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Zhang L, Cai Y, Li Y, Zhang T, Wang B, Lu G, Zhang D, Olsson S, Wang Z. MoSep3 and MoExo70 are needed for MoCK2 ring assembly essential for appressorium function in the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1159-1164. [PMID: 34117700 PMCID: PMC8358994 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Polar growth during appressorium formation is vital for the penetration peg formation in the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae. Previous research has shown that the Sln1-septin-exocyst complex, localized at the base of the appressorium in contact with the leaf surface, forms a ring structure that influences growth polarity and affects penetration peg formation, and is necessary for pathogenicity. Our previous research showed CK2 proteins assemble another ring structure positioned perpendicular to the Sln1-septin-exocyst complex. Our research showed that the CK2 ring needs to become correctly assembled for penetration peg function and subsequent plant infection. In the present study, we found that the ring structures of CK2 are absent in the appressorium of ΔMoSep3 septin deletion mutants lacking the septin ring of the Sln1-septin-exocyst complex. Sln1 affects the septin proteins that recruit the exocyst complex that localizes as another ring at the appressorium's bottom. Destruction of the exocyst complex by mutation also causes incorrect localization of the CK2 ring structure. In conclusion, CK2 probably takes part in reestablishing the appressorium' spolarity growth necessary for penetration peg formation. We can also conclude that the correct localization and assembly of one or more CK2 ring structures in the appressorium depend on the initial assembly of the Sln1-septin-exocyst complex two rings at the base of the appressorium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- College of Agronomy/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic BreedingMinistry of EducationJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Yan Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Yunxi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Tian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Baohua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Guodong Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Stefan Olsson
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Plant Immunity CenterHaixia Institute of Science and Technology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Zonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Institute of OceanographyMinjiang UniversityFuzhouChina
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Ma Z, Chen Z, Wang W, Wang K, Zhu T. Exocyst subunit BcSec3 regulates growth, development and pathogenicity in Botrytis cinerea. J Biosci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-00097-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Liu R, Zhang X, Ren A, Shi DK, Shi L, Zhu J, Yu HS, Zhao MW. Heat stress-induced reactive oxygen species participate in the regulation of HSP expression, hyphal branching and ganoderic acid biosynthesis in Ganoderma lucidum. Microbiol Res 2018; 209:43-54. [PMID: 29580621 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) is an important environmental factor that affects the growth and metabolism of edible fungi, but the molecular mechanism of the heat stress response (HSR) remains unclear. We previously reported that HS treatment increased the length between two hyphal branches and induced the accumulation of ganoderic acid biosynthesis and the gene expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in Ganoderma lucidum. In this study, we found that HS induced a significant increase in the cytosolic ROS concentration, and exogenously added ROS scavengers NAC, VC and NADPH oxidase (Nox) inhibitor DPI reduce the cytosolic ROS accumulation in G. lucidum. In addition, the phenomena of the increased gene expression and increased length between the two hyphal branches and the accumulation of GA biosynthesis induced by HS were mitigated. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of HS on Nox-silenced strains (NoxABi-10, NoxABi-11 and NoxRi-4, NoxRi-7) and found that the level of ROS concentration was lower than that in wild-type (WT) strains treated with HS. Additionally, Nox silenced strains reduced the HS-induced increase in HSP expression, the length between two hyphal branches and GA biosynthesis compared with the WT strain. These data indicate that HS-induced ROS participate in the regulation of HSP expression, hyphal branching and ganoderic acid biosynthesis in G. lucidum. In addition, these findings identified potential pathways linking ROS networks to HSR, physiological and metabolic processes in fungi and provide a valuable reference for studying the role of ROS in HSR, mycelium growth and secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Deng-Ke Shi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Shou Yu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Wen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Retraction Note to: The exocyst in Candida albicans polarized secretion and filamentation. Curr Genet 2016; 62:911. [PMID: 27699469 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-016-0655-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Guo PP, Yong JYA, Wang YM, Li CR. Sec15 links bud site selection to polarised cell growth and exocytosis in Candida albicans. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26464. [PMID: 27225289 PMCID: PMC4881018 DOI: 10.1038/srep26464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The exocyst plays a crucial role in the targeting of secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane during exocytosis. It has been shown to be involved in diverse cellular processes including yeast budding. However, the mechanism of the exocyst regulating yeast budding has not been fully elucidated. Here we report a novel interaction between the exocyst component Sec15 and the Ras-family GTPase Rsr1, a master regulator of bud-site-selection system, in the fungus Candida albicans. We present several lines of evidence indicating physical and genetic interaction of Sec15 with Rsr1. In vitro binding assays and co-immunoprecipitation studies showed that Sec15 associated physically with Rsr1. Deletion of RSR1 completely abolished the polarised localisation of Sec15 as well as all the other exocyst components in both yeast and hyphal cells, suggesting a functional interaction between Sec15 and Rsr1. We also show that C. albicans Sec15 interacts directly with the polarity determinant Bem1 and the type V myosin, Myo2. Disruption of the interaction by shutting off SEC15 results in mislocaliztion of Bem1-GFP. These findings highlight the important role of Sec15 in polarised cell growth by providing a direct functional link between bud-site-selection and exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Pan Guo
- Institute of Health Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jie Ying Au Yong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673 Singapore
| | - Yan Ming Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, 138673 Singapore
| | - Chang Run Li
- Institute of Health Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
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Chavez-Dozal AA, Bernardo SM, Lee SA. The exocyst in Candida albicans polarized secretion and filamentation. Curr Genet 2016; 62:343-6. [PMID: 26762634 PMCID: PMC4978426 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-015-0553-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The exocyst is an octameric complex that orchestrates the docking and tethering of vesicles to the plasma membrane during exocytosis and is fundamental for key biological processes including growth and establishment of cell polarity. Although components of the exocyst are well conserved among fungi, the specific functions of each component of the exocyst complex unique to Candida albicans biology and pathogenesis are not fully understood. This commentary describes recent findings regarding the role of exocyst subunits Sec6 and Sec15 in C. albicans filamentation and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba A. Chavez-Dozal
- Section of Infectious Diseases, New Mexico VA Healthcare System, 1501 San Pedro SE, Mail Code 111-J, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Stella M. Bernardo
- Section of Infectious Diseases, New Mexico VA Healthcare System, 1501 San Pedro SE, Mail Code 111-J, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Samuel A. Lee
- Section of Infectious Diseases, New Mexico VA Healthcare System, 1501 San Pedro SE, Mail Code 111-J, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Martin-Urdiroz M, Deeks MJ, Horton CG, Dawe HR, Jourdain I. The Exocyst Complex in Health and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:24. [PMID: 27148529 PMCID: PMC4828438 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Exocytosis involves the fusion of intracellular secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane, thereby delivering integral membrane proteins to the cell surface and releasing material into the extracellular space. Importantly, exocytosis also provides a source of lipid moieties for membrane extension. The tethering of the secretory vesicle before docking and fusion with the plasma membrane is mediated by the exocyst complex, an evolutionary conserved octameric complex of proteins. Recent findings indicate that the exocyst complex also takes part in other intra-cellular processes besides secretion. These various functions seem to converge toward defining a direction of membrane growth in a range of systems from fungi to plants and from neurons to cilia. In this review we summarize the current knowledge of exocyst function in cell polarity, signaling and cell-cell communication and discuss implications for plant and animal health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J Deeks
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter Exeter, UK
| | - Connor G Horton
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter Exeter, UK
| | - Helen R Dawe
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter Exeter, UK
| | - Isabelle Jourdain
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter Exeter, UK
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Douglas LM, Konopka JB. Plasma membrane organization promotes virulence of the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. J Microbiol 2016; 54:178-91. [PMID: 26920878 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-016-5621-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a human fungal pathogen capable of causing lethal systemic infections. The plasma membrane plays key roles in virulence because it not only functions as a protective barrier, it also mediates dynamic functions including secretion of virulence factors, cell wall synthesis, invasive hyphal morphogenesis, endocytosis, and nutrient uptake. Consistent with this functional complexity, the plasma membrane is composed of a wide array of lipids and proteins. These components are organized into distinct domains that will be the topic of this review. Some of the plasma membrane domains that will be described are known to act as scaffolds or barriers to diffusion, such as MCC/eisosomes, septins, and sites of contact with the endoplasmic reticulum. Other zones mediate dynamic processes, including secretion, endocytosis, and a special region at hyphal tips that facilitates rapid growth. The highly organized architecture of the plasma membrane facilitates the coordination of diverse functions and promotes the pathogenesis of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois M Douglas
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5222, USA
| | - James B Konopka
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5222, USA.
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Chen X, Ebbole DJ, Wang Z. The exocyst complex: delivery hub for morphogenesis and pathogenesis in filamentous fungi. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 28:48-54. [PMID: 26453967 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Regulated by several small GTPases, the octameric exocyst complex directs the docking and tethering of exocytic vesicles to the destined plasma membrane sites, providing the precise spatiotemporal control of exocytosis. Although the exocyst components are well conserved among various fungal species, the mechanisms for the regulation of its assembly and activity are diverse. Exocytosis is crucial for the generation of cell polarity as well as the delivery of effector proteins in filamentous fungi, and thus plays an important role for fungal morphogenesis and pathogenicity on plant hosts. This review focuses on current findings about the roles of the exocyst complex in the morphogenesis and pathogenesis of filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Chen
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Daniel J Ebbole
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Functional Analysis of the Exocyst Subunit Sec15 in Candida albicans. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2015; 14:1228-39. [PMID: 26453654 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00147-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In prior studies of exocyst-mediated late secretion in Candida albicans, we have determined that Sec6 contributes to cell wall integrity, secretion, and filamentation. A conditional mutant lacking SEC6 expression exhibits markedly reduced lateral hyphal branching. In addition, lack of the related t-SNAREs Sso2 and Sec9 also leads to defects in secretion and filamentation. To further understand the role of the exocyst in the fundamental processes of polarized secretion and filamentation in C. albicans, we studied the exocyst subunit Sec15. Since Saccharomyces cerevisiae SEC15 is essential for viability, we generated a C. albicans conditional mutant strain in which SEC15 was placed under the control of a tetracycline-regulated promoter. In the repressed state, cell death occurred after 5 h in the tetR-SEC15 strain. Prior to this time point, the tetR-SEC15 mutant was markedly defective in Sap and lipase secretion and demonstrated increased sensitivity to Zymolyase and chitinase. Notably, tetR-SEC15 mutant hyphae were characterized by a hyperbranching phenotype, in direct contrast to strain tetR-SEC6, which had minimal lateral branching. We further studied the localization of the Spitzenkörper, polarisomes, and exocysts in the tetR-SEC15 and tetR-SEC6 mutants during filamentation. Mlc1-GFP (marking the Spitzenkörper), Spa2-GFP (the polarisome), and Exo70-GFP (exocyst) localizations were normal in the tetR-SEC6 mutant, whereas these structures were mislocalized in the tetR-SEC15 mutant. Following alleviation of gene repression by removing doxycycline, first Spitzenkörper, then polarisome, and finally exocyst localizations were recovered sequentially. These results indicate that the exocyst subunits Sec15 and Sec6 have distinct roles in mediating polarized secretion and filamentation in C. albicans.
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