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Tomida J, Morita Y, Shibayama K, Kikuchi K, Sawa T, Akaike T, Kawamura Y. Diversity and microevolution of CRISPR loci in Helicobacter cinaedi. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186241. [PMID: 29028814 PMCID: PMC5640232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter cinaedi is associated with nosocomial infections. The CRISPR-Cas system provides adaptive immunity against foreign genetic elements. We investigated the CRISPR-Cas system in H. cinaedi to assess the potential of the CRISPR-based microevolution of H. cinaedi strains. A genotyping method based on CRISPR spacer organization was carried out using 42 H. cinaedi strains. The results of sequence analysis showed that the H. cinaedi strains used in this study had two CRISPR loci (CRISPR1 and CRISPR2). The lengths of the consensus direct repeat sequences in CRISPR1 and CRISPR2 were both 36 bp-long, and 224 spacers were found in the 42 H. cinaedi strains. Analysis of the organization and sequence similarity of the spacers of the H. cinaedi strains showed that CRISPR arrays could be divided into 7 different genotypes. Each genotype had a different ancestral spacer, and spacer acquisition/deletion events occurred while isolates were spreading. Spacer polymorphisms of conserved arrays across the strains were instrumental for differentiating closely-related strains collected from the same hospital. MLST had little variability, while the CRISPR sequences showed remarkable diversity. Our data revealed the structural features of H. cinaedi CRISPR loci for the first time. CRISPR sequences constitute a valuable basis for genotyping, provide insights into the divergence and relatedness between closely-related strains, and reflect the microevolutionary process of H. cinaedi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Tomida
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yuji Morita
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keigo Shibayama
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Kikuchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takaaki Akaike
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kawamura
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
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Pérez-Santiago J, Ramirez-Gaona M, Holm-Kennedy R, Smith DM, Fierer J. Bacteremia and Skin Infections in Four Patients Caused by Helicobacter-Like Organisms. Open Forum Infect Dis 2017; 4:ofx074. [PMID: 31338379 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofx074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterohepatic Helicobacter-like organisms (HLO) have been recognized as causes of human infection since 1984, primarily as a cause of bacteremia and cellulitis in immunocompromised individuals, but the spectrum of illness due to HLO has expanded based on numerous reports from Japan. Methods We report 4 epidemiologically unrelated immunocompetent patients with HLO bacteremia diagnosed within a 2-year period. Three patients had cellulitis and 1 patient had unexplained fever. 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) sequence analysis of 2 isolates suggested that they were Helicobacter cinaedi, and whole-genome sequencing showed that they differed only slightly from reference strains. Conclusions We believe that this syndrome is more common than reported, but it is easily overlooked because the skin lesions resemble streptococcal cellulitis and respond very rapidly to β-lactam antibiotics, and the organism is difficult to isolate from the blood. All HLO in our series were isolated from blood using the ESP system and were not detected in 2 other widely used commercial blood culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Davey M Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla.,Veterans Affairs Healthcare Systems, San Diego, California
| | - Joshua Fierer
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla.,Veterans Affairs Healthcare Systems, San Diego, California
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Clinical and bacteriological characteristics of Helicobacter cinaedi infection. J Infect Chemother 2014; 20:517-26. [PMID: 25022901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter cinaedi was first isolated from rectal cultures from homosexual men in 1984. In the 1980s to mid 1990s, the microorganism was mainly isolated from samples from homosexual men or immunocompromised patients; however, during the last two decades, H. cinaedi has been isolated from immunocompromised and from immunocompetent individuals worldwide. In Japan, the isolation of this microorganism was first reported in 2003. Since then, many cases have been reported in hospitals across the country. Despite many reports, the etiological properties and pathogenicity of H. cinaedi remain elusive; however, we are increasingly able to recognize some of the features and the clinical relevance of infection. In particular, a long incubation period is essential for detection in an automatic blood culture system and many of the recent isolates are resistant to both macrolides and quinolones. Furthermore, there is an association between infection and severe or chronic illnesses, such as meningitis or arteriosclerosis, in addition to mild diseases such as fever, abdominal pain, gastroenteritis, proctitis, diarrhea, erysipelas, cellulitis, arthritis, and bacteremia. In this review, we introduce the current knowledge and our latest findings relating to H. cinaedi.
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Promotion of atherosclerosis by Helicobacter cinaedi infection that involves macrophage-driven proinflammatory responses. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4680. [PMID: 24732347 PMCID: PMC3986732 DOI: 10.1038/srep04680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter cinaedi is the most common enterohepatic Helicobacter species that causes bacteremia in humans, but its pathogenicity is unclear. Here, we investigated the possible association of H. cinaedi with atherosclerosis in vivo and in vitro. We found that H. cinaedi infection significantly enhanced atherosclerosis in hyperlipidaemic mice. Aortic root lesions in infected mice showed increased accumulation of neutrophils and F4/80+ foam cells, which was due, at least partly, to bacteria-mediated increased expression of proinflammatory genes. Although infection was asymptomatic, detection of cytolethal distending toxin RNA of H. cinaedi indicated aorta infection. H. cinaedi infection altered expression of cholesterol receptors and transporters in cultured macrophages and caused foam cell formation. Also, infection induced differentiation of THP-1 monocytes. These data provide the first evidence of a pathogenic role of H. cinaedi in atherosclerosis in experimental models, thereby justifying additional investigations of the possible role of enterohepatic Helicobacter spp. in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
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Meštrović T, Ljubin-Sternak S, Sviben M. Potential role of enterohepatic Helicobacter species as a facilitating factor in the development of Chlamydia trachomatis proctitis. Med Hypotheses 2013; 81:481-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Tomida J, Oumi A, Okamoto T, Morita Y, Okayama A, Misawa N, Hayashi T, Akaike T, Kawamura Y. Comparative evaluation of agar dilution and broth microdilution methods for antibiotic susceptibility testing ofHelicobacter cinaedi. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 57:353-8. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junko Tomida
- Department of Microbiology; School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University; 1-100 Kusumoto-cho; Nagoya; 464-8650
| | - Ayako Oumi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory; Social Insurance Chuo General Hospital; 3-22-1 Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku; Tokyo; 169-073
| | - Tatsuya Okamoto
- Department of Microbiology; Graduate school of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University; 1-1-1 Honjo; Kumamoto; 860-8556
| | - Yuji Morita
- Department of Microbiology; School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University; 1-100 Kusumoto-cho; Nagoya; 464-8650
| | - Akihiko Okayama
- Department of Rheumatology; Infectious Diseases and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki; 5200 Kiyotake; Miyazaki; 889-1692
| | - Naoaki Misawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Science; Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki; 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi; Miyazaki; 889-2192
| | - Tetsuya Hayashi
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases; Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki; 5200 Kiyotake; Miyazaki; 889-1692; Japan
| | - Takaaki Akaike
- Department of Microbiology; Graduate school of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University; 1-1-1 Honjo; Kumamoto; 860-8556
| | - Yoshiaki Kawamura
- Department of Microbiology; School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University; 1-100 Kusumoto-cho; Nagoya; 464-8650
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Fabres-Klein MH, Klein RC, De Paula SO, Ribon AOB. Immunorelevant proteins for the diagnosis of bovine staphylococcal mastitis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 29:1155-60. [PMID: 23386318 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of bovine mastitis, a condition in which the udder of the cow is inflamed, reducing the quality and quantity of milk produced. Staphylococcal mastitis is a common infection that can develop into a chronic form. The segregation of infected animals is an important preventive practice but relies on an effective diagnostic method. For this purpose, we constructed a genomic library of S. aureus, and a screening step was conducted with antiserum produced using the total protein extract of the pathogen. The nucleotide sequences of the immunoselected clones were aligned with the genome of bovine S. aureus RF122, which enabled the identification of 65 different loci, including proteins related to metabolism, adhesion and cell wall production, toxins, regulatory proteins, and hypothetical proteins. The subcellular location of the immunoreactive polypeptides was also determined. Fifty-two percent were cytoplasmic, 34 % were located in areas exposed to the host's immune system, and for 14 %, the location could not be determined. In silico analysis of the presence of these proteins in mastitis pathogens showed that Fib, ClfA, and the hypothetical protein SAB0166 were the only proteins specific for S. aureus. Therefore, these proteins are promising candidates for the serodiagnosis of staphylococcal mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Fabres-Klein
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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Identification of and screening for human Helicobacter cinaedi infections and carriers via nested PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:3893-900. [PMID: 23015666 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01622-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter cinaedi is the most frequently reported enterohepatic Helicobacter species isolated from humans. Earlier research suggested that certain patients with H. cinaedi infection may remain undiagnosed or incorrectly diagnosed because of difficulties in detecting the bacteria by conventional culture methods. Here, we report a nested PCR assay that rapidly detects the cytolethal distending toxin gene (cdt) of H. cinaedi with high specificity and sensitivity. Specificity of the assay was validated by using different species of Helicobacter and Campylobacter, as well as known H. cinaedi-positive and -negative samples. The sensitivity of detection for the cdt gene in the assay was 10(2) CFU/ml urine or 10(2) CFU/10(5) infected RAW 264.7 cells. In an H. cinaedi-infected mouse model, the cdt gene of H. cinaedi was effectively detected via the assay with urine (6/7), stool (2/3), and blood (2/6) samples. Importantly, it detected H. cinaedi in blood, urine, and stool samples from one patient with a suspected H. cinaedi infection and three patients with known infections. The assay was further used clinically to follow up two H. cinaedi-infected patients after antibiotic treatment. Stool samples from these two patients evaluated by nested PCR after antibiotic therapy showed clearance of bacterial DNA. Finally, analysis of stool specimens from healthy volunteers showed occasional positive reactions (4/30) to H. cinaedi DNA, which suggests intestinal colonization by H. cinaedi in healthy subjects. In conclusion, this nested PCR assay may be useful for the rapid diagnosis, antimicrobial treatment evaluation, and epidemiological study of H. cinaedi infection.
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Complete genome sequence of Helicobacter cinaedi strain PAGU611, isolated in a case of human bacteremia. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:3744-5. [PMID: 22740670 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00645-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the complete genome sequence of Helicobacter cinaedi strain PAGU611, isolated in a case of human bacteremia. The PAGU611 genome comprises a 2,078,348-bp chromosome and a 23,054-bp plasmid. The chromosome contains a unique genomic island, encoding a type VI secretion system and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) loci.
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Khan S, Okamoto T, Enomoto K, Sakashita N, Oyama K, Fujii S, Sawa T, Takeya M, Ogawa H, Yamabe H, Akaike T. Potential association of Helicobacter cinaedi with atrial arrhythmias and atherosclerosis. Microbiol Immunol 2012; 56:145-54. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2012.00421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Minauchi K, Takahashi S, Sakai T, Kondo M, Shibayama K, Arakawa Y, Mukai M. The nosocomial transmission of Helicobacter cinaedi infections in immunocompromised patients. Intern Med 2010; 49:1733-9. [PMID: 20720350 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.49.3649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We encountered 15 cases of Helicobacter cinaedi (H. cinaedi) infection between March and July 2008. PATIENT, METHOD, AND RESULT The underlying diseases were hematological malignancies in a majority of cases, many of which received chemotherapy. All patients had a fever. The fever was followed by cellulitis in three, a skin rash in six, pain in the lower limbs in three, and diarrhea in three cases. We analyzed the bacterial 23S rRNA genes. The fifteen strains were divided according to base sequence into Groups A, B, and C, respectively. All four cases in Group A were women and all ten in Group C were men, indicating that the gender of the patient corresponded precisely to the genotypes of the separated bacilli in these two groups. These findings also suggested the strong possibility of nosocomial spread. CONCLUSION It is highly likely that H. cinaedi infections have been overlooked due to the difficulties encountered in culturing the bacterium. The possibility of septicemia caused by H. cinaedi should be suspected especially in immunocompromised patients such as those undergoing chemotherapy, with symptoms such as fever, rash, arthritis, cellulitis, leg pain, and other systemic or local symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Minauchi
- Division of Rheumatology and Hematology, Department of Medicine, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.
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Wadström T, Hau J, Nilsson I, Ljungh A. Immunoblot analysis as an alternative method to diagnose enterohepatic Helicobacter infections. Helicobacter 2009; 14:172-6. [PMID: 19702846 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2009.00676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Enterohepatic Helicobacter species have been associated with chronic infections of the hepatobiliary tract and lower bowel in naturally and experimentally infected mice, Helicobacter-infected animals should thus not be used in studies of diseases associated with chronic inflammation. Helicobacter species induce inflammation and modulate host immune responses, thus emphasizing the need to diagnose these infections in laboratory animals. MATERIALS AND METHODS An immunoblot assay was developed to analyze antibodies to enterohepatic Helicobacter species in naturally colonized laboratory mouse colonies. We evaluated the serum antibody responses to cell surface proteins of H. bilis, H. hepaticus, and H. ganmani in 188 mouse sera from four different university animal facilities. Lower bowel tissue specimens from 56 of these animals were available and analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and the results compared with matched immunoblot patterns. RESULTS Specific antibody reactivity to H. bilis was detected in 8 of 186 (4.3%) sera, to H. hepaticus in 45 of 184 (24%) sera, and to H. ganmani in 51 of 188 (27%) of tested sera. These results were compared with PCR-DGGE analyses of tissue samples of corresponding animals, and concordance between the two diagnostic tests was found in 96% for H. bilis, in 91% for H. hepaticus, and in 82% for H. ganmani. The PCR-DGGE also detected DNA of H. typhlonius, H. sp. flexispira, and H. rodentium. CONCLUSIONS Infection with enterohepatic species was common in the laboratory mouse colonies tested, independent of strain and stock. Immunoblot analysis seems to be a promising diagnostic tool to monitor enterohepatic Helicobacter species infections of laboratory rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torkel Wadström
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
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