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Tamim El Jarkass H, Reinke AW. The ins and outs of host-microsporidia interactions during invasion, proliferation and exit. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13247. [PMID: 32748538 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microsporidia are a large group of fungal-related obligate intracellular parasites. They are responsible for infections in humans as well as in agriculturally and environmentally important animals. Although microsporidia are abundant in nature, many of the molecular mechanisms employed during infection have remained enigmatic. In this review, we highlight recent work showing how microsporidia invade, proliferate and exit from host cells. During invasion, microsporidia use spore wall and polar tube proteins to interact with host receptors and adhere to the host cell surface. In turn, the host has multiple defence mechanisms to prevent and eliminate these infections. Microsporidia encode numerous transporters and steal host nutrients to facilitate proliferation within host cells. They also encode many secreted proteins which may modulate host metabolism and inhibit host cell defence mechanisms. Spores exit the host in a non-lytic manner that is dependent on host actin and endocytic recycling proteins. Together, this work provides a fuller picture of the mechanisms that these fascinating organisms use to infect their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron W Reinke
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Microsporidiosis in Vertebrate Companion Exotic Animals. J Fungi (Basel) 2015; 2:jof2010003. [PMID: 29376921 PMCID: PMC5753084 DOI: 10.3390/jof2010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Veterinarians caring for companion animals may encounter microsporidia in various host species, and diagnosis and treatment of these fungal organisms can be particularly challenging. Fourteen microsporidial species have been reported to infect humans and some of them are zoonotic; however, to date, direct zoonotic transmission is difficult to document versus transit through the digestive tract. In this context, summarizing information available about microsporidiosis of companion exotic animals is relevant due to the proximity of these animals to their owners. Diagnostic modalities and therapeutic challenges are reviewed by taxa. Further studies are needed to better assess risks associated with animal microsporidia for immunosuppressed owners and to improve detection and treatment of infected companion animals.
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Rivas-Aravena A, Fuentes Y, Cartagena J, Brito T, Poggio V, La Torre J, Mendoza H, Gonzalez-Nilo F, Sandino AM, Spencer E. Development of a nanoparticle-based oral vaccine for Atlantic salmon against ISAV using an alphavirus replicon as adjuvant. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:157-66. [PMID: 25862072 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvants used in vaccine aquaculture are frequently harmful for the fish, causing melanosis, granulomas and kidney damage. Along with that, vaccines are mostly administered by injection, causing pain and stress to the fish. We used the DNA coding for the replicase of alphavirus as adjuvant (Ad) of a vaccine against ISAV. The Ad and an inactivated ISAV (V) were loaded in chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) to be administered orally to Atlantic salmon. NP-Ad was able to deliver the DNA ex vivo and in vivo. Oral administration of the NPs stimulated the expression of immune molecules, but did not stimulate the humoral response. Although the vaccination with NP-V results in a modest protection of fish against ISAV, NP-V administered together with NP-Ad caused a protection of 77%. Therefore, the DNA coding for the replicase of alphavirus could be administered orally and can potentiate the immuneprotection of a virine against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rivas-Aravena
- Universidad de Santiago, Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Santiago, Chile; Comisión Chilena de Energía Nuclear, Departamento de Aplicaciones Nucleares, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Yazmin Fuentes
- Universidad de Santiago, Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Santiago, Chile
| | - Julio Cartagena
- Universidad de Santiago, Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tania Brito
- Universidad de Santiago, Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Poggio
- Centro Milstein, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Tecnovax, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José La Torre
- Centro Milstein, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Tecnovax, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hegaly Mendoza
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Gonzalez-Nilo
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana María Sandino
- Universidad de Santiago, Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eugenio Spencer
- Universidad de Santiago, Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Santiago, Chile
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Demonstrated efficacy of a pilot heterologous whole-spore vaccine against Microsporidial gill disease in rainbow trout. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:1483-4. [PMID: 23825192 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00340-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Intraperitoneal vaccines using whole viable spores of the microsporidian Glugea anomala or Glugea hertwigi reduced the numbers of branchial xenomas by 80% and 91%, respectively, after a standard experimental infection of juvenile rainbow trout with the microsporidian Loma salmonae. Similar significant results were obtained when killed-spore preparations were used.
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Mitchell SO, Rodger HD. A review of infectious gill disease in marine salmonid fish. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2011; 34:411-432. [PMID: 21401646 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01251.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Infectious gill diseases of marine salmonid fish present a significant challenge in salmon-farming regions. Infectious syndromes or disease conditions affecting marine-farmed salmonids include amoebic gill disease (AGD), proliferative gill inflammation (PGI) and tenacibaculosis. Pathogens involved include parasites, such as Neoparamoeba perurans, bacteria, such as Piscichlamydia salmonis and Tenacibaculum maritimum, and viruses, such as the Atlantic salmon paramyxovirus (ASPV). The present level of understanding of these is reviewed with regard to risk factors, potential impacting factors, methods of best practice to mitigate infectious gill disease, as well as knowledge gaps and avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Mitchell
- Vet-Aqua International, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland
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Rodriguez-Tovar LE, Speare DJ, Markham RJF. Fish microsporidia: immune response, immunomodulation and vaccination. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 30:999-1006. [PMID: 21352922 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Immune response to fish microsporidia is still unknown and there are current research trying to elucidate the events involved in the immune response to this parasite. There is evidence suggesting the role of innate immune response and it is clear that adaptive immunity plays an essential part for eliminating and then mounting a solid resistance against subsequent microsporidian infections. This review article discusses the main mechanisms of resistance to fish microsporidia, which are considered under four main headings. 1) Innate immunity: the inflammatory tissue reaction associated with fish microsporidiosis has been studied at the ultrastructural level, providing identification of many of the inflammatory cells and molecules that are actively participating in the spore elimination, such as macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophilic granular cells, soluble factors and MHC molecules. 2) Adaptive immunity: the study of the humoral response is relatively new and controversial. In some cases, the antibody response is well established and it has a protective role, while in other situations, the immune response is not protective or it is depressed. Study of the cellular response against fish microsporidia is still in its infancy. Although the nature of the microsporidian infection suggests participation of cellular mechanisms, few studies have focused on the cellular immune response of infected fish. 3) Immunomodulation: glucans are compounds that can modulate the immune system and potentiate resistance to microorganisms. These compounds have been proposed that can interact with receptors on the surface of leukocytes that result in the stimulation on non-specific immune responses. 4) Vaccination: little is known about a biological product that could be used as a vaccine for preventing this infection in fish. In the Loma salmonae experience, one of the arguments that favor the production of a vaccine is the development in fish of resistance, associated to a cellular immune response. A recently proved spore-based vaccine to prevent microsporidial gill disease in salmon has recently shown its efficacy by considerably reducing the incidence of infection. This recent discovery would be first anti-microsporidian vaccine that is effective against this elusive parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Rodriguez-Tovar
- Departamento de Inmunología, Cuerpo Académico Patobiología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Fco. Villa s/n, Unidad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Ex-Hacienda El Canadá, Escobedo N.L. 66050, Mexico.
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Abstract
While intensive aquaculture has and will continue to supply the ever growing population with highly nutritious protein, it also comes with problems which include more frequent outbreaks of diseases in fish farms and transmission of diseases between farmed and wild fish. We have selected four Phyla of economically important fish parasites for our present discussion-a haemoflagellate (Cryptobia salmositica), a microsporidian, (Loma salmonae), a monogenean (Gyrodactylus salaries) and two copepods (Lepeophtheirus salmonis, Caligus rogercresseyi). This review consists of two parts with a brief description of each parasite and its biology related to transmission, followed by discussions on epizootic outbreaks in both wild and farmed fish, interactions between wild and farmed fish, and disease prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Guo
- Novartis Animal Health Canada Inc., Aqua Heath Business, Victoria, PE, C0A 2G0, Canada.
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Applications and potential uses of fish gill cell lines: examples with RTgill-W1. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2009; 45:127-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-008-9173-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Alvarez-Pellitero P. Fish immunity and parasite infections: from innate immunity to immunoprophylactic prospects. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 126:171-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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