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Arita M. An efficient trans complementation system for in vivo replication of defective poliovirus mutants. J Virol 2024:e0052324. [PMID: 38837378 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00523-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The picornavirus genome encodes a large, single polyprotein that is processed by viral proteases to form an active replication complex. The replication complex is formed with the viral genome, host proteins, and viral proteins that are produced/translated directly from each of the viral genomes (viral proteins provided in cis). Efficient complementation in vivo of replication complex formation by viral proteins provided in trans, thus exogenous or ectopically expressed viral proteins, remains to be demonstrated. Here, we report an efficient trans complementation system for the replication of defective poliovirus (PV) mutants by a viral polyprotein precursor in HEK293 cells. Viral 3AB in the polyprotein, but not 2BC, was processed exclusively in cis. Replication of a defective PV replicon mutant, with a disrupted cleavage site for viral 3Cpro protease between 3Cpro and 3Dpol (3C/D[A/G] mutant) could be rescued by a viral polyprotein provided in trans. Only a defect of 3Dpol activity of the replicon could be rescued in trans; inactivating mutations in 2CATPase/hel, 3B, and 3Cpro of the replicon completely abrogated the trans-rescued replication. An intact N-terminus of the 3Cpro domain of the 3CDpro provided in trans was essential for the trans-active function. By using this trans complementation system, a high-titer defective PV pseudovirus (PVpv) (>107 infectious units per mL) could be produced with the defective mutants, whose replication was completely dependent on trans complementation. This work reveals potential roles of exogenous viral proteins in PV replication and offers insights into protein/protein interaction during picornavirus infection. IMPORTANCE Viral polyprotein processing is an elaborately controlled step by viral proteases encoded in the polyprotein; fully processed proteins and processing intermediates need to be correctly produced for replication, which can be detrimentally affected even by a small modification of the polyprotein. Purified/isolated viral proteins can retain their enzymatic activities required for viral replication, such as protease, helicase, polymerase, etc. However, when these proteins of picornavirus are exogenously provided (provided in trans) to the viral replication complex with a defective viral genome, replication is generally not rescued/complemented, suggesting the importance of viral proteins endogenously provided (provided in cis) to the replication complex. In this study, I discovered that only the viral polymerase activity of poliovirus (PV) (the typical member of picornavirus family) could be efficiently rescued by exogenously expressed viral proteins. The current study reveals potential roles for exogenous viral proteins in viral replication and offers insights into interactions during picornavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Erdem R, De Coster I, Withanage K, Mercer LD, Marchant A, Taton M, Cools N, Lion E, Cassels F, Higgins D, Ivinson K, Locke E, Mahmood K, Wright PF, Gast C, White JA, Ackerman ME, Konopka-Anstadt JL, Mainou BA, Van Damme P. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of inactivated poliovirus vaccine with or without E.coli double mutant heat-labile toxin (dmLT) adjuvant in healthy adults; a phase 1 randomized study. Vaccine 2023; 41:1657-1667. [PMID: 36746739 PMCID: PMC9996288 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inactivated trivalent poliovirus vaccine (IPV) induces humoral immunity, which protects against paralytic poliomyelitis but does not induce sufficient mucosal immunity to block intestinal infection. We assessed the intestinal immunity in healthy adults in Belgium conferred by a co-formulation of IPV with the mucosal adjuvant double mutant Labile Toxin (dmLT) derived from Escherichia coli. METHODS Healthy fully IPV-vaccinated 18-45-year-olds were randomly allocated to three groups: on Day 1 two groups received one full dose of IPV (n = 30) or IPV + dmLT (n = 30) in a blinded manner, and the third received an open-label dose of bivalent live oral polio vaccine (bOPV types 1 and 3, n = 20). All groups received a challenge dose of bOPV on Day 29. Participants reported solicited and unsolicited adverse events (AE) using study diaries. Mucosal immune responses were measured by fecal neutralization and IgA on Days 29 and 43, with fecal shedding of challenge viruses measured for 28 days. Humoral responses were measured by serum neutralizing antibody (NAb). RESULTS Solicited and unsolicited AEs were mainly mild-to-moderate and transient in all groups, with no meaningful differences in rates between groups. Fecal shedding of challenge viruses in both IPV groups exceeded that of the bOPV group but was not different between IPV and IPV + dmLT groups. High serum NAb responses were observed in both IPV groups, alongside modest levels of fecal neutralization and IgA. CONCLUSIONS Addition of dmLT to IPV administered intramuscularly neither affected humoral nor intestinal immunity nor decreased fecal virus shedding following bOPV challenge. The tolerability of the dose of dmLT used in this study may allow higher doses to be investigated for impact on mucosal immunity. Registered on ClinicalTrials.gov - NCT04232943.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahsan Erdem
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ilse De Coster
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium.
| | - Kanchanamala Withanage
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Laina D Mercer
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martin Taton
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Cools
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Eva Lion
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Fred Cassels
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Deborah Higgins
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karen Ivinson
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emily Locke
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kutub Mahmood
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Chris Gast
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jessica A White
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Bernardo A Mainou
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pierre Van Damme
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
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3
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High-throughput analysis of anti-poliovirus neutralization antibody titre in human serum by the pseudovirus neutralization test. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16074. [PMID: 36167892 PMCID: PMC9514167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20544-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To monitor vulnerability of countries to poliovirus (PV) outbreaks, serosurveillance of anti-PV neutralization antibody is conducted by conventional PV neutralization test (cPNT), which uses live PV strains. We previously developed a pseudovirus PV neutralization test (pPNT) as an alternative to cPNT, which uses PV pseudovirus that expresses luciferase as a reporter in the infection without producing infectious PV. In the present study, we established a high-throughput pPNT (HTpPNT) for a large-scale serosurveillance. The HTpPNT system was evaluated with 600 human serum samples obtained from a broad range of age groups of healthy volunteers (ages of 0–89 years). HTpPNT showed high correlation with cPNT (R2 for anti-type 1, 2, and 3 PV neutralization antibody titres are 0.90, 0.84, and 0.90, respectively). By using HTpPNT, we analyzed relative neutralizing antibody titre of the sera against a type 1 PV wild-type strain (Mahoney strain) to that against the type 1 Sabin strain. As a result, a correlation between the age (≥ 60 years) and the relative neutralizing antibody titre was observed (n = 15–16, P = 0.0000023–0.041), while the types of PV vaccine (i.e., oral PV vaccine and Sabin strain-based IPV) had no effect. HTpPNT would serve as a useful alternative to cPNT in a large-scale serosurveillance.
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Liu S, Lu W, Ma S, Guo H, Zhang Z, Li X. Comparison of the neutralizing activities of antibodies in clinical sera against both Sabin and wild-type polio pseudoviruses. J Virol Methods 2021; 300:114376. [PMID: 34826519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cost-effectiveness of the Sabin inactivated poliovirus vaccine derived from the Sabin strains (S-IPV) and its reduced biosecurity risks during its manufacture make it the vaccine of choice over the IPVs derived from wild-type polioviruses. However, it is difficult to evaluate whether S-IPVs can achieve wild-type poliovirus containment in China, making its development there less attractive. To facilitate the development and adoption of S-IPVs in China, the aim of this study was to develop an alternative neutralizing assay using either a polio pseudovirus derived from a Sabin strain (S-pNA) or one derived from a wild-type strain (w-pNA) to replace the conventional neutralizing assay which uses live polioviruses. A total of 100 sera were collected from children immunized with an oral poliovirus vaccine and their antibody titers were assessed by both the S-pNA and w-pNA. The results showed that this method was feasible for the quantification of neutralizing antibody activities in the sera of the vaccinated individuals. The Wilcoxon signed-rank sum test indicated that the neutralizing antibody titers obtained against the Sabin strains were higher than those obtained with the wild-type strains for types 1 and 3, while for type 2, the titers against the wild-type strains were higher than those against the Sabin strains (p < 0.001 for all three types). It is hoped that this assay could be used to assess whether immune sera by the S-IPV possess adequate neutralizing capacity against both attenuated and wild-type poliovirus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Liu
- National Vaccine & Serum Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Lu
- National Vaccine & Serum Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhua Ma
- National Vaccine & Serum Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Huijie Guo
- National Vaccine & Serum Institute, Beijing, China
| | | | - Xiuling Li
- National Vaccine & Serum Institute, Beijing, China; Shanghai Institute of Biological Products Co. LTD, China.
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Bandyopadhyay AS, Gast C, Brickley EB, Rüttimann R, Clemens R, Oberste MS, Weldon WC, Ackerman ME, Connor RI, Wieland-Alter WF, Wright P, Usonis V. A Randomized Phase 4 Study of Immunogenicity and Safety After Monovalent Oral Type 2 Sabin Poliovirus Vaccine Challenge in Children Vaccinated with Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine in Lithuania. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:119-127. [PMID: 32621741 PMCID: PMC7781454 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding immunogenicity and safety of monovalent type 2 oral poliovirus vaccine (mOPV2) in inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV)–immunized children is of major importance in informing global policy to control circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus outbreaks. Methods In this open-label, phase 4 study (NCT02582255) in 100 IPV-vaccinated Lithuanian 1–5-year-olds, we measured humoral and intestinal type 2 polio neutralizing antibodies before and 28 days after 1 or 2 mOPV2 doses given 28 days apart and measured stool viral shedding after each dose. Parents recorded solicited adverse events (AEs) for 7 days after each dose and unsolicited AEs for 6 weeks after vaccination. Results After 1 mOPV2 challenge, the type 2 seroprotection rate increased from 98% to 100%. Approximately 28 days after mOPV2 challenge 34 of 68 children (50%; 95% confidence interval, 38%–62%) were shedding virus; 9 of 37 (24%; 12%–41%) were shedding 28 days after a second challenge. Before challenge, type 2 intestinal immunity was undetectable in IPV-primed children, but 28 of 87 (32%) had intestinal neutralizing titers ≥32 after 1 mOPV2 dose. No vaccine-related serious or severe AEs were reported. Conclusions High viral excretion after mOPV2 among exclusively IPV-vaccinated children was substantially lower after a subsequent dose, indicating induction of intestinal immunity against type 2 poliovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chris Gast
- Biostatistical Consulting, Washington, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Brickley
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo Rüttimann
- Fighting Infectious Diseases in Emerging Countries, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ralf Clemens
- Global Research in Infectious Diseases, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M Steven Oberste
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - William C Weldon
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Ruth I Connor
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Wendy F Wieland-Alter
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Peter Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Vytautas Usonis
- Clinic of Children's Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Lithuania
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Zeng W, Wang Y, Hu H, Wang Q, Bergmann SM, Wang Y, Li B, Lv Y, Li H, Yin J, Li Y. Cell Culture-Derived Tilapia Lake Virus-Inactivated Vaccine Containing Montanide Adjuvant Provides High Protection against Viral Challenge for Tilapia. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020086. [PMID: 33503930 PMCID: PMC7911875 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is a newly emerging pathogen responsible for high mortality and economic losses in the global tilapia industry. Currently, no antiviral therapy or vaccines are available for the control of this disease. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the immunological effects and protective efficacy of formaldehyde- and β-propiolactone-inactivated vaccines against TiLV in the presence and absence of the Montanide IMS 1312 VG adjuvant in tilapia. We found that β-propiolactone inactivation of viral particles generated a vaccine with a higher protection efficacy against virus challenge than did formaldehyde. The relative percent survivals of vaccinated fish at doses of 108, 107, and 106 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50)/mL were 42.9%, 28.5%, and 14.3% in the absence of the adjuvant and 85.7%, 64.3%, and 32.1% in its presence, respectively. The vaccine generated specific IgM and neutralizing antibodies against TiLV at 3 weeks following immunization that were significantly increased after a second booster immunization. The steady state mRNA levels of the genes tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interferon γ (IFN-γ), cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4), major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-Ia, and MHC-II were all increased and indicated successful immune stimulation against TiLV. The vaccine also significantly lowered the viral loads and resulted in significant increases in survival, indicating that the vaccine may also inhibit viral proliferation as well as stimulate a protective antibody response. The β-propiolactone-inactivated TiLV vaccine coupled with the adjuvant Montanide IMS 1312 VG and booster immunizations can provide a high level of protection from virus challenge in tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (H.L.); (J.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510380, China; (Y.W.); (H.H.); (Y.W.); (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (Q.W.)
| | - Yingying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510380, China; (Y.W.); (H.H.); (Y.W.); (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Huzi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510380, China; (Y.W.); (H.H.); (Y.W.); (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510380, China; (Y.W.); (H.H.); (Y.W.); (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (Q.W.)
| | - Sven M. Bergmann
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, 17493 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Yahui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510380, China; (Y.W.); (H.H.); (Y.W.); (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510380, China; (Y.W.); (H.H.); (Y.W.); (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yuefeng Lv
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510380, China; (Y.W.); (H.H.); (Y.W.); (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Hua Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (H.L.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jiyuan Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (H.L.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yingying Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510380, China; (Y.W.); (H.H.); (Y.W.); (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
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Brickley EB, Connor RI, Wieland-Alter W, Weiner JA, Ackerman ME, Arita M, Gast C, De Coster I, Van Damme P, Bandyopadhyay AS, Wright PF. Intestinal antibody responses to two novel live attenuated type 2 oral poliovirus vaccines in healthy adults in Belgium. J Infect Dis 2020; 226:287-291. [PMID: 33367918 PMCID: PMC9400418 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In a blinded phase 1 trial (EudraCT 2017-0000908-21; NCT03430349) in Belgium, healthy adults (aged 18–50 years) previously immunized exclusively with inactivated poliovirus vaccine were administered a single dose of 1 of 2 novel type 2 oral poliovirus vaccines (nOPV2-c1: S2/cre5/S15domV/rec1/hifi3 (n = 15); nOPV2-c2: S2/S15domV/CpG40 (n = 15)) and isolated for 28 days in a purpose-built containment facility. Using stool samples collected near days 0, 14, 21, and 28, we evaluated intestinal neutralization and immunoglobulin A responses to the nOPV2s and found that nOPV2-c1 and nOPV2-c2 induced detectable poliovirus type 2–specific intestinal neutralizing responses in 40.0% and 46.7% of participants, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Brickley
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth I Connor
- Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Wendy Wieland-Alter
- Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chris Gast
- PATH, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ilse De Coster
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Damme
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Peter F Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
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Tan SK, Granados AC, Bouquet J, Hoy-Schulz YE, Green L, Federman S, Stryke D, Haggerty TD, Ley C, Yeh MT, Jannat K, Maldonado YA, Andino R, Parsonnet J, Chiu CY. Metagenomic sequencing of stool samples in Bangladeshi infants: virome association with poliovirus shedding after oral poliovirus vaccination. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15392. [PMID: 32958861 PMCID: PMC7506025 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71791-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential role of enteric viral infections and the developing infant virome in affecting immune responses to the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) is unknown. Here we performed viral metagenomic sequencing on 3 serially collected stool samples from 30 Bangladeshi infants following OPV vaccination and compared findings to stool samples from 16 age-matched infants in the United States (US). In 14 Bangladeshi infants, available post-vaccination serum samples were tested for polio-neutralizing antibodies. The abundance (p = 0.006) and richness (p = 0.013) of the eukaryotic virome increased with age and were higher than seen in age-matched US infants (p < 0.001). In contrast, phage diversity metrics remained stable and were similar to those in US infants. Non-poliovirus eukaryotic virus abundance (3.68 log10 vs. 2.25 log10, p = 0.002), particularly from potential viral pathogens (2.78log10 vs. 0.83log10, p = 0.002), and richness (p = 0.016) were inversely associated with poliovirus shedding. Following vaccination, 28.6% of 14 infants tested developed neutralizing antibodies to all three Sabin types and also exhibited higher rates of poliovirus shedding (p = 0.020). No vaccine-derived poliovirus variants were detected. These results reveal an inverse association between eukaryotic virome abundance and poliovirus shedding. Overall gut virome ecology and concurrent viral infections may impact oral vaccine responsiveness in Bangladeshi infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna K Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrea C Granados
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jerome Bouquet
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yana Emmy Hoy-Schulz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lauri Green
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Scot Federman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Doug Stryke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas D Haggerty
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Catherine Ley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ming-Te Yeh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kaniz Jannat
- Environmental Intervention Unit, Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Yvonne A Maldonado
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julie Parsonnet
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Charles Y Chiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, 185 Berry Street, Box #0134, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA.
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den Hartog G, van Binnendijk R, Buisman AM, Berbers GAM, van der Klis FRM. Immune surveillance for vaccine-preventable diseases. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:327-339. [PMID: 32223469 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1745071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunesurveillance is an important tool to monitor the protection of the population against vaccine-preventable diseases, which is currently mostly based on the detection of specific serum antibodies. However, the landscape of immune surveillance is changing, driven by emerging and evolving pathogens, changes in the age distribution of the population and scientific understanding of protective immunity, necessitating a comprehensive review. AREAS COVERED To anticipate these changes, reliable and high-throughput detection of antibody levels is desired to enable screening in larger population settings. Antibody levels alone do not always equate with protection and may require additional functional testing of the antibodies or immune cell-based assays. In addition, the location (systemic or locally mucosal) of the infection and whether the antibodies are induced through infection or vaccination have implications for both immune protection and assessing immune status. EXPERT COMMENTARY In order to perform multicenter studies on many samples for multiple antigens, more validated reference materials and wider adoption of high-throughput techniques are needed. The field of serosurveillance will also benefit from better correlates of protection and understanding of (local) mechanisms of protection. Here we give an overview of the current state-of-the-art of serosurveillance and how the field could move forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerco den Hartog
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rob van Binnendijk
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Buisman
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Guy A M Berbers
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Fiona R M van der Klis
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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10
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Brickley EB, Wieland-Alter W, Connor RI, Ackerman ME, Boesch AW, Arita M, Weldon WC, O'Ryan MG, Bandyopadhyay AS, Wright PF. Intestinal Immunity to Poliovirus Following Sequential Trivalent Inactivated Polio Vaccine/Bivalent Oral Polio Vaccine and Trivalent Inactivated Polio Vaccine-only Immunization Schedules: Analysis of an Open-label, Randomized, Controlled Trial in Chilean Infants. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 67:S42-S50. [PMID: 30376086 PMCID: PMC6206105 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Identifying polio vaccine regimens that can elicit robust intestinal mucosal immunity and interrupt viral transmission is a key priority of the polio endgame. Methods In a 2013 Chilean clinical trial (NCT01841671) of trivalent inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) and bivalent oral polio vaccine (bOPV; targeting types 1 and 3), infants were randomized to receive IPV-bOPV-bOPV, IPV-IPV-bOPV, or IPV-IPV-IPV at 8, 16, and 24 weeks of age and challenged with monovalent oral polio vaccine type 2 (mOPV2) at 28 weeks. Using fecal samples collected from 152 participants, we investigated the extent to which IPV-bOPV and IPV-only immunization schedules induced intestinal neutralizing activity and immunoglobulin A against polio types 1 and 2. Results Overall, 37% of infants in the IPV-bOPV groups and 26% in the IPV-only arm had detectable type 2-specific stool neutralization after the primary vaccine series. In contrast, 1 challenge dose of mOPV2 induced brisk intestinal immune responses in all vaccine groups, and significant rises in type 2-specific stool neutralization titers (P < .0001) and immunoglobulin A concentrations (P < 0.0001) were measured 2 weeks after the challenge. In subsidiary analyses, duration of breastfeeding also appeared to be associated with the magnitude of polio-specific mucosal immune parameters measured in infant fecal samples. Conclusions Taken together, these results underscore the concept that mucosal and systemic immune responses to polio are separate in their induction, functionality, and potential impacts on transmission and, specifically, provide evidence that primary vaccine regimens lacking homologous live vaccine components are likely to induce only modest, type-specific intestinal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Brickley
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ruth I Connor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | | | - Austin W Boesch
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - William C Weldon
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Miguel G O'Ryan
- Microbiology and Mycology Program and Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago
| | | | - Peter F Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon
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11
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Brickley EB, Connor RI, Wieland-Alter WF, Collett MS, Hartford M, Van Der Avoort H, Boesch AW, Weiner JA, Ackerman ME, McKinlay MA, Arita M, Bandyopadhyay AS, Modlin JF, Wright PF. Intestinal antibody responses to a live oral poliovirus vaccine challenge among adults previously immunized with inactivated polio vaccine in Sweden. BMJ Glob Health 2019; 4:e001613. [PMID: 31543993 PMCID: PMC6730592 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Our understanding of the acquisition of intestinal mucosal immunity and the control of poliovirus replication and transmission in later life is still emerging. Methods As part of a 2011 randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial of the experimental antiviral agent pocapavir (EudraCT 2011-004804-38), Swedish adults, aged 18-50 years, who had previously received four doses of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) in childhood were challenged with a single dose of monovalent oral polio vaccine type 1 (mOPV1). Using faecal samples collected before and serially, over the course of 45 days, after mOPV1 challenge from a subset of placebo-arm participants who did not receive pocapavir (N=12), we investigated the kinetics of the intestinal antibody response to challenge virus by measuring poliovirus type 1-specific neutralising activity and IgA concentrations. Results In faecal samples collected prior to mOPV1 challenge, we found no evidence of pre-existing intestinal neutralising antibodies to any of the three poliovirus serotypes. Despite persistent high-titered vaccine virus shedding and rising serum neutralisation responses after mOPV1 challenge, intestinal poliovirus type 1-specific neutralisation remained low with a titer of ≤18.4 across all time points and individuals. Poliovirus types 1-specific, 2-specific and 3-specific IgA remained below the limit of detection for all specimens collected postchallenge. Interpretation In contrast to recent studies demonstrating brisk intestinal antibody responses to oral polio vaccine challenge in young children previously vaccinated with IPV, this investigation finds that adults previously vaccinated with IPV have only modest intestinal poliovirus type 1-specific neutralisation and no IgA responses that are measurable in stool samples following documented mOPV1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Brickley
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Epidemiology, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Ruth I Connor
- Pediatrics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | | | | | - Marianne Hartford
- Clinical Trial Center, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Harrie Van Der Avoort
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Austin W Boesch
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | | | | | - Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - John F Modlin
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Peter F Wright
- Pediatrics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
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12
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Arita M, Iwai-Itamochi M. Evaluation of antigenic differences between wild and Sabin vaccine strains of poliovirus using the pseudovirus neutralization test. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11970. [PMID: 31427704 PMCID: PMC6700111 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48534-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the endgame of global polio eradication, serosurveillance is essential to monitor each country's vulnerability to poliomyelitis outbreaks. Previously, we developed pseudovirus poliovirus (PV) neutralization test (pPNT) with type 1, 2, and 3 PV pseudovirus (PVpv), which possess a luciferase-encoding PV replicon in the capsids of wild-type strains (PVpv[WT]), showing that pPNT with type 2 and 3 PVpv(WT) but not type 1 shows high correlation with the conventional PV neutralization test (cPNT) performed with vaccine strains. Here, we analyse the antigenicity of PVpv(WT) and PVpv with capsid proteins of Sabin vaccine strains (PVpv[Sabin]) in human serum. Type 2 and 3 PVpv(WT) and PVpv(Sabin) show similar antigenicity in the analysed set of human sera in contrast to type 1 PVpv. The levels of PVpv(Sabin) infection (%), including about 70% of PVpv infection (%) measured in the presence of human serum diluted to the cPNT titre, serve as the optimal threshold values for pPNT (5% for type 1 and 2, 10% for type 3) to show high correlation with cPNT results. Our results suggest that pPNT with PVpv(Sabin) could serve as an alternative to cPNT and provide a rationale for pPNT threshold values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Masae Iwai-Itamochi
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu-shi, Toyama, 939-0363, Japan
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13
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Effect of HIV-exposure and timing of anti-retroviral treatment on immunogenicity of trivalent live-attenuated polio vaccine in infants. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215079. [PMID: 31002702 PMCID: PMC6474646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The prevalence of HIV infection in South African pregnant women has been approximately 30% over the past decade; however, there has been a steady decline in mother-to-child transmission of HIV from 8% in 2008 to <2% in 2015. We evaluated the immunogenicity of live-attenuated trivalent oral polio vaccine (OPV) following the primary vaccination series (doses at birth, 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age) in HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU), HIV-infected infants initiated on early anti-retroviral treatment (HIV+/ART+), HIV-infected infants on deferred ART (HIV+/ART-) and HIV-unexposed infants (HU) as the referent group. Methods Serum polio neutralization antibody titres were evaluated to serotype-1, serotype-2 and serotype-3 at 6, 10 and 18 weeks of age. Antibody titres ≥8 were considered seropositive and sero-protective. Results At 18 weeks of age, following the complete primary series of four OPV doses, no differences in GMTs, percentage of infants with sero-protective titres and median fold change in antibody titre (18 weeks vs 6 weeks) were observed in HEU infants (n = 114) and HIV+/ART+ infants (n = 162) compared to HU infants (n = 104) for the three polio serotypes. However, comparing HIV+/ART- infants (n = 70) to HU infants at 18 weeks of age, we observed significantly lower GMTs for serotype-1 (p = 0.022), serotype-2 (p<0.001) and serotype-3 (p<0.001), significantly lower percentages of infants with sero-protective titres for the three serotypes (p<0.001), and significantly lower median fold change in antibody titre for serotype-1 (p = 0.048), serotype-2 (p = 0.003) and serotype-3 (p = 0.008). Conclusion Delaying initiation of ART in HIV-infected infants was associated with an attenuated immune response to OPV following a four-dose primary series of vaccines, whereas immune responses to OPV in HIV-infected children initiated on ART early in infancy and HEU children were similar to HU infants.
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14
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Brickley EB, Strauch CB, Wieland-Alter WF, Connor RI, Lin S, Weiner JA, Ackerman ME, Arita M, Oberste MS, Weldon WC, Sáez-Llorens X, Bandyopadhyay AS, Wright PF. Intestinal Immune Responses to Type 2 Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) Challenge in Infants Previously Immunized With Bivalent OPV and Either High-Dose or Standard Inactivated Polio Vaccine. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:371-380. [PMID: 29304199 PMCID: PMC5853416 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The impact of inactivated polio vaccines (IPVs) on intestinal mucosal immune responses to live poliovirus is poorly understood. Methods In a 2014 phase 2 clinical trial, Panamanian infants were immunized at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age with bivalent oral polio vaccine (bOPV) and randomized to receive either a novel monovalent high-dose type 2–specific IPV (mIPV2HD) or a standard trivalent IPV at 14 weeks. Infants were challenged at 18 weeks with a monovalent type 2 oral polio vaccine (mOPV2). Infants’ intestinal immune responses during the 3 weeks following challenge were investigated by measuring poliovirus type-specific neutralization and immunoglobulin (Ig) A, IgA1, IgA2, IgD, IgG, and IgM antibodies in stool samples. Results Despite mIPV2HD’s 4-fold higher type 2 polio D–antigen content and heightened serum neutralization profile, mIPV2HD-immunized infants’ intestinal immune responses to mOPV2 challenge were largely indistinguishable from those receiving standard IPV. Mucosal responses were tightly linked to evidence of active infection and, in the 79% of participants who shed virus, robust type 2–specific IgA responses and stool neutralization were observed by 2 weeks after challenge. Conclusions Enhancing IPV-induced serum neutralization does not substantively improve intestinal mucosal immune responses or limit viral shedding on mOPV2 challenge. Clinical Trials Registration NCT02111135.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Brickley
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover
| | | | | | - Ruth I Connor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Shu Lin
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | | | - Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Steven Oberste
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - William C Weldon
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Peter F Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon
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15
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Wright PF, Ackerman ME, Brickley EB. Mucosal Immunity: The Forgotten Arm of the Immune System. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2019; 8:53-54. [PMID: 29309656 PMCID: PMC6615307 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/pix102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The 2017 Stanley A. Plotkin Lecture in Vaccinology was delivered by Professor Peter F. Wright at the Pediatric Academic Societies Annual Meeting in San Francisco, California, in May 2017. The presentation provided an overview of the mucosal immune system as it applies to vaccinology. Specifically, Professor Wright's lecture highlighted the remarkable opportunities for mucosal immunity research afforded by having both topically administered live vaccines and systemically administered inactivated vaccines available for the same pathogen. Using influenza and poliovirus case studies, Professor Wright described the use of live attenuated vaccines for human challenges and discussed how recent technological advancements in immunological assays have ushered in a new era for investigating the correlates of immune protection against wild-type infections at mucosal sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Wright
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
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16
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Farcet MR, Modrof J, Rabel PO, Schirmer A, Macadam AJ, Fox H, Minor PD, Kreil TR. Continued use of poliovirus after eradication: hyper‐attenuated strains as a safe alternative for release testing of human immunoglobulins. Transfusion 2018; 58 Suppl 3:3084-3089. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.15048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Andrew J. Macadam
- Division of Virology National Institute for Biological Standards and Control Hertfordshire UK
| | - Helen Fox
- Division of Virology National Institute for Biological Standards and Control Hertfordshire UK
| | - Philip D. Minor
- Division of Virology National Institute for Biological Standards and Control Hertfordshire UK
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17
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Jiang Z, Liu G, Guo-Yang L, Sun M, Xu K, Ying Z, Wang J, Li X, Li C. A simple and safe antibody neutralization assay based on polio pseudoviruses. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 15:349-357. [PMID: 30273512 PMCID: PMC6422504 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1526553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of the immunogenicity of Sabin strain based Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccines (sIPV) necessitates the use of wild strains in neutralization assays to assess the potential cross-reactivity of antibodies. The live virus strains including wild and Sabin strains must be handled in level 3 biocontainment laboratories. To develop an alternative assay without the use of a live virus, we constructed Mahoney, MEF-1, and Saukett pseudovirions by inserting luciferase reporter genes into intact capsid proteins. Afterward, we developed a pseudovirus-based neutralization test (pNT) and evaluated for the specificity and reproducibility. We tested serum samples from a clinical trial on sIPV vaccines by pNT and compared the results with those obtained from conventional neutralization tests (cNT). A strong correlation was observed between two methods, with the correlation coefficients of all three types of IPV vaccines being greater than 0.82 (p < 0.0001). The Geometric Mean Titer (GMT) values obtained by pNT were approximately four times higher than that by cNT, revealing the better sensitivity of pNT. In conclusion, pNT is a safe, rapid and sensitive quantitative assay with the potential of being an alternative for the evaluation of the potency of polio vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Jiang
- a National Institutes for Food and Drug Control and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals , Beijing , China
| | - Guixiu Liu
- a National Institutes for Food and Drug Control and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals , Beijing , China
| | - Liao Guo-Yang
- b Institute of Medical Biology , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Kunming , Yunnan , China
| | - Mingbo Sun
- b Institute of Medical Biology , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Kunming , Yunnan , China
| | - Kangwei Xu
- a National Institutes for Food and Drug Control and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals , Beijing , China
| | - Zhifang Ying
- a National Institutes for Food and Drug Control and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals , Beijing , China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- a National Institutes for Food and Drug Control and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals , Beijing , China
| | - Xuguang Li
- c Center for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate , Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Changgui Li
- a National Institutes for Food and Drug Control and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals , Beijing , China
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18
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Liu S, Song D, Bai H, Lu W, Dai X, Hao C, Zhang Z, Guo H, Zhang Y, Li X. A safe and reliable neutralization assay based on pseudovirus to measure neutralizing antibody titer against poliovirus. J Med Virol 2017; 89:2075-2083. [PMID: 28786502 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
With the promotion of inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine (IPV) and live attenuated oral poliomyelitis vaccine (OPV), the global reported cases of poliomyelitis have reduced sharply from 0.35 million in 1988 to 74 in 2015. The Polio Eradication & Endgame Strategic Plan published by WHO in 2013 included the strategy of implementation of poliovirus safe handling and containment measures to minimize the risks of facility-associated reintroduction of virus into the polio-free community to prevent the re-import of poliovirus. Toward this strategy, we produced replication-incompetent pseudovirus of poliovirus type 1, 2, 3 attenuated strains by constructing poliovirus capsid expression vectors and poliovirus replicon then transfecting HEK293T cells and developed a pseudovirus-based neutralization assay (pNA) to determine neutralizing antibody titer which is more secure, time-saving and reliable than conventional neutralization assay (cNA). By using anti-poliovirus rat serum, we demonstrated excellent correlation between neutralizing antibody titers measured by cNA and pNA. It was concluded that pNA can be a potential alternative to replace cNA as a safe and time-saving system for titer determination after live poliovirus's safekeeping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Liu
- National Vaccine and Serum Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Dongmei Song
- National Vaccine and Serum Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Han Bai
- National Vaccine and Serum Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Lu
- National Vaccine and Serum Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxian Dai
- National Vaccine and Serum Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Chunsheng Hao
- National Vaccine and Serum Institute, Beijing, China
| | | | - Huijie Guo
- National Vaccine and Serum Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- National Vaccine and Serum Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuling Li
- National Vaccine and Serum Institute, Beijing, China
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Minor PD, Lane B, Mimms S, Bar P. Scientific consultation on the safety and containment of new poliovirus strains for vaccine production, clinical/regulatory testing and research. Report of a meeting held at NIBSC, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK, 6/7th July 2016. Biologicals 2017; 48:92-100. [PMID: 28549939 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
When poliomyelitis is totally eradicated from the natural world containment will be vital to prevent its re-emergence. The matter has become pressing as type 2 component of oral polio vaccine was completely withdrawn by May 2016 as wild ty[e 2 was declared eradicated. Work on polioviruses must be contained in accordance with GAPIII (the third version of the Global Action Plan of WHO). Some activities will be essential for years after eradication. Vaccine production and control, surveillance and supportive applied and academic research must all continue. Most laboratories do not currently comply with GAPIII and could not do so in the short term without disruption of essential activities including vaccine supply. The development and use of safer strains is raised in GAPIII and the meeting considered the strains available and the uses to which they could be put to facilitate compliance with the aims of GAPIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip D Minor
- Head, Division of Virology, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, United Kingdom.
| | - Blanche Lane
- National Institute of Biological Standardisation and Control /MHRA, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - South Mimms
- National Institute of Biological Standardisation and Control /MHRA, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - Potters Bar
- National Institute of Biological Standardisation and Control /MHRA, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Since the beginning of Global Polio Eradication Initiative in 1988, poliomyelitis cases caused by wild poliovirus (PV) have been drastically reduced, with only 74 cases reported in 2 endemic countries in 2015. The current limited PV transmission suggests that we are in the endgame of the polio eradication program. However, specific challenges have emerged in the endgame, including tight budget, switching of the vaccines, and changes in biorisk management of PV. To overcome these challenges, several PV studies have been implemented in the eradication program. Some of the responses to the emerging challenges in the polio endgame might be valuable in other infectious diseases eradication programs. Here, I will review challenges that confront the polio eradication program and current research to address these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
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21
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Wright PF, Connor RI, Wieland-Alter WF, Hoen AG, Boesch AW, Ackerman ME, Oberste MS, Gast C, Brickley EB, Asturias EJ, Rüttimann R, Bandyopadhyay AS. Vaccine-induced mucosal immunity to poliovirus: analysis of cohorts from an open-label, randomised controlled trial in Latin American infants. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016; 16:1377-1384. [PMID: 27638357 PMCID: PMC5611465 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(16)30169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background Identification of mechanisms that limit poliovirus replication is crucial for informing decisions aimed at global polio eradication. Studies of mucosal immunity induced by oral poliovirus (OPV) or inactivated poliovirus (IPV) vaccines and mixed schedules thereof will determine the effectiveness of different vaccine strategies to block virus shedding. We used samples from a clinical trial of different vaccination schedules to measure intestinal immunity as judged by neutralisation of virus and virus-specific IgA in stools. Methods In the FIDEC trial, Latin American infants were randomly assigned to nine groups to assess the efficacy of two schedules of bivalent OPV (bOPV) and IPV and challenge with monovalent type 2 OPV, and stools samples were collected. We selected three groups of particular interest—the bOPV control group (serotypes 1 and 3 at 6, 10, and 14 weeks), the trivalent attenuated OPV (tOPV) control group (tOPV at 6, 10, and 14 weeks), and the bOPV–IPV group (bOPV at 6, 10, and 14 weeks plus IPV at 14 weeks). Neutralising activity and poliovirus type-specific IgA were measured in stool after a monovalent OPV type 2 challenge at 18 weeks of age. Mucosal immunity was measured by in-vitro neutralisation of a type 2 polio pseudovirus (PV2). Neutralisation titres and total and poliovirus-type-specific IgG and IgA concentrations in stools were assessed in samples collected before challenge and 2 weeks after challenge from all participants. Findings 210 infants from Guatemala and Dominican Republic were included in this analysis. Of 38 infants tested for mucosal antibody in the tOPV group, two were shedding virus 1 week after challenge, compared with 59 of 85 infants receiving bOPV (p<0·0001) and 53 of 87 infants receiving bOPV–IPV (p<0·0001). Mucosal type 2 neutralisation and type-specific IgA were noted primarily in response to tOPV. An inverse correlation was noted between virus shedding and both serum type 2 neutralisation at challenge (p<0·0001) and mucosal type 2 neutralisation at challenge (p<0·0001). Interpretation Mucosal type-2-specific antibodies can be measured in stool and develop in response to receipt of OPV type 2 either in the primary vaccine series or at challenge. These mucosal antibodies influence the amount of virus that is shed in an established infection. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
| | - Ruth I Connor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | | | - Anne G Hoen
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Austin W Boesch
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | | | | | - Chris Gast
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Brickley
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Edwin J Asturias
- Departments of Pediatrics and Epidemiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ricardo Rüttimann
- Fighting Infectious Diseases in Emerging Countries (FIDEC), Miami, FL, USA
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Ma J, Li Q, Li Y, Wen X, Li Z, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Yu Z, Li N. Expression of recombinant human α-lactalbumin in milk of transgenic cloned pigs is sufficient to enhance intestinal growth and weight gain of suckling piglets. Gene 2016; 584:7-16. [PMID: 26899869 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Human α-lactalbumin (HLA) has very high nutritional value and important physiological functions during the neonatal period. The peptides derived from HLA provide diverse health benefits including antimicrobial, antiviral, immune-modulating, and antihypertensive effects. Thus, it is worth investigating the effects on offspring development of increasing HLA in milk. In this study, we found that recombinant human α-lactalbumin (rHLA) exhibits efficient inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) activity in an in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion system. Using a BAC clone containing the complete HLA gene as a candidate vector, we generated two lines of transgenic cloned sows via somatic cell nuclear transfer that over-expressed rHLA. The average concentrations of rHLA in milk from the two lines of transgenic cloned sows were 2.24 ± 0.71 mg/ml and 2.67 ± 1.29 mg/ml. The feeding experiments revealed that rHLA represses dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) activity in vivo. Furthermore, the piglets reared by rHLA transgenic cloned sows exhibit better performance in gain of body weight and intestine growth than the control piglets reared by non-transgenic sows. Therefore, these findings indicate that rHLA could serve as a natural precursor for a DPP-IV inhibitor, and the transgenic technology that produced the over-expression of rHLA could be a useful method for pig breeders to improve lactation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ma
- The State Key Laboratory for Agro-biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuyan Li
- The State Key Laboratory for Agro-biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Beijing Genfucare Biotechnology Company, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Wen
- Beijing Genfucare Biotechnology Company, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Beijing Genfucare Biotechnology Company, Beijing, China
| | - Zaihu Zhang
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Zhengquan Yu
- The State Key Laboratory for Agro-biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li
- The State Key Laboratory for Agro-biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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23
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Alenquer M, Amorim MJ. Exosome Biogenesis, Regulation, and Function in Viral Infection. Viruses 2015; 7:5066-83. [PMID: 26393640 PMCID: PMC4584306 DOI: 10.3390/v7092862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released upon fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the cellular plasma membrane. They originate as intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) during the process of MVB formation. Exosomes were shown to contain selectively sorted functional proteins, lipids, and RNAs, mediating cell-to-cell communications and hence playing a role in the physiology of the healthy and diseased organism. Challenges in the field include the identification of mechanisms sustaining packaging of membrane-bound and soluble material to these vesicles and the understanding of the underlying processes directing MVBs for degradation or fusion with the plasma membrane. The investigation into the formation and roles of exosomes in viral infection is in its early years. Although still controversial, exosomes can, in principle, incorporate any functional factor, provided they have an appropriate sorting signal, and thus are prone to viral exploitation. This review initially focuses on the composition and biogenesis of exosomes. It then explores the regulatory mechanisms underlying their biogenesis. Exosomes are part of the endocytic system, which is tightly regulated and able to respond to several stimuli that lead to alterations in the composition of its sub-compartments. We discuss the current knowledge of how these changes affect exosomal release. We then summarize how different viruses exploit specific proteins of endocytic sub-compartments and speculate that it could interfere with exosome function, although no direct link between viral usage of the endocytic system and exosome release has yet been reported. Many recent reports have ascribed functions to exosomes released from cells infected with a variety of animal viruses, including viral spread, host immunity, and manipulation of the microenvironment, which are discussed. Given the ever-growing roles and importance of exosomes in viral infections, understanding what regulates their composition and levels, and defining their functions will ultimately provide additional insights into the virulence and persistence of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Alenquer
- Cell Biology of Viral Infection Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2778-156 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Maria João Amorim
- Cell Biology of Viral Infection Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2778-156 Oeiras, Portugal.
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24
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Wang B, Wang B, Liu P, Li T, Si W, Xiu J, Liu H. Package of NDV-pseudotyped HIV-Luc virus and its application in the neutralization assay for NDV infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99905. [PMID: 24937158 PMCID: PMC4061091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a member of the Paramyxovirinae subfamily and can infect most species of birds. It has been a great threat for the poultry industry all around the world. In this report, we successfully produced infectious pseudotyped pNL4-3-Luc-R−E− (HIV-Luc) viruses with the HN and F envelope proteins of NDV. Further investigation revealed the cytoplasmic domains of HN and F, especially HN, plays a significant role in the infection efficiency of these pseudotyped HIV-Luc viruses. Replacement of, or direct fusion to the cytoplasmic domain of the HN protein by that of vesicular stomatitis virus G (VSV-G) could greatly enhance or destroy the infective potential of HN and F-pseudotyped (NDV-pseudotyped) HIV-Luc virus. We further established a novel neutralization assay to evaluate neutralizing antibodies against NDV with the NDV-pseudotyped HIV-Luc viruses. Comparative neutralization data indicate that the results determined by using the NDV-pseudotyped HIV-Luc viruses are as reliable as those by the conventional virus-neutralization assay (VN test) with native NDV. Moreover, the results show that the novel neutralization assay is more sensitive than the VN test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Peixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei Si
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jinsheng Xiu
- College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Henggui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- * E-mail:
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25
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Wright PF, Wieland-Alter W, Ilyushina NA, Hoen AG, Arita M, Boesch AW, Ackerman ME, van der Avoort H, Steven Oberste M, Pallansch MA, Burton AH, Jaffar MA, Sutter RW. Intestinal Immunity Is a Determinant of Clearance of Poliovirus After Oral Vaccination. J Infect Dis 2014; 209:1628-34. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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26
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Development of poliovirus extraction method from stool extracts by using magnetic nanoparticles sensitized with soluble poliovirus receptor. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:2717-20. [PMID: 23698530 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00499-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A method for extracting poliovirus (PV) from stool extracts was developed. Magnetic nanoparticles sensitized with soluble PV receptor efficiently extracted PV pseudovirus (>99% extraction) or endogenous infectious PVs (>90% extraction) from stool extracts. This method would be useful for extraction of PV from crude biological samples.
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27
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Poliovirus neutralization test with poliovirus pseudovirus to measure neutralizing antibody in humans. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:458; author reply 459. [PMID: 22371252 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05568-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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