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Motyčková A, Voleman L, Najdrová V, Arbonová L, Benda M, Dohnálek V, Janowicz N, Malych R, Šuťák R, Ettema TJG, Svärd S, Stairs CW, Doležal P. Adaptation of the late ISC pathway in the anaerobic mitochondrial organelles of Giardia intestinalis. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1010773. [PMID: 37792908 PMCID: PMC10578589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial metabolism is entirely dependent on the biosynthesis of the [4Fe-4S] clusters, which are part of the subunits of the respiratory chain. The mitochondrial late ISC pathway mediates the formation of these clusters from simpler [2Fe-2S] molecules and transfers them to client proteins. Here, we characterized the late ISC pathway in one of the simplest mitochondria, mitosomes, of the anaerobic protist Giardia intestinalis that lost the respiratory chain and other hallmarks of mitochondria. In addition to IscA2, Nfu1 and Grx5 we identified a novel BolA1 homologue in G. intestinalis mitosomes. It specifically interacts with Grx5 and according to the high-affinity pulldown also with other core mitosomal components. Using CRISPR/Cas9 we were able to establish full bolA1 knock out, the first cell line lacking a mitosomal protein. Despite the ISC pathway being the only metabolic role of the mitosome no significant changes in the mitosome biology could be observed as neither the number of the mitosomes or their capability to form [2Fe-2S] clusters in vitro was affected. We failed to identify natural client proteins that would require the [2Fe-2S] or [4Fe-4S] cluster within the mitosomes, with the exception of [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin, which is itself part of the ISC pathway. The overall uptake of iron into the cellular proteins remained unchanged as also observed for the grx5 knock out cell line. The pull-downs of all late ISC components were used to build the interactome of the pathway showing specific position of IscA2 due to its interaction with the outer mitosomal membrane proteins. Finally, the comparative analysis across Metamonada species suggested that the adaptation of the late ISC pathway identified in G. intestinalis occurred early in the evolution of this supergroup of eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alžběta Motyčková
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Luboš Voleman
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimíra Najdrová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Arbonová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Benda
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Vít Dohnálek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Natalia Janowicz
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Ronald Malych
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Róbert Šuťák
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Thijs J G Ettema
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Staffan Svärd
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center (BMC), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Pavel Doležal
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová Vestec, Czech Republic
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Chen Z, Li J, Salas-Leiva DE, Chen M, Chen S, Li S, Wu Y, Yi Z. Group-specific functional patterns of mitochondrion-related organelles shed light on their multiple transitions from mitochondria in ciliated protists. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:609-623. [PMID: 37078085 PMCID: PMC10077286 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-022-00147-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Adaptations of ciliates to hypoxic environments have arisen independently several times. Studies on mitochondrion-related organelle (MRO) metabolisms from distinct anaerobic ciliate groups provide evidence for understanding the transitions from mitochondria to MROs within eukaryotes. To deepen our knowledge about the evolutionary patterns of ciliate anaerobiosis, mass-culture and single-cell transcriptomes of two anaerobic species, Metopus laminarius (class Armophorea) and Plagiopyla cf. narasimhamurtii (class Plagiopylea), were sequenced and their MRO metabolic maps were compared. In addition, we carried out comparisons using publicly available predicted MRO proteomes from other ciliate classes (i.e., Armophorea, Litostomatea, Muranotrichea, Oligohymenophorea, Parablepharismea and Plagiopylea). We found that single-cell transcriptomes were similarly comparable to their mass-culture counterparts in predicting MRO metabolic pathways of ciliates. The patterns of the components of the MRO metabolic pathways might be divergent among anaerobic ciliates, even among closely related species. Notably, our findings indicate the existence of group-specific functional relics of electron transport chains (ETCs). Detailed group-specific ETC functional patterns are as follows: full oxidative phosphorylation in Oligohymenophorea and Muranotrichea; only electron-transfer machinery in Armophorea; either of these functional types in Parablepharismea; and ETC functional absence in Litostomatea and Plagiopylea. These findings suggest that adaptation of ciliates to anaerobic conditions is group-specific and has occurred multiple times. Our results also show the potential and the limitations of detecting ciliate MRO proteins using single-cell transcriptomes and improve the understanding of the multiple transitions from mitochondria to MROs within ciliates. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-022-00147-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 China
| | - Jia Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 China
| | | | - Miaoying Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 China
| | - Shilong Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 China
| | - Senru Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 China
| | - Yanyan Wu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 China
| | - Zhenzhen Yi
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631 China
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Tachezy J, Makki A, Hrdý I. The hydrogenosomes of Trichomonas vaginalis. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2022; 69:e12922. [PMID: 35567536 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This review is dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the discovery of hydrogenosomes by Miklós Müller and Donald Lindmark, which we will celebrate the following year. It was a long journey from the first observation of enigmatic rows of granules in trichomonads at the end of the 19th century to their first biochemical characterization in 1973. The key experiments by Müller and Lindmark revealed that the isolated granules contain hydrogen-producing hydrogenase, similar to some anaerobic bacteria-a discovery that gave birth to the field of hydrogenosomes. It is also important to acknowledge the parallel work of the team of Apolena Čerkasovová, Jiří Čerkasov, and Jaroslav Kulda, who demonstrated that these granules, similar to mitochondria, produce ATP. However, the evolutionary origin of hydrogenosomes remained enigmatic until the turn of the millennium, when it was finally accepted that hydrogenosomes and mitochondria evolved from a common ancestor. After a historical introduction, the review provides an overview of hydrogenosome biogenesis, hydrogenosomal protein import, and the relationship between the peculiar structure of membrane translocases and its low inner membrane potential due to the lack of respiratory complexes. Next, it summarizes the current state of knowledge on energy metabolism, the oxygen defense system, and iron/sulfur cluster assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Tachezy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, 25242 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Abhijith Makki
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, 25242 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Hrdý
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, 25242 Vestec, Czech Republic
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Tůmová P, Voleman L, Klingl A, Nohýnková E, Wanner G, Doležal P. Inheritance of the reduced mitochondria of Giardia intestinalis is coupled to the flagellar maturation cycle. BMC Biol 2021; 19:193. [PMID: 34493257 PMCID: PMC8422661 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01129-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The presence of mitochondria is a distinguishing feature between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It is currently accepted that the evolutionary origin of mitochondria coincided with the formation of eukaryotes and from that point control of mitochondrial inheritance was required. Yet, the way the mitochondrial presence has been maintained throughout the eukaryotic cell cycle remains a matter of study. Eukaryotes control mitochondrial inheritance mainly due to the presence of the genetic component; still only little is known about the segregation of mitochondria to daughter cells during cell division. Additionally, anaerobic eukaryotic microbes evolved a variety of genomeless mitochondria-related organelles (MROs), which could be theoretically assembled de novo, providing a distinct mechanistic basis for maintenance of stable mitochondrial numbers. Here, we approach this problem by studying the structure and inheritance of the protist Giardia intestinalis MROs known as mitosomes. Results We combined 2D stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM) to show that mitosomes exhibit internal segmentation and conserved asymmetric structure. From a total of about forty mitosomes, a small, privileged population is harnessed to the flagellar apparatus, and their life cycle is coordinated with the maturation cycle of G. intestinalis flagella. The orchestration of mitosomal inheritance with the flagellar maturation cycle is mediated by a microtubular connecting fiber, which physically links the privileged mitosomes to both axonemes of the oldest flagella pair and guarantees faithful segregation of the mitosomes into the daughter cells. Conclusion Inheritance of privileged Giardia mitosomes is coupled to the flagellar maturation cycle. We propose that the flagellar system controls segregation of mitochondrial organelles also in other members of this supergroup (Metamonada) of eukaryotes and perhaps reflects the original strategy of early eukaryotic cells to maintain this key organelle before mitochondrial fusion-fission dynamics cycle as observed in Metazoa was established. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-021-01129-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Tůmová
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Luboš Voleman
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Andreas Klingl
- Plant Development and Electron Microscopy, Department of Biology I, Biocenter of Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Nohýnková
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gerhard Wanner
- Department of Biology I, Biocenter of Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Pavel Doležal
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic.
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Dias-Lopes G, Wiśniewski JR, de Souza NP, Vidal VE, Padrón G, Britto C, Cuervo P, De Jesus JB. In-Depth Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Trophozoites and Pseudocysts of Trichomonas vaginalis. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:3704-3718. [PMID: 30239205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is a sexually transmitted anaerobic parasite that infects humans causing trichomoniasis, a common and ubiquitous sexually transmitted disease. The life cycle of this parasite possesses a trophozoite form without a cystic stage. However, the presence of nonproliferative and nonmotile, yet viable and reversible spherical forms with internalized flagella, denominated pseudocysts, has been commonly observed for this parasite. To understand the mechanisms involved in the formation of pseudocysts, we performed a mass spectrometry-based high-throughput quantitative proteomics study using a label-free approach and functional assays by biochemical and flow cytometric methods. We observed that the morphological transformation of trophozoite to pseudocysts is coupled to (i) a metabolic shift toward a less glycolytic phenotype; (ii) alterations in the abundance of hydrogenosomal iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) assembly machinery; (iii) increased abundance of regulatory particles of the ubiquitin-proteasome system; (iv) significant alterations in proteins involved in adhesion and cytoskeleton reorganization; and (v) arrest in G2/M phase associated with alterations in the abundance of regulatory proteins of the cell cycle. These data demonstrate that pseudocysts experience important physiological and structural alterations for survival under unfavorable environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacek R Wiśniewski
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction , Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry , 82152 Martinsried , Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - José Batista De Jesus
- Departamento de Medicina , Universidade Federal de São João del Rei , 36301-160 São João del Rei , Minas Gerais Brazil
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Peña-Diaz P, Lukeš J. Fe-S cluster assembly in the supergroup Excavata. J Biol Inorg Chem 2018; 23:521-541. [PMID: 29623424 PMCID: PMC6006210 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-018-1556-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The majority of established model organisms belong to the supergroup Opisthokonta, which includes yeasts and animals. While enlightening, this focus has neglected protists, organisms that represent the bulk of eukaryotic diversity and are often regarded as primitive eukaryotes. One of these is the “supergroup” Excavata, which comprises unicellular flagellates of diverse lifestyles and contains species of medical importance, such as Trichomonas, Giardia, Naegleria, Trypanosoma and Leishmania. Excavata exhibits a continuum in mitochondrial forms, ranging from classical aerobic, cristae-bearing mitochondria to mitochondria-related organelles, such as hydrogenosomes and mitosomes, to the extreme case of a complete absence of the organelle. All forms of mitochondria house a machinery for the assembly of Fe–S clusters, ancient cofactors required in various biochemical activities needed to sustain every extant cell. In this review, we survey what is known about the Fe–S cluster assembly in the supergroup Excavata. We aim to bring attention to the diversity found in this group, reflected in gene losses and gains that have shaped the Fe–S cluster biogenesis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Peña-Diaz
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic.
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
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Turowski VR, Aknin C, Maliandi MV, Buchensky C, Leaden L, Peralta DA, Busi MV, Araya A, Gomez-Casati DF. Frataxin Is Localized to Both the Chloroplast and Mitochondrion and Is Involved in Chloroplast Fe-S Protein Function in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141443. [PMID: 26517126 PMCID: PMC4636843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Frataxin plays a key role in eukaryotic cellular iron metabolism, particularly in mitochondrial heme and iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster biosynthesis. However, its precise role has yet to be elucidated. In this work, we studied the subcellular localization of Arabidopsis frataxin, AtFH, using confocal microscopy, and found a novel dual localization for this protein. We demonstrate that plant frataxin is targeted to both the mitochondria and the chloroplast, where it may play a role in Fe-S cluster metabolism as suggested by functional studies on nitrite reductase (NIR) and ferredoxin (Fd), two Fe-S containing chloroplast proteins, in AtFH deficient plants. Our results indicate that frataxin deficiency alters the normal functioning of chloroplasts by affecting the levels of Fe, chlorophyll, and the photosynthetic electron transport chain in this organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria R. Turowski
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Cindy Aknin
- UMR5234 Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Bordeaux-Segalen, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux cedex, France
| | - Maria V. Maliandi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH) CONICET/UNSAM, Camino de Circunvaación Km 6, 7130, Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Celeste Buchensky
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Laura Leaden
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Diego A. Peralta
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Maria V. Busi
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Araya
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique & UMR 1332 –Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institute National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) Bordeaux Aquitaine, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33882, Villenave D’Ornon, France
| | - Diego F. Gomez-Casati
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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Zaidi A, Singh KP, Anwar S, Suman SS, Equbal A, Singh K, Dikhit MR, Bimal S, Pandey K, Das P, Ali V. Interaction of frataxin, an iron binding protein, with IscU of Fe-S clusters biogenesis pathway and its upregulation in AmpB resistant Leishmania donovani. Biochimie 2015; 115:120-35. [PMID: 26032732 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania donovani is a unicellular protozoon parasite that causes visceral leishmaniasis (VL), which is a fatal disease if left untreated. Certain Fe-S proteins of the TCA cycle and respiratory chain have been found in the Leishmania parasite but the precise mechanisms for their biogenesis and the maturation of Fe-S clusters remains unknown. Fe-S clusters are ubiquitous cofactors of proteins that perform critical cellular functions. The clusters are biosynthesized by the mitochondrial Iron-Sulphur Cluster (ISC) machinery with core protein components that include the catalytic cysteine desulphurase IscS, the scaffold proteins IscU and IscA, and frataxin as an iron carrier/donor. However, no information regarding frataxin, its regulation, or its role in drug resistance is available for the Leishmania parasite. In this study, we characterized Ld-frataxin to investigate its role in the ISC machinery of L. donovani. We expressed and purified the recombinant Ld-frataxin protein and observed its interaction with Ld-IscU by co-purification and pull-down assay. Furthermore, we observed that the cysteine desulphurase activity of the purified Ld-IscS protein was stimulated in the presence of Ld-frataxin and Ld-IscU, particularly in the presence of iron; neither Ld-frataxin nor Ld-IscU alone had significant effects on Ld-IscS activity. Interestingly, RT-PCR and western blotting showed that Ld-frataxin is upregulated in AmpB-resistant isolates compared to sensitive strains, which may support higher Fe-S protein activity in AmpB-resistant L. donovani. Additionally, Ld-frataxin was localized in the mitochondria, as revealed by digitonin fractionation and indirect immunofluorescence. Thus, our results suggest the role of Ld-frataxin as an iron binding/carrier protein for Fe-S cluster biogenesis that physically interacts with other core components of the ISC machinery within the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Zaidi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Agamkuan, Patna 800007, India
| | - Krishn Pratap Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Agamkuan, Patna 800007, India
| | - Shadab Anwar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Agamkuan, Patna 800007, India
| | - Shashi S Suman
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Agamkuan, Patna 800007, India
| | - Asif Equbal
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Agamkuan, Patna 800007, India
| | - Kuljit Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Agamkuan, Patna 800007, India
| | - Manas R Dikhit
- Biomedical Informatic Centre, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Agamkuan, Patna, India
| | - Sanjeeva Bimal
- Department of Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Agamkuan, Patna, India
| | - Krishna Pandey
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Agamkuan, Patna, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Agamkuan, Patna, India
| | - Vahab Ali
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Agamkuan, Patna 800007, India.
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9
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Lukeš J, Basu S. Fe/S protein biogenesis in trypanosomes - A review. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1853:1481-92. [PMID: 25196712 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of the African sleeping sickness of humans, and other kinetoplastid flagellates belong to the eukarytotic supergroup Excavata. This early-branching model protist is known for a broad range of unique features. As it is amenable to most techniques of forward and reverse genetics, T. brucei was subject to several studies of its iron-sulfur (Fe/S) protein biogenesis and thus represents the best studied excavate eukaryote. Here we review what is known about the Fe/S protein biogenesis of T. brucei, and focus especially on the comparative and evolutionary interesting aspects. We also explore the connections between the well-known and quite conserved ISC and CIA machineries and the tRNA thiolation pathway. Moreover, the Fe/S cluster protein biogenesis is dissected in the procyclic stage of T. brucei which has an active mitochondrion, as well as in its pathogenic bloodstream stage with a metabolically repressed organelle. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Fe/S proteins: Analysis, structure, function, biogenesis and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Lukeš
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic.
| | - Somsuvro Basu
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
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Jerlström-Hultqvist J, Einarsson E, Xu F, Hjort K, Ek B, Steinhauf D, Hultenby K, Bergquist J, Andersson JO, Svärd SG. Hydrogenosomes in the diplomonad Spironucleus salmonicida. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2493. [PMID: 24042146 PMCID: PMC3778541 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquisition of the mitochondrion is a key event in the evolution of the eukaryotic cell, but diversification of the organelle has occurred during eukaryotic evolution. One example of such mitochondria-related organelles (MROs) are hydrogenosomes, which produce ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation with hydrogen as a byproduct. The diplomonad parasite Giardia intestinalis harbours mitosomes, another type of MRO. Here we identify MROs in the salmon parasite Spironucleus salmonicida with similar protein import and Fe–S cluster assembly machineries as in Giardia mitosomes. We find that hydrogen production is prevalent in the diplomonad genus Spironucleus, and that S. salmonicida MROs contain enzymes characteristic of hydrogenosomes. Evolutionary analyses of known hydrogenosomal components indicate their presence in the diplomonad ancestor, and subsequent loss in Giardia. Our results suggest that hydrogenosomes are metabolic adaptations predating the split between parabasalids and diplomonads, which is deeper than the split between animals and fungi in the eukaryotic tree. Hydrogenosomes and mitosomes are mitochondria-related organelles with distinct properties. Here the authors find that the mitochondria-related organelle of the salmon parasite Spironucleus salmonicida has characteristics of both diplomonad mitosomes and of parabasalid hydrogenosomes, suggesting the presence of hydrogenosomes in the last common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Jerlström-Hultqvist
- 1] Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden [2]
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11
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Analysis of the Sam50 translocase of excavate organisms supports evolution of divergent organelles from a common endosymbiotic event. Biosci Rep 2013; 33:BSR20130049. [PMID: 24147756 PMCID: PMC3848468 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20130049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As free-living organisms the ancestors of mitochondria and plastids encoded complete genomes, proteomes and metabolomes. As these symbionts became organelles all these aspects were reduced – genomes have degenerated with the host nucleus now encoding the most of the remaining endosymbiont proteome, while the metabolic processes of the symbiont have been streamlined to the functions of the emerging organelle. By contrast, the topology of the endosymbiont membrane has been preserved, necessitating the development of complex pathways for membrane insertion and translocation. In this study, we examine the characteristics of the endosymbiont-derived β-barrel insertase Sam501 in the excavate super-group. A candidate is further characterized in Trichomonas vaginalis, an unusual eukaryote possessing degenerate hydrogen-producing mitochondria called hydrogenosomes. This information supports a mitochondriate eukaryotic common ancestor with a similarly evolved β-barrel insertase, which has continued to be conserved in degenerate mitochondria.
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12
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Pastore A, Puccio H. Frataxin: a protein in search for a function. J Neurochem 2013; 126 Suppl 1:43-52. [PMID: 23859340 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Reduced levels of the protein frataxin cause the neurodegenerative disease Friedreich's ataxia. Pathology is associated with disruption of iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis, mitochondrial iron overload, and oxidative stress. Frataxin is a highly conserved iron-binding protein present in most organisms. Despite the intense interest generated since the determination of its pathology, identification of the cellular function of frataxin has so far remained elusive. In this review, we revisit the most significant milestones that have led us to our current understanding of frataxin and its functions. The picture that emerges is that frataxin is a crucial element of one of the most essential cellular machines specialized in iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis. Future developments, therefore, can be expected from further advancements in our comprehension of this machine.
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13
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Iron-sulphur clusters, their biosynthesis, and biological functions in protozoan parasites. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2013; 83:1-92. [PMID: 23876871 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407705-8.00001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Fe-S clusters are ensembles of sulphide-linked di-, tri-, and tetra-iron centres of a variety of metalloproteins that play important roles in reduction and oxidation of mitochondrial electron transport, energy metabolism, regulation of gene expression, cell survival, nitrogen fixation, and numerous other metabolic pathways. The Fe-S clusters are assembled by one of four distinct systems: NIF, SUF, ISC, and CIA machineries. The ISC machinery is a house-keeping system conserved widely from prokaryotes to higher eukaryotes, while the other systems are present in a limited range of organisms and play supplementary roles under certain conditions such as stress. Fe-S cluster-containing proteins and the components required for Fe-S cluster biosynthesis are modulated under stress conditions, drug resistance, and developmental stages. It is also known that a defect in Fe-S proteins and Fe-S cluster biogenesis leads to many genetic disorders in humans, which indicates the importance of the systems. In this review, we describe the biological and physiological significance of Fe-S cluster-containing proteins and their biosynthesis in parasitic protozoa including Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Giardia, Trichomonas, Entamoeba, Cryptosporidium, Blastocystis, and microsporidia. We also discuss the roles of Fe-S cluster biosynthesis in proliferation, differentiation, and stress response in protozoan parasites. The heterogeneity of the systems and the compartmentalization of Fe-S cluster biogenesis in the protozoan parasites likely reflect divergent evolution under highly diverse environmental niches, and influence their parasitic lifestyle and pathogenesis. Finally, both Fe-S cluster-containing proteins and their biosynthetic machinery in protozoan parasites are remarkably different from those in their mammalian hosts. Thus, they represent a rational target for the development of novel chemotherapeutic and prophylactic agents against protozoan infections.
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14
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Kay C, Lawler K, Self TJ, Dyall SD, Kerr ID. Localisation of a family of complex-forming β-barrels in theT. vaginalishydrogenosomal membrane. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:4038-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Horváthová L, Šafaríková L, Basler M, Hrdy I, Campo NB, Shin JW, Huang KY, Huang PJ, Lin R, Tang P, Tachezy J. Transcriptomic identification of iron-regulated and iron-independent gene copies within the heavily duplicated Trichomonas vaginalis genome. Genome Biol Evol 2012; 4:1017-29. [PMID: 22975721 PMCID: PMC3490414 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evs078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene duplication is an important evolutionary mechanism and no eukaryote has more duplicated gene families than the parasitic protist Trichomonas vaginalis. Iron is an essential nutrient for Trichomonas and plays a pivotal role in the establishment of infection, proliferation, and virulence. To gain insight into the role of iron in T. vaginalis gene expression and genome evolution, we screened iron-regulated genes using an oligonucleotide microarray for T. vaginalis and by comparative EST (expressed sequence tag) sequencing of cDNA libraries derived from trichomonads cultivated under iron-rich (+Fe) and iron-restricted (−Fe) conditions. Among 19,000 ESTs from both libraries, we identified 336 iron-regulated genes, of which 165 were upregulated under +Fe conditions and 171 under −Fe conditions. The microarray analysis revealed that 195 of 4,950 unique genes were differentially expressed. Of these, 117 genes were upregulated under +Fe conditions and 78 were upregulated under −Fe conditions. The results of both methods were congruent concerning the regulatory trends and the representation of gene categories. Under +Fe conditions, the expression of proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism, particularly in the energy metabolism of hydrogenosomes, and in methionine catabolism was increased. The iron–sulfur cluster assembly machinery and certain cysteine proteases are of particular importance among the proteins upregulated under −Fe conditions. A unique feature of the T. vaginalis genome is the retention during evolution of multiple paralogous copies for a majority of all genes. Although the origins and reasons for this gene expansion remain unclear, the retention of multiple gene copies could provide an opportunity to evolve differential expression during growth in variable environmental conditions. For genes whose expression was affected by iron, we found that iron influenced the expression of only some of the paralogous copies, whereas the expression of the other paralogs was iron independent. This finding indicates a very stringent regulation of the differentially expressed paralogous genes in response to changes in the availability of exogenous nutrients and provides insight into the evolutionary rationale underlying massive paralog retention in the Trichomonas genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Horváthová
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University in Prague, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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16
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Müller M, Mentel M, van Hellemond JJ, Henze K, Woehle C, Gould SB, Yu RY, van der Giezen M, Tielens AGM, Martin WF. Biochemistry and evolution of anaerobic energy metabolism in eukaryotes. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2012; 76:444-95. [PMID: 22688819 PMCID: PMC3372258 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.05024-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Major insights into the phylogenetic distribution, biochemistry, and evolutionary significance of organelles involved in ATP synthesis (energy metabolism) in eukaryotes that thrive in anaerobic environments for all or part of their life cycles have accrued in recent years. All known eukaryotic groups possess an organelle of mitochondrial origin, mapping the origin of mitochondria to the eukaryotic common ancestor, and genome sequence data are rapidly accumulating for eukaryotes that possess anaerobic mitochondria, hydrogenosomes, or mitosomes. Here we review the available biochemical data on the enzymes and pathways that eukaryotes use in anaerobic energy metabolism and summarize the metabolic end products that they generate in their anaerobic habitats, focusing on the biochemical roles that their mitochondria play in anaerobic ATP synthesis. We present metabolic maps of compartmentalized energy metabolism for 16 well-studied species. There are currently no enzymes of core anaerobic energy metabolism that are specific to any of the six eukaryotic supergroup lineages; genes present in one supergroup are also found in at least one other supergroup. The gene distribution across lineages thus reflects the presence of anaerobic energy metabolism in the eukaryote common ancestor and differential loss during the specialization of some lineages to oxic niches, just as oxphos capabilities have been differentially lost in specialization to anoxic niches and the parasitic life-style. Some facultative anaerobes have retained both aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Diversified eukaryotic lineages have retained the same enzymes of anaerobic ATP synthesis, in line with geochemical data indicating low environmental oxygen levels while eukaryotes arose and diversified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marek Mentel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaap J. van Hellemond
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Katrin Henze
- Institute of Molecular Evolution, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Woehle
- Institute of Molecular Evolution, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven B. Gould
- Institute of Molecular Evolution, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Re-Young Yu
- Institute of Molecular Evolution, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mark van der Giezen
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Aloysius G. M. Tielens
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - William F. Martin
- Institute of Molecular Evolution, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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17
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Live imaging of mitosomes and hydrogenosomes by HaloTag technology. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36314. [PMID: 22558433 PMCID: PMC3338651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogenosomes and mitosomes represent remarkable mitochondrial adaptations in the anaerobic parasitic protists such as Trichomonas vaginalis and Giardia intestinalis, respectively. In order to provide a tool to study these organelles in the live cells, the HaloTag was fused to G. intestinalis IscU and T. vaginalis frataxin and expressed in the mitosomes and hydrogenosomes, respectively. The incubation of the parasites with the fluorescent Halo-ligand resulted in highly specific organellar labeling, allowing live imaging of the organelles. With the array of available ligands the HaloTag technology offers a new tool to study the dynamics of mitochondria-related compartments as well as other cellular components in these intriguing unicellular eukaryotes.
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18
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Yu D, Wang Y, Fang X, Hu S, Tang P, Fu Y. Acquisition of hydrogenosomal presequences: examples from Trichomonas vaginalis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2012; 330:127-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics; Women's Hospital School Of Medicine Zhejiang University; Hangzhou; China
| | - Xu Fang
- Zhejiang Institute of Microbiology; Hangzhou; China
| | - Songnian Hu
- Laboratory of Genome Science and Information; Beijing Institute of Genomics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing; China
| | - Petrus Tang
- Molecular Regulation and Bioinformatics Laboratory; Department of Parasitology; Chang Gung University; Taoyuan; Taiwan
| | - Yan Fu
- College of Animal Science; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou; China
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19
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Schneider RE, Brown MT, Shiflett AM, Dyall SD, Hayes RD, Xie Y, Loo JA, Johnson PJ. The Trichomonas vaginalis hydrogenosome proteome is highly reduced relative to mitochondria, yet complex compared with mitosomes. Int J Parasitol 2011; 41:1421-34. [PMID: 22079833 PMCID: PMC4437511 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The human pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis lacks conventional mitochondria and instead contains divergent mitochondrial-related organelles. These double-membrane bound organelles, called hydrogenosomes, produce molecular hydrogen. Phylogenetic and biochemical analyses of hydrogenosomes indicate a common origin with mitochondria; however identification of hydrogenosomal proteins and studies on its metabolism have been limited. Here we provide a detailed proteomic analysis of the T. vaginalis hydrogenosome. The proteome of purified hydrogenosomes consists of 569 proteins, a number substantially lower than the 1,000-1,500 proteins reported for fungal and animal mitochondrial proteomes, yet considerably higher than proteins assigned to mitosomes. Pathways common to and distinct from both mitochondria and mitosomes were revealed by the hydrogenosome proteome. Proteins known to function in amino acid and energy metabolism, Fe-S cluster assembly, flavin-mediated catalysis, oxygen stress response, membrane translocation, chaperonin functions, proteolytic processing and ATP hydrolysis account for ∼30% of the hydrogenosome proteome. Of the 569 proteins in the hydrogenosome proteome, many appear to be associated with the external surface of hydrogenosomes, including large numbers of GTPases and ribosomal proteins. Glycolytic proteins were also found to be associated with the hydrogenosome proteome, similar to that previously observed for mitochondrial proteomes. Approximately 18% of the hydrogenosomal proteome is composed of hypothetical proteins of unknown function, predictive of multiple activities and properties yet to be uncovered for these highly adapted organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Schneider
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mark T. Brown
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - April M. Shiflett
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sabrina D. Dyall
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Richard D. Hayes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yongming Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Joseph A. Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Patricia J. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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20
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Abstract
The discovery of mitochondrion-type genes in organisms thought to lack mitochondria led to the demonstration that hydrogenosomes share a common ancestry with mitochondria, as well as the discovery of mitosomes in multiple eukaryotic lineages. No examples of examined eukaryotes lacking a mitochondrion-related organelle exist, implying that the endosymbiont that gave rise to the mitochondrion was present in the first eukaryote. These organelles, known as hydrogenosomes, mitosomes, or mitochondrion-like organelles, are typically reduced, both structurally and biochemically, relative to classical mitochondria. However, despite their diversification and adaptation to different niches, all appear to play a role in Fe-S cluster assembly, as observed for mitochondria. Although evidence supports the use of common protein targeting mechanisms in the biogenesis of these diverse organelles, divergent features are also apparent. This review examines the metabolism and biogenesis of these organelles in divergent unicellular microbes, with a focus on parasitic protists.
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Affiliation(s)
- April M Shiflett
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1489, USA
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21
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Sawyeria marylandensis (Heterolobosea) has a hydrogenosome with novel metabolic properties. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2010; 9:1913-24. [PMID: 21037180 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00122-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Protists that live under low-oxygen conditions often lack conventional mitochondria and instead possess mitochondrion-related organelles (MROs) with distinct biochemical functions. Studies of mostly parasitic organisms have suggested that these organelles could be classified into two general types: hydrogenosomes and mitosomes. Hydrogenosomes, found in parabasalids, anaerobic chytrid fungi, and ciliates, metabolize pyruvate anaerobically to generate ATP, acetate, CO(2), and hydrogen gas, employing enzymes not typically associated with mitochondria. Mitosomes that have been studied have no apparent role in energy metabolism. Recent investigations of free-living anaerobic protists have revealed a diversity of MROs with a wider array of metabolic properties that defy a simple functional classification. Here we describe an expressed sequence tag (EST) survey and ultrastructural investigation of the anaerobic heteroloboseid amoeba Sawyeria marylandensis aimed at understanding the properties of its MROs. This organism expresses typical anaerobic energy metabolic enzymes, such as pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, [FeFe]-hydrogenase, and associated hydrogenase maturases with apparent organelle-targeting peptides, indicating that its MRO likely functions as a hydrogenosome. We also identified 38 genes encoding canonical mitochondrial proteins in S. marylandensis, many of which possess putative targeting peptides and are phylogenetically related to putative mitochondrial proteins of its heteroloboseid relative Naegleria gruberi. Several of these proteins, such as a branched-chain alpha keto acid dehydrogenase, likely function in pathways that have not been previously associated with the well-studied hydrogenosomes of parabasalids. Finally, morphological reconstructions based on transmission electron microscopy indicate that the S. marylandensis MROs form novel cup-like structures within the cells. Overall, these data suggest that Sawyeria marylandensis possesses a hydrogenosome of mitochondrial origin with a novel combination of biochemical and structural properties.
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22
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Santos R, Lefevre S, Sliwa D, Seguin A, Camadro JM, Lesuisse E. Friedreich ataxia: molecular mechanisms, redox considerations, and therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:651-90. [PMID: 20156111 PMCID: PMC2924788 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.3015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage are at the origin of numerous neurodegenerative diseases like Friedreich ataxia and Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is the most common hereditary ataxia, with one individual affected in 50,000. This disease is characterized by progressive degeneration of the central and peripheral nervous systems, cardiomyopathy, and increased incidence of diabetes mellitus. FRDA is caused by a dynamic mutation, a GAA trinucleotide repeat expansion, in the first intron of the FXN gene. Fewer than 5% of the patients are heterozygous and carry point mutations in the other allele. The molecular consequences of the GAA triplet expansion is transcription silencing and reduced expression of the encoded mitochondrial protein, frataxin. The precise cellular role of frataxin is not known; however, it is clear now that several mitochondrial functions are not performed correctly in patient cells. The affected functions include respiration, iron-sulfur cluster assembly, iron homeostasis, and maintenance of the redox status. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms that underlie the disease phenotypes and the different hypothesis about the function of frataxin. In addition, we present an overview of the most recent therapeutic approaches for this severe disease that actually has no efficient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Santos
- Mitochondria, Metals and Oxidative Stress Laboratory, Institut Jacques Monod (UMR 7592 CNRS–University Paris-Diderot), Paris, France
| | - Sophie Lefevre
- Mitochondria, Metals and Oxidative Stress Laboratory, Institut Jacques Monod (UMR 7592 CNRS–University Paris-Diderot), Paris, France
- University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Dominika Sliwa
- Mitochondria, Metals and Oxidative Stress Laboratory, Institut Jacques Monod (UMR 7592 CNRS–University Paris-Diderot), Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Seguin
- Mitochondria, Metals and Oxidative Stress Laboratory, Institut Jacques Monod (UMR 7592 CNRS–University Paris-Diderot), Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Camadro
- Mitochondria, Metals and Oxidative Stress Laboratory, Institut Jacques Monod (UMR 7592 CNRS–University Paris-Diderot), Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Lesuisse
- Mitochondria, Metals and Oxidative Stress Laboratory, Institut Jacques Monod (UMR 7592 CNRS–University Paris-Diderot), Paris, France
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23
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Abstract
Friedreich ataxia is an inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by frataxin deficiency. Frataxin is a conserved mitochondrial protein that plays a role in FeS cluster assembly in mitochondria. FeS clusters are modular cofactors that perform essential functions throughout the cell. They are synthesized by a multistep and multisubunit mitochondrial machinery that includes the scaffold protein Isu for assembling a protein-bound FeS cluster intermediate. Frataxin interacts with Isu, iron, and the cysteine desulfurase Nfs1, which supplies sulfide, thus placing it at the center of mitochondrial FeS cluster biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L Stemmler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, France
| | - Emmanuel Lesuisse
- Laboratoire Mitochondrie, Metaux et Stress Oxydant, Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS-Universite Paris Diderot, 75205 Paris, France
| | - Debkumar Pain
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07101
| | - Andrew Dancis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.
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24
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Hjort K, Goldberg AV, Tsaousis AD, Hirt RP, Embley TM. Diversity and reductive evolution of mitochondria among microbial eukaryotes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2010; 365:713-27. [PMID: 20124340 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
All extant eukaryotes are now considered to possess mitochondria in one form or another. Many parasites or anaerobic protists have highly reduced versions of mitochondria, which have generally lost their genome and the capacity to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. These organelles have been called hydrogenosomes, when they make hydrogen, or remnant mitochondria or mitosomes when their functions were cryptic. More recently, organelles with features blurring the distinction between mitochondria, hydrogenosomes and mitosomes have been identified. These organelles have retained a mitochondrial genome and include the mitochondrial-like organelle of Blastocystis and the hydrogenosome of the anaerobic ciliate Nyctotherus. Studying eukaryotic diversity from the perspective of their mitochondrial variants has yielded important insights into eukaryote molecular cell biology and evolution. These investigations are contributing to understanding the essential functions of mitochondria, defined in the broadest sense, and the limits to which reductive evolution can proceed while maintaining a viable organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Hjort
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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25
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The monothiol single-domain glutaredoxin is conserved in the highly reduced mitochondria of Giardia intestinalis. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2009; 8:1584-91. [PMID: 19717741 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00181-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The highly reduced mitochondria (mitosomes) of Giardia intestinalis are recently discovered organelles for which, it was suggested, iron-sulfur cluster assembly was their only conserved function. However, only an incomplete set of the components required for FeS cluster biogenesis was localized to the mitosomes. Via proteomic analysis of a mitosome-rich cellular fraction together with immunofluorescence microscopy, we identified a novel mitosomal protein homologous to monothiol glutaredoxins containing a CGFS motif at the active site. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of long nonconserved N-terminal extension of 77 amino acids, which was absent in the mature protein. Expression of the complete and N-terminally truncated forms of the glutaredoxin indicated that the extension is involved in glutaredoxin import into mitosomes. However, the mechanism of preprotein processing is unclear, as the mitosomal processing peptidase is unable to cleave this type of extension. The recombinant mature protein was shown to form a homodimeric structure, which binds a labile FeS cluster. The cluster is stabilized by glutathione and dithiothreitol. Phylogenetic analysis showed that giardial glutaredoxin is related to the mitochondrial monothiol glutaredoxins involved in FeS cluster assembly. The identification of a mitochondrial-type monothiol glutaredoxin in the mitosomes of G. intestinalis thus completes the mitosomal FeS cluster biosynthetic pathway and provides further evidence for the mitochondrial origin of these organelles.
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26
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Benchimol M. Hydrogenosomes under microscopy. Tissue Cell 2009; 41:151-68. [PMID: 19297000 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2008] [Revised: 01/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A hydrogenosome is a hydrogen-producing organelle, evolutionary related to mitochondria and is found in Parabasalia protozoa, certain chytrid fungi and certain ciliates. It displays similarities to and differences from mitochondria. Hydrogenosomes are spherical or slightly elongated organelles, although very elongated hydrogenosomes are also found. They measure from 200 nm to 1 microm, but under stress conditions can reach up to 2 microm. Hydrogenosomes are surrounded by two closely apposed membranes and present a granular matrix. Cardiolipin has been detected in their membranes, and frataxin, which is a conserved mitochondrial protein involved in iron metabolism, was also recently found. Hydrogenosomes have one or multiple peripheral vesicles, which incorporate calcium. The peripheral vesicle can be isolated from the hydrogenosomal matrix and can be considered as a distinct hydrogenosomal compartment. Dysfunctional hydrogenosomes can be removed by an autophagic process and further digested by lysosomes. Hydrogenosomes divide in three different ways, like mitochondria, by segmentation, partition and the heart form. They may divide at any phase of the cell cycle. Nucleoid or electron dense deposits found in hydrogenosomes can be considered artifacts or dysfunctional hydrogenosomes. The hydrogenosome does not contain a genome, although DNA has already been detected in one anaerobic ciliate. Hydrogenosomes can be considered as good drug targets since their metabolism is distinct from mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Benchimol
- Universidade Santa Ursula, Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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27
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Particularities of mitochondrial structure in parasitic protists (Apicomplexa and Kinetoplastida). Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 41:2069-80. [PMID: 19379828 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Without mitochondria, eukaryotic cells would depend entirely on anaerobic glycolysis for ATP generation. This also holds true for protists, both free-living and parasitic. Parasitic protists include agents of human and animal diseases that have a huge impact on world populations. In the phylum Apicomplexa, several species of Plasmodium cause malaria, whereas Toxoplasma gondii is a cosmopolite parasite found on all continents. Flagellates of the order Kinetoplastida include the genera Leishmania and Trypanosoma causative agents of human leishmaniasis and (depending on the species) African trypanosomiasis and Chagas disease. Although clearly distinct in many aspects, the members of these two groups bear a single and usually well developed mitochondrion. The single mitochondrion of Apicomplexa has a dense matrix and many cristae with a circular profile. The organelle is even more peculiar in the order Kinetoplastida, exhibiting a condensed network of DNA at a specific position, always close to the flagellar basal body. This arrangement is known as Kinetoplast and the name of the order derived from it. Kinetoplastids also bear glycosomes, peroxisomes that concentrate enzymes of the glycolytic cycle. Mitochondrial volume and activity is maximum when glycosomal is low and vice versa. In both Apicomplexa and trypanosomatids, mitochondria show particularities that are absent in other eukaryotic organisms. These peculiar features make them an attractive target for therapeutic drugs for the diseases they cause.
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Pandolfo M, Pastore A. The pathogenesis of Friedreich ataxia and the structure and function of frataxin. J Neurol 2009; 256 Suppl 1:9-17. [PMID: 19283345 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-009-1003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the role of frataxin in mitochondria is key to an understanding of the pathogenesis of Friedreich ataxia. Frataxins are small essential proteins whose deficiency causes a range of metabolic disturbances, which include oxidative stress, deficit of iron-sulphur clusters, and defects in heme synthesis, sulfur amino acid and energy metabolism, stress response, and mitochondrial function. Structural studies carried out on different orthologues have shown that the frataxin fold consists of a flexible N-terminal region present only in eukaryotes and in a highly conserved C-terminal globular domain. Frataxins bind iron directly but with very unusual properties: iron coordination is achieved solely by glutamates and aspartates exposed on the protein surface. It has been suggested that frataxin function is that of a ferritin-like protein, an iron chaperone of the iron sulphur cluster machinery and heme metabolism and/or a controller of cellular oxidative stress. To understand FRDA pathogenesis and to design novel therapeutic strategies, we must first precisely identify the cellular role of frataxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Pandolfo
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpital Erasme - Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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Rich RL, Myszka DG. Survey of the year 2007 commercial optical biosensor literature. J Mol Recognit 2008; 21:355-400. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Long S, Jirků M, Ayala FJ, Lukeš J. Mitochondrial localization of human frataxin is necessary but processing is not for rescuing frataxin deficiency in Trypanosoma brucei. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:13468-73. [PMID: 18768799 PMCID: PMC2533213 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0806762105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei, the agent of human sleeping sickness and ruminant nagana, is the most genetically tractable representative of the domain Excavata. It is evolutionarily very distant from humans, with a last common ancestor over 1 billion years ago. Frataxin, a highly conserved small protein involved in iron-sulfur cluster synthesis, is present in both organisms, and its deficiency is responsible for Friedreich's ataxia in humans. We have found that T. brucei growth-inhibition phenotype caused by down-regulated frataxin is rescued by means of human frataxin. The rescue is fully dependent on the human frataxin being imported into the trypanosome mitochondrion. Processing of the imported protein by mitochondrial processing peptidase can be blocked by mutations in the signal peptide, as in human cells. Although in human cells frataxin must be processed to execute its function, the same protein in the T. brucei mitochondrion is functional even in the absence of processing. Our results illuminate remarkable conservation of the mechanisms of mitochondrial protein import and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun Long
- *Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, and
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budeĕjovice, Czech Republic; and
| | - Milan Jirků
- *Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, and
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budeĕjovice, Czech Republic; and
| | - Francisco J. Ayala
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Julius Lukeš
- *Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, and
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budeĕjovice, Czech Republic; and
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Long S, Jirků M, Mach J, Ginger ML, Sutak R, Richardson D, Tachezy J, Lukes J. Ancestral roles of eukaryotic frataxin: mitochondrial frataxin function and heterologous expression of hydrogenosomal Trichomonas homologues in trypanosomes. Mol Microbiol 2008; 69:94-109. [PMID: 18433447 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06260.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Frataxin is a small conserved mitochondrial protein; in humans, mutations affecting frataxin expression or function result in Friedreich's ataxia. Much of the current understanding of frataxin function comes from informative studies with yeast models, but considerable debates remain with regard to the primary functions of this ubiquitous protein. We exploit the tractable reverse genetics of Trypanosoma brucei in order to specifically consider the importance of frataxin in an early branching lineage. Using inducible RNAi, we show that frataxin is essential in T. brucei and that its loss results in reduced activity of the marker Fe-S cluster-containing enzyme aconitase in both the mitochondrion and cytosol. Activities of mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase and fumarase also decreased, but the concentration of reactive oxygen species increased. Trypanosomes lacking frataxin also exhibited a low mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced oxygen consumption. Crucially, however, iron did not accumulate in frataxin-depleted mitochondria, and as T. brucei frataxin does not form large complexes, it suggests that it plays no role in iron storage. Interestingly, RNAi phenotypes were ameliorated by expression of frataxin homologues from hydrogenosomes of another divergent protist Trichomonas vaginalis. Collectively, the data suggest trypanosome frataxin functions primarily only in Fe-S cluster biogenesis and protection from reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun Long
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Ceské Budejovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
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Lill R, Mühlenhoff U. Maturation of Iron-Sulfur Proteins in Eukaryotes: Mechanisms, Connected Processes, and Diseases. Annu Rev Biochem 2008; 77:669-700. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biochem.76.052705.162653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Lill
- Institut für Zytobiologie, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg D-35033, Germany;
| | - Ulrich Mühlenhoff
- Institut für Zytobiologie, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg D-35033, Germany;
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