cells and compromised protective immunity to L. monocytogenes, especially in the liver. Taken together, the data presented in this study provide a glimpse of protective CD8 T cell memory differentiation induced by a nanoemulsion adjuvant and demonstrate the unexpected negative effects of TLR signaling on the magnitude of CD8 T cell memory and protective immunity to L. monocytogenes, a model intracellular pathogen.
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Pirahmadi S, Zakeri S, Djadid ND, Mehrizi AA. A review of combination adjuvants for malaria vaccines: a promising approach for vaccine development. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:699-717. [PMID: 33798560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
It is obvious that there is a critical need for an efficient malaria vaccine to accelerate malaria eradication. Currently, recombinant subunit vaccination against malaria using proteins and peptides is gaining attention. However, one of the major drawbacks of this approach is the lack of an efficient and durable immune response. Therefore, subunit vaccines require adjuvants to make the vaccine sufficiently immunogenic. Considering the history of the RTS,S vaccine, it seems likely that no single adjuvant is capable of eliciting all the protective immune responses required in many malarial subunit vaccines and the use of combination adjuvants will be increasingly important as the science of malaria vaccines advances. In light of this, it appears that identifying the most effective mixture of adjuvants with minimal adverse effects offers tremendous opportunities in improving the efficacy of vaccines against malaria. Owing to the importance of a multi-adjuvanted approach in subunit malaria vaccine development, this review paper outlines some of the best known combination adjuvants used in malaria subunit vaccines, focusing on their proposed mechanisms of action, their immunological properties, and their notable results. The aim of the present review is to consolidate these findings to aid the application of these combination adjuvants in experimental malaria vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakineh Pirahmadi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Zakeri
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Navid D Djadid
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram A Mehrizi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Chaudhari R, Tandel N, Sahu K, Negi S, Bashir H, Rupareliya A, Mishra RPN, Dalai SK, Tyagi RK. Transdermal Immunization of Elastic Liposome-Laden Recombinant Chimeric Fusion Protein of P. falciparum ( PfMSP-Fu 24) Mounts Protective Immune Response. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:406. [PMID: 33562617 PMCID: PMC7914931 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transdermal immunization exhibits poor immunogenic responses due to poor permeability of antigens through the skin. Elastic liposomes, the ultradeformable nanoscale lipid vesicles, overcome the permeability issues and prove a versatile nanocarrier for transcutaneous delivery of protein, peptide, and nucleic acid antigens. Elastic liposome-mediated subcutaneous delivery of chimeric fusion protein (PfMSP-Fu24) of Plasmodium falciparum exhibited improved immunogenic responses. Elastic liposomes-mediated immunization of PfMSP-Fu24 conferred immunity to the asexual blood-stage infection. Present study is an attempt to compare the protective immune response mounted by the PfMSP-Fu24 upon administered through transdermal and intramuscular routes. Humoral and cell-mediated immune (CMI) response elicited by topical and intramuscularly administered PfMSP-Fu24-laden elastic liposomes (EL-PfMSP-Fu24) were compared and normalized with the vehicle control. Sizeable immune responses were seen with the transcutaneously immunized EL-PfMSP-Fu24 and compared with those elicited with intramuscularly administered antigen. Our results show significant IgG isotype subclass (IgG1and IgG3) response of specific antibody levels as well as cell-mediated immunity (CMI) activating factor (IFN-γ), a crucial player in conferring resistance to blood-stage malaria in mice receiving EL-PfMSP-Fu24 through transdermal route as compared to the intramuscularly administered formulation. Heightened immune response obtained by the vaccination of EL-PfMSP-Fu24 was complemented by the quantification of the transcript (mRNA) levels cell-mediated (IFN-γ, IL-4), and regulatory immune response (IL-10) in the lymph nodes and spleen. Collectively, elastic liposomes prove their immune-adjuvant property as they evoke sizeable and perdurable immune response against PfMSP-Fu24 and justify its potential for the improved vaccine delivery to inducing both humoral and CM immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Chaudhari
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India; (R.C.); (N.T.); (A.R.); (S.K.D.)
| | - Nikunj Tandel
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India; (R.C.); (N.T.); (A.R.); (S.K.D.)
| | - Kiran Sahu
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Biomedical Parasitology and Nano-Immunology Lab., CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Sec-39A, Chandigarh 160036, India; (K.S.); (S.N.)
| | - Sushmita Negi
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Biomedical Parasitology and Nano-Immunology Lab., CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Sec-39A, Chandigarh 160036, India; (K.S.); (S.N.)
| | - Hilal Bashir
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Sec-39A, Chandigarh 160036, India;
| | - Arzu Rupareliya
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India; (R.C.); (N.T.); (A.R.); (S.K.D.)
| | - Ravi PN Mishra
- BERPDC Department, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh 160036, India;
| | - Sarat K. Dalai
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India; (R.C.); (N.T.); (A.R.); (S.K.D.)
| | - Rajeev K. Tyagi
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Biomedical Parasitology and Nano-Immunology Lab., CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Sec-39A, Chandigarh 160036, India; (K.S.); (S.N.)
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7
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Lee W, Kingstad-Bakke B, Paulson B, Larsen A, Overmyer K, Marinaik CB, Dulli K, Toy R, Vogel G, Mueller KP, Tweed K, Walsh AJ, Russell J, Saha K, Reyes L, Skala MC, Sauer JD, Shayakhmetov DM, Coon J, Roy K, Suresh M. Carbomer-based adjuvant elicits CD8 T-cell immunity by inducing a distinct metabolic state in cross-presenting dendritic cells. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009168. [PMID: 33444400 PMCID: PMC7840022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a critical need for adjuvants that can safely elicit potent and durable T cell-based immunity to intracellular pathogens. Here, we report that parenteral vaccination with a carbomer-based adjuvant, Adjuplex (ADJ), stimulated robust CD8 T-cell responses to subunit antigens and afforded effective immunity against respiratory challenge with a virus and a systemic intracellular bacterial infection. Studies to understand the metabolic and molecular basis for ADJ's effect on antigen cross-presentation by dendritic cells (DCs) revealed several unique and distinctive mechanisms. ADJ-stimulated DCs produced IL-1β and IL-18, suggestive of inflammasome activation, but in vivo activation of CD8 T cells was unaffected in caspase 1-deficient mice. Cross-presentation induced by TLR agonists requires a critical switch to anabolic metabolism, but ADJ enhanced cross presentation without this metabolic switch in DCs. Instead, ADJ induced in DCs, an unique metabolic state, typified by dampened oxidative phosphorylation and basal levels of glycolysis. In the absence of increased glycolytic flux, ADJ modulated multiple steps in the cytosolic pathway of cross-presentation by enabling accumulation of degraded antigen, reducing endosomal acidity and promoting antigen localization to early endosomes. Further, by increasing ROS production and lipid peroxidation, ADJ promoted antigen escape from endosomes to the cytosol for degradation by proteasomes into peptides for MHC I loading by TAP-dependent pathways. Furthermore, we found that induction of lipid bodies (LBs) and alterations in LB composition mediated by ADJ were also critical for DC cross-presentation. Collectively, our model challenges the prevailing metabolic paradigm by suggesting that DCs can perform effective DC cross-presentation, independent of glycolysis to induce robust T cell-dependent protective immunity to intracellular pathogens. These findings have strong implications in the rational development of safe and effective immune adjuvants to potentiate robust T-cell based immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojong Lee
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Brock Kingstad-Bakke
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Brett Paulson
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Autumn Larsen
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Katherine Overmyer
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Chandranaik B. Marinaik
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kelly Dulli
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Randall Toy
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University and The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Center for ImmunoEngineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gabriela Vogel
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University and The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Center for ImmunoEngineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Katherine P. Mueller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kelsey Tweed
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Alex J. Walsh
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jason Russell
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Krishanu Saha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Leticia Reyes
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Melissa C. Skala
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - John-Demian Sauer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Dmitry M. Shayakhmetov
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Joshua Coon
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Krishnendu Roy
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University and The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Center for ImmunoEngineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - M. Suresh
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Singh H, Mian SY, Pandey AK, Krishna S, Anand G, Reddy KS, Chaturvedi N, Bahl V, Hans N, Shukla MM, Bassat Q, Mayor A, Miura K, Bharti PK, Long C, Singh N, Chauhan VS, Gaur D. Antibody Combinations Targeting the Essential Antigens CyRPA, RH5, and MSP-119 Potently Neutralize Plasmodium falciparum Clinical Isolates From India and Africa. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:1953-1964. [PMID: 32989463 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeting multiple key antigens that mediate distinct Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte invasion pathways is an attractive approach for the development of blood-stage malaria vaccines. However, the challenge is to identify antigen cocktails that elicit potent strain-transcending parasite-neutralizing antibodies efficacious at low immunoglobulin G concentrations feasible to achieve through vaccination. Previous reports have screened inhibitory antibodies primarily against well adapted laboratory parasite clones. However, validation of the parasite-neutralizing efficacy against clinical isolates with minimal in vitro cultivation is equally significant to better ascertain their prospective in vivo potency. METHODS We evaluated the parasite-neutralizing activity of different antibodies individually and in combinations against laboratory adapted clones and clinical isolates. Clinical isolates were collected from Central India and Mozambique, Africa, and characterized for their invasion properties and genetic diversity of invasion ligands. RESULTS In our portfolio, we evaluated 25 triple antibody combinations and identified the MSP-Fu+CyRPA+RH5 antibody combination to elicit maximal parasite neutralization against P. falciparum clinical isolates with variable properties that underwent minimal in vitro cultivation. CONCLUSIONS The MSP-Fu+CyRPA+RH5 combination exhibited highly robust parasite neutralization against P. falciparum clones and clinical isolates, thus substantiating them as promising candidate antigens and establishing a proof of principle for the development of a combinatorial P. falciparum blood-stage malaria vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Singh
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vaccine Research, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Syed Yusuf Mian
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vaccine Research, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Alok K Pandey
- Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Sri Krishna
- National Institute for Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Gaurav Anand
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vaccine Research, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - K Sony Reddy
- Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India.,School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Neha Chaturvedi
- National Institute for Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Vanndita Bahl
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vaccine Research, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Nidhi Hans
- Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Man Mohan Shukla
- National Institute for Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Quique Bassat
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique.,ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfredo Mayor
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville Maryland, USA
| | - Praveen K Bharti
- National Institute for Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Carole Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville Maryland, USA
| | - Neeru Singh
- National Institute for Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Virander Singh Chauhan
- Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Deepak Gaur
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vaccine Research, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
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9
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Marinaik CB, Kingstad-Bakke B, Lee W, Hatta M, Sonsalla M, Larsen A, Neldner B, Gasper DJ, Kedl RM, Kawaoka Y, Suresh M. Programming Multifaceted Pulmonary T Cell Immunity by Combination Adjuvants. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2020; 1:100095. [PMID: 32984856 PMCID: PMC7508055 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Induction of protective mucosal T cell memory remains a formidable challenge to vaccinologists. Using a combination adjuvant strategy that elicits potent CD8 and CD4 T cell responses, we define the tenets of vaccine-induced pulmonary T cell immunity. An acrylic-acid-based adjuvant (ADJ), in combination with Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA) or CpG, promotes mucosal imprinting but engages distinct transcription programs to drive different degrees of terminal differentiation and disparate polarization of TH1/TC1/TH17/TC17 effector/memory T cells. Combination of ADJ with GLA, but not CpG, dampens T cell receptor (TCR) signaling, mitigates terminal differentiation of effectors, and enhances the development of CD4 and CD8 TRM cells that protect against H1N1 and H5N1 influenza viruses. Mechanistically, vaccine-elicited CD4 T cells play a vital role in optimal programming of CD8 TRM and viral control. Taken together, these findings provide further insights into vaccine-induced multifaceted mucosal T cell immunity with implications in the development of vaccines against respiratorypathogens, including influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2. Combination adjuvants stimulate potent TRM cell immunity in the respiratory tract Differentiation and functional programming depend on adjuvant and TCR signaling Vaccine-induced T cell immunity to influenza requires CD4 and CD8 T cells CD4 T cells regulate optimal positioning and programming of CD8 TRM in lungs
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandranaik B Marinaik
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Brock Kingstad-Bakke
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Woojong Lee
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Masato Hatta
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michelle Sonsalla
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Autumn Larsen
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Brandon Neldner
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David J Gasper
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ross M Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - M Suresh
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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10
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Plasmodium falciparum MSP3 Exists in a Complex on the Merozoite Surface and Generates Antibody Response during Natural Infection. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00067-18. [PMID: 29760216 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00067-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 3 (MSP3) is an abundantly expressed secreted merozoite surface protein and a leading malaria vaccine candidate antigen. However, it is unclear how MSP3 is retained on the surface of merozoites without a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor or a transmembrane domain. In the present study, we identified an MSP3-associated network on the Plasmodium merozoite surface by immunoprecipitation of Plasmodium merozoite lysate using antibody to the N terminus of MSP3 (anti-MSP3N) followed by mass spectrometry analysis. The results suggested the association of MSP3 with other merozoite surface proteins: MSP1, MSP6, MSP7, RAP2, and SERA5. Protein-protein interaction studies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis showed that MSP3 complex consists of MSP1, MSP6, and MSP7 proteins. Immunological characterization of MSP3 revealed that MSP3N is strongly recognized by hyperimmune serum from African and Asian populations. Furthermore, we demonstrate that human antibodies, affinity purified against recombinant MSP3N (rMSP3N), promote opsonic phagocytosis of merozoites in cooperation with monocytes. At nonphysiological concentrations, anti-MSP3N antibodies inhibited the growth of P. falciparum in vitro Together, the data suggest that MSP3 and especially its N-terminal region containing known B/T cell epitopes are targets of naturally acquired immunity against malaria and also comprise an important candidate for a multisubunit malaria vaccine.
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11
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Gasper DJ, Neldner B, Plisch EH, Rustom H, Carrow E, Imai H, Kawaoka Y, Suresh M. Effective Respiratory CD8 T-Cell Immunity to Influenza Virus Induced by Intranasal Carbomer-Lecithin-Adjuvanted Non-replicating Vaccines. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006064. [PMID: 27997610 PMCID: PMC5173246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are critical for clearing many viral infections, and protective CTL memory can be induced by vaccination with attenuated viruses and vectors. Non-replicating vaccines are typically potentiated by the addition of adjuvants that enhance humoral responses, however few are capable of generating CTL responses. Adjuplex is a carbomer-lecithin-based adjuvant demonstrated to elicit robust humoral immunity to non-replicating antigens. We report that mice immunized with non-replicating Adjuplex-adjuvanted vaccines generated robust antigen-specific CTL responses. Vaccination by the subcutaneous or the intranasal route stimulated systemic and mucosal CTL memory respectively. However, only CTL memory induced by intranasal vaccination was protective against influenza viral challenge, and correlated with an enhancement of memory CTLs in the airways and CD103+ CD69+ CXCR3+ resident memory-like CTLs in the lungs. Mechanistically, Myd88-deficient mice mounted primary CTL responses to Adjuplex vaccines that were similar in magnitude to wild-type mice, but exhibited altered differentiation of effector cell subsets. Immune potentiating effects of Adjuplex entailed alterations in the frequency of antigen-presenting-cell subsets in vaccine draining lymph nodes, and in the lungs and airways following intranasal vaccination. Further, Adjuplex enhanced the ability of dendritic cells to promote antigen-induced proliferation of naïve CD8 T cells by modulating antigen uptake, its intracellular localization, and rate of processing. Taken together, we have identified an adjuvant that elicits both systemic and mucosal CTL memory to non-replicating antigens, and engenders protective CTL-based heterosubtypic immunity to influenza A virus in the respiratory tract. Further, findings presented in this manuscript have provided key insights into the mechanisms and factors that govern the induction and programming of systemic and protective memory CTLs in the respiratory tract. Current respiratory-virus vaccines typically employ non-replicating antigens and rely solely on the generation of humoral responses for protection. Viruses such as influenza can mutate and escape these responses, thereby limiting immunity and necessitating revaccination. Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) could provide broader protection by targeting viral components that infrequently mutate, however non-replicating vaccines capable of inducing CMI are not available. Impediments to vaccine development include an incomplete understanding of the nature of protective respiratory CMI and a lack of vaccine adjuvants capable of eliciting CMI to non-replicating antigens. Using a mouse model, we characterized the protective immunity afforded by CMI responses to non-replicating vaccines formulated with the adjuvant Adjuplex. We found that vaccination via either the subcutaneous or intranasal route was capable of inducing potent CMI responses. However, only intranasal vaccination protected against challenge with heterosubtypic influenza viruses. This protection correlated with enhancement of T cells with a resident-memory phenotype in the lungs. Additionally, mechanistic studies showed that Adjuplex affects antigen-presenting cells via activation and alteration of antigen uptake, processing, and presentation. The current studies: (1) identified an adjuvant that elicits protective CMI to respiratory viral pathogens; (2) suggested that stimulation of protective CMI in the respiratory tract requires intranasal vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Gasper
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America.,Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Brandon Neldner
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Erin H Plisch
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Hani Rustom
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Emily Carrow
- Advanced Bioadjuvants, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Hirotaka Imai
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - M Suresh
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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12
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Kalra A, Edula JR, Gupta PK, Pandey AK, Chauhan VS. Antigenicity of a Bacterially Expressed Triple Chimeric Antigen of Plasmodium falciparum AARP, MSP-311 and MSP-119: PfAMSP-Fu35. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165720. [PMID: 27798691 PMCID: PMC5087855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of fusion chimeras as potential vaccine candidates is considered as an attractive strategy to generate effective immune responses to more than one antigen using a single construct. Here, we described the design, production, purification and antigenicity of a fusion chimera (PfAMSP-Fu35), comprised of immunologically relevant regions of three vaccine target malaria antigens, PfAARP, PfMSP-3 and PfMSP-1. The recombinant PfAMSP-Fu35 is expressed as a soluble protein and purified to homogeneity with ease at a yield of ~ 7 mg L-1. Conformational integrity of the C-terminal fragment of PfMSP-1, PfMSP-119 was retained in the fusion chimera as shown by ELISA with conformation sensitive monoclonal antibodies. High titre antibodies were raised to the fusion protein and to all the three individual components in mice and rabbits upon immunization with fusion chimera in two different adjuvant formulations. The sera against PfAMSP-Fu35 recognized native parasite proteins corresponding to the three components of the fusion chimera. As shown by invasion inhibition assay and antibody mediated cellular inhibition assay, antibodies purified from the PfAMSP-Fu35 immunized serum successfully and efficiently inhibited parasite invasion in P. falciparum 3D7 in vitro both directly and in monocyte dependent manner. However, the invasion inhibitory activity of anti-AMSP-Fu35 antibody is not significantly enhanced as expected as compared to a previously described two component fusion chimera, MSP-Fu24. Therefore, it may not be of much merit to consider AMSP-Fu35 as a vaccine candidate for preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakanksha Kalra
- Malaria Research Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Jyotheeswara Reddy Edula
- Malaria Research Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Puneet Kumar Gupta
- Malaria Research Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Alok Kumar Pandey
- Malaria Research Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Virander S. Chauhan
- Malaria Research Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: ;
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13
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Ren G, Ke N, Berkmen M. Use of the SHuffle Strains in Production of Proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 85:5.26.1-5.26.21. [PMID: 27479507 DOI: 10.1002/cpps.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli continues to be a popular expression host for the production of proteins, yet successful recombinant expression of active proteins to high yields remains a trial and error process. This is mainly due to decoupling of the folding factors of a protein from its native host, when expressed recombinantly in E. coli. Failure to fold could be due to many reasons but is often due to lack of post-translational modifications that are absent in E. coli. One such post-translational modification is the formation of disulfide bonds, a common feature of secreted proteins. The genetically engineered SHuffle cells offer an expression solution to proteins that require disulfide bonds for their folding and activity. The purpose of this protocol unit is to familiarize the researcher with the biology of SHuffle cells and guide the experimental design in order to optimize and increase the chances of successful expression of their desired protein of choice. Example of the expression and purification of a model disulfide-bonded protein DsbC is described in detail. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Na Ke
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts
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14
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Krause RGE, Grobler AF, Goldring JPD. Comparing Antibody Responses in Chickens Against Plasmodium falciparum Lactate Dehydrogenase and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase with Freund's and Pheroid® Adjuvants. Immunol Invest 2016; 44:627-42. [PMID: 26436851 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2015.1070268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Pheroid® technology was assessed as an alternative to Freund's adjuvant to raise antibodies in experimental animals. Chickens were immunized with two recombinantly expressed Plasmodium falciparum proteins, lactate dehydrogenase (PfLDH) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (PfGAPDH), alone or in combination with Freund's adjuvant or Pheroid®. Chicken egg yolk antibodies (IgY) were isolated and compared for specificity, sensitivity and yield. Freund's adjuvant and Pheroid® stimulated prolonged antibody responses in chickens against both antigens. Affinity purified antibodies had specificity for the recombinant and the native proteins on Western blots. Antibodies generated in the presence of Freund's adjuvant had high sensitivity for both antigens. Pheroid® generated antibodies that detected the lowest concentration of recombinant PfLDH. Freund's adjuvant and Pheroid® both improved chicken IgY yields, with Pheroid® showing a 2-fold increase relative to controls. Pheroid® was well-tolerated in chickens and has potential for development as a safe adjuvant for testing alternative stimulatory factors to improve adjuvant formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G E Krause
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of KwaZulu-Natal , Scottsville , South Africa and
| | - Anne F Grobler
- b DST/NWU Preclinical Drug Development Platform, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa
| | - J P Dean Goldring
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of KwaZulu-Natal , Scottsville , South Africa and
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15
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Fotoran WL, Santangelo RM, Medeiros MM, Colhone M, Ciancaglini P, Barboza R, Marinho CRF, Stábeli RG, Wunderlich G. Liposomes loaded with P. falciparum merozoite-derived proteins are highly immunogenic and produce invasion-inhibiting and anti-toxin antibodies. J Control Release 2015; 217:121-7. [PMID: 26334481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The formulation of an effective vaccine against malaria is still a significant challenge and the induction of high anti-parasite antibody titers plus a sustained T cell response is mandatory for the success of such a vaccine. We have developed a nanoliposome-based structure which contains plasma membrane-associated proteins (PfMNP) of Plasmodium falciparum merozoites on its surface. Incorporation of parasite-derived proteins led to a significant increase in the size and dispersity of particles. Immunization of particles in BalbC and C57BL/6 mice led to high anti-MSP119 IgG titers (10(4)) after the first dose and reached a plateau (>10(6)) after the third dose. While very high titers were observed against the C-terminal domain of the vaccine candidate MSP1, only modest titers (≤10(3)) were detected against MSP2. The induced antibodies showed also a strong growth-inhibiting effect in reinvasion assays. In addition, PfMNP immunization generated antibodies which partially blocked the inflammatory response, probably by blocking TLR-induced activation of macrophages by malarial toxins such as GPI anchors. The results underline the potential of nanoliposome-based formulations as anti-malarial vaccines.
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16
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The Carbomer-Lecithin Adjuvant Adjuplex Has Potent Immunoactivating Properties and Elicits Protective Adaptive Immunity against Influenza Virus Challenge in Mice. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015; 22:1004-12. [PMID: 26135973 PMCID: PMC4550664 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00736-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The continued discovery and development of adjuvants for vaccine formulation are important to safely increase potency and/or reduce the antigen doses of existing vaccines and tailor the adaptive immune response to newly developed vaccines. Adjuplex is a novel adjuvant platform based on a purified lecithin and carbomer homopolymer. Here, we analyzed the adjuvant activity of Adjuplex in mice for the soluble hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein of influenza A virus. The titration of Adjuplex revealed an optimal dose of 1% for immunogenicity, eliciting high titers of HA-specific IgG but inducing no significant weight loss. At this dose, Adjuplex completely protected mice from an otherwise lethal influenza virus challenge and was at least as effective as the adjuvants monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and alum in preventing disease. Adjuplex elicited balanced Th1-/Th2-type immune responses with accompanying cytokines and triggered antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell proliferation. The use of the peritoneal inflammation model revealed that Adjuplex recruited dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes, and neutrophils in the context of innate cytokine and chemokine secretion. Adjuplex neither triggered classical maturation of DCs nor activated a pathogen recognition receptor (PRR)-expressing NF-κB reporter cell line, suggesting a mechanism of action different from that reported for classical pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-activated innate immunity. Taken together, these data reveal Adjuplex to be a potent and well-tolerated adjuvant with application for subunit vaccines.
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17
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Rose AH, Hoffmann FW, Hara JH, Urschitz J, Moisyadi S, Hoffmann PR, Bertino P. Adjuvants may reduce in vivo transfection levels for DNA vaccination in mice leading to reduced antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:2305-11. [PMID: 26091088 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1047567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants for DNA vaccination are designed to promote transformation of transgenes into target cells and increase inflammation in the site of injection, with resultant immune cell recruitment. Numerous studies indicated cationic liposomes as effective adjuvants for DNA vaccination due to their ability to promote in vivo transfection and innate immune system activation. Commercial reagents as Adjuplex and in vivo-JetPEI are also intended to facilitate DNA vaccination. Here, we evaluate the adjuvant properties of cationic liposomes, Adjuplex and in vivo-JetPEI compared to injection of DNA without adjuvant. In mice vaccinated with piggyBac pDNA vaccines, we assessed in vivo antigen expression, innate immune responses in draining lymph nodes, and antigen-specific T cell responses in spleens and blood. Surprisingly, vaccination with DNA in PBS emerged as the most efficient in promoting in vivo transfection and consequent antigen expression, while the addition of adjuvant reduced the amount of antigen expressed. On the other hand, we discovered higher numbers of innate immune cells and activated dendritic cells in the lymph nodes of mice injected with adjuvants than those vaccinated in PBS. The analysis of eGFP-specific immune responses revealed that all the different immunizations induced functional antigen-specific T cells in spleens, although only T cells generated by non-adjuvant vaccination and Adjuplex were identified in the blood of vaccinated mice. These results provide insight into the effects of these 3 adjuvants and may facilitate appropriate use off adjuvants by researchers using DNA vaccines in laboratory animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron H Rose
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Biology ; John A. Burns School of Medicine; University of Hawaii ; Honolulu , HI USA
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