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Zhang X, Ovenden B, Milgate A. Recent insights into barley and Rhynchosporium commune interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1111-1128. [PMID: 32537933 PMCID: PMC7368125 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rhynchosporium commune is the causal pathogen of scald in barley (Hordeum vulgare), a foliar disease that can reduce yield by up to 40% in susceptible cultivars. R. commune is found worldwide in all temperate growing regions and is regarded as one of the most economically important barley pathogens. It is a polycyclic pathogen with the ability to rapidly evolve new virulent strains in response to resistance genes deployed in commercial cultivars. Hence, introgression and pyramiding of different loci for resistance (qualitative or quantitative) through marker-assisted selection is an effective way to improve scald resistance in barley. This review summarizes all 148 resistance quantitative trait loci reported at the date of submission of this review and projects them onto the barley physical map, where it is clear many loci co-locate on chromosomes 3H and 7H. We have summarized the major named resistance loci and reiterated the renaming of Rrs15 (CI8288) to Rrs17. This review provides a comprehensive resource for future discovery and breeding efforts of qualitative and quantitative scald resistance loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechen Zhang
- NSW Department of Primary IndustriesWagga Wagga Agricultural InstituteWagga WaggaNSWAustralia
| | - Ben Ovenden
- NSW Department of Primary IndustriesWagga Wagga Agricultural InstituteWagga WaggaNSWAustralia
| | - Andrew Milgate
- NSW Department of Primary IndustriesWagga Wagga Agricultural InstituteWagga WaggaNSWAustralia
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Ramirez-Prado JS, Piquerez SJM, Bendahmane A, Hirt H, Raynaud C, Benhamed M. Modify the Histone to Win the Battle: Chromatin Dynamics in Plant-Pathogen Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:355. [PMID: 29616066 PMCID: PMC5868138 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Relying on an immune system comes with a high energetic cost for plants. Defense responses in these organisms are therefore highly regulated and fine-tuned, permitting them to respond pertinently to the attack of a microbial pathogen. In recent years, the importance of the physical modification of chromatin, a highly organized structure composed of genomic DNA and its interacting proteins, has become evident in the research field of plant-pathogen interactions. Several processes, including DNA methylation, changes in histone density and variants, and various histone modifications, have been described as regulators of various developmental and defense responses. Herein, we review the state of the art in the epigenomic aspects of plant immunity, focusing on chromatin modifications, chromatin modifiers, and their physiological consequences. In addition, we explore the exciting field of understanding how plant pathogens have adapted to manipulate the plant epigenomic regulation in order to weaken their immune system and thrive in their host, as well as how histone modifications in eukaryotic pathogens are involved in the regulation of their virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan S. Ramirez-Prado
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, University Paris-Sud, University of Évry Val d’Essonne, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cite, University of Paris-Saclay, UMR9213 Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris Saclay, Essonne, France
| | - Sophie J. M. Piquerez
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, University Paris-Sud, University of Évry Val d’Essonne, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cite, University of Paris-Saclay, UMR9213 Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris Saclay, Essonne, France
| | - Abdelhafid Bendahmane
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, University Paris-Sud, University of Évry Val d’Essonne, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cite, University of Paris-Saclay, UMR9213 Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris Saclay, Essonne, France
| | - Heribert Hirt
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, University Paris-Sud, University of Évry Val d’Essonne, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cite, University of Paris-Saclay, UMR9213 Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris Saclay, Essonne, France
| | - Cécile Raynaud
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, University Paris-Sud, University of Évry Val d’Essonne, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cite, University of Paris-Saclay, UMR9213 Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris Saclay, Essonne, France
| | - Moussa Benhamed
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, University Paris-Sud, University of Évry Val d’Essonne, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cite, University of Paris-Saclay, UMR9213 Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris Saclay, Essonne, France
- *Correspondence: Moussa Benhamed,
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Larson SB, McPherson A. The structure of the Pfp1 protease from the hyperthermophilic archaeonThermococcus thioreducensin two crystal forms. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2017; 73:749-756. [DOI: 10.1107/s2059798317010622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The Pfp1 protease, a cysteine protease of unknown specificity from the hyperthermophilic archaeonThermococcus thioreducens, was crystallized in two distinctive crystal forms: from concentrated citrate in one case and PEG in the other. X-ray data were collected from both crystal forms at room temperature to about 1.9 Å resolution using a laboratory source and detector, and the structures were solved by molecular replacement using the Pfp1 protease fromPyrococcus horikoshiias the search model. In theT. thioreducensprotease structures, Cys18 residues on adjacent molecules in the asymmetric units form intermolecular disulfide bonds, thereby yielding hexamers composed of three cross-linked, quasi-dyad-related dimers with crystallographically exact threefold axes and exhibiting almost exact 32 symmetry. The corresponding residue inP. horikoshiiPfp1 is Tyr18. An individual active site containing Cys100 and His101 also includes a Glu74 residue contributed by a quasi-twofold-related, non-cross-linked subunit. Two catalytic triads are therefore closely juxtaposed about the quasi-twofold axis at the interface of these subunits, and are relatively sequestered within the hexamer cavity. The cysteine in the active site is observed to be oxidized in both of the crystal forms that were studied.
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Penselin D, Münsterkötter M, Kirsten S, Felder M, Taudien S, Platzer M, Ashelford K, Paskiewicz KH, Harrison RJ, Hughes DJ, Wolf T, Shelest E, Graap J, Hoffmann J, Wenzel C, Wöltje N, King KM, Fitt BDL, Güldener U, Avrova A, Knogge W. Comparative genomics to explore phylogenetic relationship, cryptic sexual potential and host specificity of Rhynchosporium species on grasses. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:953. [PMID: 27875982 PMCID: PMC5118889 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3299-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Rhynchosporium species complex consists of hemibiotrophic fungal pathogens specialized to different sweet grass species including the cereal crops barley and rye. A sexual stage has not been described, but several lines of evidence suggest the occurrence of sexual reproduction. Therefore, a comparative genomics approach was carried out to disclose the evolutionary relationship of the species and to identify genes demonstrating the potential for a sexual cycle. Furthermore, due to the evolutionary very young age of the five species currently known, this genus appears to be well-suited to address the question at the molecular level of how pathogenic fungi adapt to their hosts. RESULTS The genomes of the different Rhynchosporium species were sequenced, assembled and annotated using ab initio gene predictors trained on several fungal genomes as well as on Rhynchosporium expressed sequence tags. Structures of the rDNA regions and genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms provided a hypothesis for intra-genus evolution. Homology screening detected core meiotic genes along with most genes crucial for sexual recombination in ascomycete fungi. In addition, a large number of cell wall-degrading enzymes that is characteristic for hemibiotrophic and necrotrophic fungi infecting monocotyledonous hosts were found. Furthermore, the Rhynchosporium genomes carry a repertoire of genes coding for polyketide synthases and non-ribosomal peptide synthetases. Several of these genes are missing from the genome of the closest sequenced relative, the poplar pathogen Marssonina brunnea, and are possibly involved in adaptation to the grass hosts. Most importantly, six species-specific genes coding for protein effectors were identified in R. commune. Their deletion yielded mutants that grew more vigorously in planta than the wild type. CONCLUSION Both cryptic sexuality and secondary metabolites may have contributed to host adaptation. Most importantly, however, the growth-retarding activity of the species-specific effectors suggests that host adaptation of R. commune aims at extending the biotrophic stage at the expense of the necrotrophic stage of pathogenesis. Like other apoplastic fungi Rhynchosporium colonizes the intercellular matrix of host leaves relatively slowly without causing symptoms, reminiscent of the development of endophytic fungi. Rhynchosporium may therefore become an object for studying the mutualism-parasitism transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Penselin
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Martin Münsterkötter
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Kirsten
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Marius Felder
- Genomic Analysis, Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Taudien
- Genomic Analysis, Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Platzer
- Genomic Analysis, Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Kevin Ashelford
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | - David J. Hughes
- Applied Bioinformatics, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire UK
| | - Thomas Wolf
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Shelest
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Jenny Graap
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Jan Hoffmann
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Claudia Wenzel
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, Germany ,Present address: Food Quality and Nutrition, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Wöltje
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Kevin M. King
- Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire UK
| | - Bruce D. L. Fitt
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire UK
| | - Ulrich Güldener
- Department of Genome-Oriented Bioinformatics, Technische Universität München, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
| | - Anna Avrova
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Wolfgang Knogge
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, Germany
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Zhu QH, Shan WX, Ayliffe MA, Wang MB. Epigenetic Mechanisms: An Emerging Player in Plant-Microbe Interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:187-96. [PMID: 26524162 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-15-0194-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants have developed diverse molecular and cellular mechanisms to cope with a lifetime of exposure to a variety of pathogens. Host transcriptional reprogramming is a central part of plant defense upon pathogen recognition. Recent studies link DNA methylation and demethylation as well as chromatin remodeling by posttranslational histone modifications, including acetylation, methylation, and ubiquitination, to changes in the expression levels of defense genes upon pathogen challenge. Remarkably these inducible defense mechanisms can be primed prior to pathogen attack by epigenetic modifications and this heightened resistance state can be transmitted to subsequent generations by inheritance of these modification patterns. Beside the plant host, epigenetic mechanisms have also been implicated in virulence development of pathogens. This review highlights recent findings and insights into epigenetic mechanisms associated with interactions between plants and pathogens, in particular bacterial and fungal pathogens, and demonstrates the positive role they can have in promoting plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Hao Zhu
- 1 CSIRO Agriculture, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Wei-Xing Shan
- 2 College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | | | - Ming-Bo Wang
- 1 CSIRO Agriculture, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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