1
|
Ali Dahhas M, Alsenaidy MA. Role of site-directed mutagenesis and adjuvants in the stability and potency of anthrax protective antigen. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:595-604. [PMID: 35693445 PMCID: PMC9177452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax is a zoonotic infection caused by the gram-positive, aerobic, spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Depending on the origin of the infection, serious health problems or mortality is possible. The virulence of B. anthracis is reliant on three pathogenic factors, which are secreted upon infection: protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF), and edema factor (EF). Systemic illness results from LF and EF entering cells through the formation of a complex with the heptameric form of PA, bound to the membrane of infected cells through its receptor. The currently available anthrax vaccines have multiple drawbacks, and recombinant PA is considered a promising second-generation vaccine candidate. However, the inherent chemical instability of PA through Asn deamidation at multiple sites prevents its use after long-term storage owing to loss of potency. Moreover, there is a distinct possibility of B. anthracis being used as a bioweapon; thus, the developed vaccine should remain efficacious and stable over the long-term. Second-generation anthrax vaccines with appropriate adjuvant formulations for enhanced immunogenicity and safety are desired. In this article, using protein engineering approaches, we have reviewed the stabilization of anthrax vaccine candidates that are currently licensed or under preclinical and clinical trials. We have also proposed a formulation to enhance recombinant PA vaccine potency via adjuvant formulation.
Collapse
|
2
|
Fan P, Chi X, Liu G, Zhang G, Chen Z, Liu Y, Fang T, Li J, Banadyga L, He S, Yu C, Qiu X, Chen W. Potent neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against Ebola virus isolated from vaccinated donors. MAbs 2021; 12:1742457. [PMID: 32213108 PMCID: PMC7153831 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1742457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) can cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans, and no approved treatment is currently available. Although several antibodies have achieved good protection in animal models, the potential emerging isolates of ebolavirus and the unknown effects of experimental antibodies in humans underscore the need to develop additional antibodies to address the threat of Ebola. Here, we isolated a series of memory B cell-derived monoclonal antibodies from healthy Chinese adults vaccinated with Ad5-EBOV. These antibodies were encoded by diverse germline genes and had high levels of somatic hypermutation. Most antibodies were cross-reactive and could bind at least two ebolavirus glycoproteins (GPs). Seven neutralizing antibodies were identified using HIV-EBOV GP-Luc pseudovirus, and they effectively neutralized authentic EBOV. In particular, monoclonal antibody 2G1 exhibited potent cross-neutralization against HIV-EBOV/SUDV/BDBV GP-Luc bearing different ebolavirus GPs. We used truncated GPs, competition assays, and software prediction to analyze seven neutralizing antibodies, which bound four different epitopes on GP. Importantly, three of these antibodies provided complete protection in mice when administered one day post-infection. Our study expands the list of candidate antibodies and the options for successfully treating ebolavirus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Fan
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyang Chi
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Guodong Liu
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Guanying Zhang
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengshan Chen
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Yujiao Liu
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Fang
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Jianmin Li
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Logan Banadyga
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Shihua He
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Changming Yu
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangguo Qiu
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Wei Chen
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang G, Yu R, Chi X, Chen Z, Hao M, Du P, Fan P, Liu Y, Dong Y, Fang T, Chen Y, Song X, Liu S, Li J, Yu C, Chen W. Tetanus vaccine-induced human neutralizing antibodies provide full protection against neurotoxin challenge in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 91:107297. [PMID: 33360088 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium tetani causes life-threatening disease by producing tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT), one of the most toxic protein substances. Toxicosis can be prevented and cured by administration of anti-TeNT neutralizing antibodies. Here, we identified a series of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) derived from memory B cells of a healthy adult immunized with the C-terminal domain of TeNT (TeNT-Hc). Thirteen mAbs bound to both tetanus toxoid (TT) and TeNT-Hc, while two mAbs recognized only TT. VH3-23 was the most frequently used germline gene in these TT-binding mAbs, and the pairwise identity values of the VH gene sequences ranged from 27% to 69%. Three of these mAbs-T3, T7, and T9-6-completely protected mice from challenge with 2× LD50 of TeNT, and two (T2 and T18) significantly prolonged the survival time. The five neutralizing mAbs recognized distinct epitopes on TT, with binding affinities ranging from 0.123 to 11.9 nM. Our study provides promising therapeutic candidates for tetanus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanying Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Rui Yu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiangyang Chi
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zhengshan Chen
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Meng Hao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Peng Du
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Pengfei Fan
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yujiao Liu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yunzhu Dong
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Ting Fang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiaohong Song
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Shuling Liu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jianmin Li
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Changming Yu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lu RM, Hwang YC, Liu IJ, Lee CC, Tsai HZ, Li HJ, Wu HC. Development of therapeutic antibodies for the treatment of diseases. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:1. [PMID: 31894001 PMCID: PMC6939334 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0592-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1020] [Impact Index Per Article: 255.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been more than three decades since the first monoclonal antibody was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) in 1986, and during this time, antibody engineering has dramatically evolved. Current antibody drugs have increasingly fewer adverse effects due to their high specificity. As a result, therapeutic antibodies have become the predominant class of new drugs developed in recent years. Over the past five years, antibodies have become the best-selling drugs in the pharmaceutical market, and in 2018, eight of the top ten bestselling drugs worldwide were biologics. The global therapeutic monoclonal antibody market was valued at approximately US$115.2 billion in 2018 and is expected to generate revenue of $150 billion by the end of 2019 and $300 billion by 2025. Thus, the market for therapeutic antibody drugs has experienced explosive growth as new drugs have been approved for treating various human diseases, including many cancers, autoimmune, metabolic and infectious diseases. As of December 2019, 79 therapeutic mAbs have been approved by the US FDA, but there is still significant growth potential. This review summarizes the latest market trends and outlines the preeminent antibody engineering technologies used in the development of therapeutic antibody drugs, such as humanization of monoclonal antibodies, phage display, the human antibody mouse, single B cell antibody technology, and affinity maturation. Finally, future applications and perspectives are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruei-Min Lu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chyi Hwang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - I-Ju Liu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chiu Lee
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Han-Zen Tsai
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Jung Li
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chung Wu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan. .,, 128 Academia Rd., Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shah HB, Smith K, Wren JD, Webb CF, Ballard JD, Bourn RL, James JA, Lang ML. Insights From Analysis of Human Antigen-Specific Memory B Cell Repertoires. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3064. [PMID: 30697210 PMCID: PMC6340933 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells that are generated during an infection or following vaccination act as sentinels to guard against future infections. Upon repeat antigen exposure memory B cells differentiate into new antibody-secreting plasma cells to provide rapid and sustained protection. Some pathogens evade or suppress the humoral immune system, or induce memory B cells with a diminished ability to differentiate into new plasma cells. This leaves the host vulnerable to chronic or recurrent infections. Single cell approaches coupled with next generation antibody gene sequencing facilitate a detailed analysis of the pathogen-specific memory B cell repertoire. Monoclonal antibodies that are generated from antibody gene sequences allow a functional analysis of the repertoire. This review discusses what has been learned thus far from analysis of diverse pathogen-specific memory B cell compartments and describes major differences in their repertoires. Such information may illuminate ways to advance the goal of improving vaccine and therapeutic antibody design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hemangi B Shah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Jonathan D Wren
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Carol F Webb
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Cell Biology and Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Jimmy D Ballard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Rebecka L Bourn
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Judith A James
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Department of Medicine and Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Mark L Lang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ahn BE, Bae HW, Lee HR, Woo SJ, Park OK, Jeon JH, Park J, Rhie GE. A therapeutic human antibody against the domain 4 of the Bacillus anthracis protective antigen shows protective efficacy in a mouse model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 509:611-616. [PMID: 30606479 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.12.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Since Bacillus anthracis is a high-risk pathogen and a potential tool for bioterrorism, numerous therapeutic methods including passive immunization have been actively developed. Using a human monoclonal antibody phage display library, we screened new therapeutic antibodies for anthrax infection against protective antigen (PA) of B. anthracis. Among 5 selected clones of antibodies based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results, 7B1 showed neutralizing activity to anthrax lethal toxin (LT) by inhibiting binding of the domain 4 of PA (PD4) to its cellular receptors. Through light chain shuffling process, we improved the productivity of 7B1 up to 25 folds. The light chain shuffled 7B1 antibody showed protective activity against LT both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the antibody also conferred protection of mice from 3 × LD50 challenges of fully virulent anthrax spores. Our result expands the possibility of developing a new therapeutic antibody for anthrax cure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Eun Ahn
- Division of High-risk Pathogens, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, 28159, South Korea
| | - Hee-Won Bae
- Division of High-risk Pathogens, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, 28159, South Korea
| | - Hae-Ri Lee
- Division of High-risk Pathogens, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, 28159, South Korea
| | - Sun-Je Woo
- Division of High-risk Pathogens, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, 28159, South Korea
| | - Ok-Kyu Park
- Division of High-risk Pathogens, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, 28159, South Korea
| | - Jun Ho Jeon
- Division of High-risk Pathogens, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, 28159, South Korea
| | - Jungchan Park
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, 17035, South Korea
| | - Gi-Eun Rhie
- Division of High-risk Pathogens, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, 28159, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Petersen RL. Strategies Using Bio-Layer Interferometry Biosensor Technology for Vaccine Research and Development. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2017; 7:bios7040049. [PMID: 29088096 PMCID: PMC5746772 DOI: 10.3390/bios7040049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bio-layer interferometry (BLI) real-time, label-free technology has greatly contributed to advances in vaccine research and development. BLI Octet platforms offer high-throughput, ease of use, reliability, and high precision analysis when compared with common labeling techniques. Many different strategies have been used to immobilize the pathogen or host molecules on BLI biosensors for real-time kinetics and affinity analysis, quantification, or high-throughput titer. These strategies can be used in multiple applications and shed light onto the structural and functional aspects molecules play during pathogen-host interactions. They also provide crucial information on how to achieve protection. This review summarizes some key BLI strategies used in human vaccine research and development.
Collapse
|
8
|
Quantitative Determination of Lethal Toxin Proteins in Culture Supernatant of Human Live Anthrax Vaccine Bacillus anthracis A16R. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8030056. [PMID: 26927174 PMCID: PMC4810201 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis) is the etiological agent of anthrax affecting both humans and animals. Anthrax toxin (AT) plays a major role in pathogenesis. It includes lethal toxin (LT) and edema toxin (ET), which are formed by the combination of protective antigen (PA) and lethal factor (LF) or edema factor (EF), respectively. The currently used human anthrax vaccine in China utilizes live-attenuated B. anthracis spores (A16R; pXO1+, pXO2−) that produce anthrax toxin but cannot produce the capsule. Anthrax toxins, especially LT, have key effects on both the immunogenicity and toxicity of human anthrax vaccines. Thus, determining quantities and biological activities of LT proteins expressed by the A16R strain is meaningful. Here, we explored LT expression patterns of the A16R strain in culture conditions using another vaccine strain Sterne as a control. We developed a sandwich ELISA and cytotoxicity-based method for quantitative detection of PA and LF. Expression and degradation of LT proteins were observed in culture supernatants over time. Additionally, LT proteins expressed by the A16R and Sterne strains were found to be monomeric and showed cytotoxic activity, which may be the main reason for side effects of live anthrax vaccines. Our work facilitates the characterization of anthrax vaccines components and establishment of a quality control standard for vaccine production which may ultimately help to ensure the efficacy and safety of the human anthrax vaccine A16R.
Collapse
|
9
|
McComb RC, Martchenko M. Neutralizing antibody and functional mapping of Bacillus anthracis protective antigen-The first step toward a rationally designed anthrax vaccine. Vaccine 2015; 34:13-9. [PMID: 26611201 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Anthrax is defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as a Category A pathogen for its potential use as a bioweapon. Current prevention treatments include Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA). AVA is an undefined formulation of Bacillus anthracis culture supernatant adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide. It has an onerous vaccination schedule, is slow and cumbersome to produce and is slightly reactogenic. Next-generation vaccines are focused on producing recombinant forms of anthrax toxin in a well-defined formulation but these vaccines have been shown to lose potency as they are stored. In addition, studies have shown that a proportion of the antibody response against these vaccines is focused on non-functional, non-neutralizing regions of the anthrax toxin while some essential functional regions are shielded from eliciting an antibody response. Rational vaccinology is a developing field that focuses on designing vaccine antigens based on structural information provided by neutralizing antibody epitope mapping, crystal structure analysis, and functional mapping through amino acid mutations. This information provides an opportunity to design antigens that target only functionally important and conserved regions of a pathogen in order to make a more optimal vaccine product. This review provides an overview of the literature related to functional and neutralizing antibody epitope mapping of the Protective Antigen (PA) component of anthrax toxin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C McComb
- Keck Graduate Institute, School of Applied Life Science, 535 Watson Dr., Claremont, CA, United States
| | - Mikhail Martchenko
- Keck Graduate Institute, School of Applied Life Science, 535 Watson Dr., Claremont, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|