1
|
Yaakoub H, Mina S, Calenda A, Bouchara JP, Papon N. Oxidative stress response pathways in fungi. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:333. [PMID: 35648225 PMCID: PMC11071803 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04353-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Fungal response to any stress is intricate, specific, and multilayered, though it employs only a few evolutionarily conserved regulators. This comes with the assumption that one regulator operates more than one stress-specific response. Although the assumption holds true, the current understanding of molecular mechanisms that drive response specificity and adequacy remains rudimentary. Deciphering the response of fungi to oxidative stress may help fill those knowledge gaps since it is one of the most encountered stress types in any kind of fungal niche. Data have been accumulating on the roles of the HOG pathway and Yap1- and Skn7-related pathways in mounting distinct and robust responses in fungi upon exposure to oxidative stress. Herein, we review recent and most relevant studies reporting the contribution of each of these pathways in response to oxidative stress in pathogenic and opportunistic fungi after giving a paralleled overview in two divergent models, the budding and fission yeasts. With the concept of stress-specific response and the importance of reactive oxygen species in fungal development, we first present a preface on the expanding domain of redox biology and oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Yaakoub
- Univ Angers, Univ Brest, IRF, SFR ICAT, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Sara Mina
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | | | - Nicolas Papon
- Univ Angers, Univ Brest, IRF, SFR ICAT, 49000, Angers, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jiang KX, Liu QQ, Bai N, Zhu MC, Zhang KQ, Yang JK. AoSsk1, a Response Regulator Required for Mycelial Growth and Development, Stress Responses, Trap Formation, and the Secondary Metabolism in Arthrobotrys oligospora. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8030260. [PMID: 35330262 PMCID: PMC8952730 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ssk1, a response regulator of the two-component signaling system, plays an important role in the cellular response to hyperosmotic stress in fungi. Herein, an ortholog of ssk1 (Aossk1) was characterized in the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora using gene disruption and multi-phenotypic comparison. The deletion of Aossk1 resulted in defective growth, deformed and swollen hyphal cells, an increased hyphal septum, and a shrunken nucleus. Compared to the wild-type (WT) strain, the number of autophagosomes and lipid droplets in the hyphal cells of the ΔAossk1 mutant decreased, whereas their volumes considerably increased. Aossk1 disruption caused a 95% reduction in conidial yield and remarkable defects in tolerance to osmotic and oxidative stress. Meanwhile, the transcript levels of several sporulation-related genes were significantly decreased in the ΔAossk1 mutant compared to the WT strain, including abaA, brlA, flbC, fluG, and rodA. Moreover, the loss of Aossk1 resulted in a remarkable increase in trap formation and predation efficiency. In addition, many metabolites were markedly downregulated in the ΔAossk1 mutant compared to the WT strain. Our results highlight that AoSsk1 is a crucial regulator of asexual development, stress responses, the secondary metabolism, and pathogenicity, and can be useful in probing the regulatory mechanism underlying the trap formation and lifestyle switching of nematode-trapping fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Xin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Qian-Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Na Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Mei-Chen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Jin-Kui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
The Two-Component Response Regulator Ssk1 and the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Hog1 Control Antifungal Drug Resistance and Cell Wall Architecture of Candida auris. mSphere 2020; 5:5/5/e00973-20. [PMID: 33055262 PMCID: PMC7565899 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00973-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant (MDR) fungal pathogen that presents a serious global threat to human health. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have classified C. auris as an urgent threat to public health for the next decade due to its major clinical and economic impact and the lack of effective antifungal drugs and because of future projections concerning new C. auris infections. Importantly, the Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS) has highlighted the need for more robust and efficacious global surveillance schemes enabling the identification and monitoring of antifungal resistance in Candida infections. Despite the clinical relevance of C. auris infections, our overall understanding of its pathophysiology and virulence, its response to human immune surveillance, and the molecular basis of multiple antifungal resistance remains in its infancy. Here, we show a marked phenotypic plasticity of C. auris clinical isolates. Further, we demonstrate critical roles of stress response mechanisms in regulating multidrug resistance and show that cell wall architecture and composition are key elements that determine antifungal drug susceptibilities. Our data promise new therapeutic options to treat drug-refractory C. auris infections. Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant human fungal pathogen refractory to treatment by several classes of antifungal drugs. Unlike other Candida species, C. auris can adhere to human skin for prolonged periods of time, allowing for efficient skin-to-skin transmission in the hospital environments. However, molecular mechanisms underlying pronounced multidrug resistance and adhesion traits are poorly understood. Two-component signal transduction and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling are important regulators of adherence, antifungal drug resistance, and virulence. Here, we report that genetic removal of SSK1 encoding a response regulator and the mitogen-associated protein kinase HOG1 restores the susceptibility to both amphotericin B (AMB) and caspofungin (CAS) in C. auris clinical strains. The loss of SSK1 and HOG1 alters membrane lipid permeability, cell wall mannan content, and hyperresistance to cell wall-perturbing agents. Interestingly, our data reveal variable functions of SSK1 and HOG1 in different C. auris clinical isolates, suggesting a pronounced genetic plasticity affecting cell wall function, stress adaptation, and multidrug resistance. Taken together, our data suggest that targeting two-component signal transduction systems could be suitable for restoring C. auris susceptibility to antifungal drugs. IMPORTANCECandida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant (MDR) fungal pathogen that presents a serious global threat to human health. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have classified C. auris as an urgent threat to public health for the next decade due to its major clinical and economic impact and the lack of effective antifungal drugs and because of future projections concerning new C. auris infections. Importantly, the Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS) has highlighted the need for more robust and efficacious global surveillance schemes enabling the identification and monitoring of antifungal resistance in Candida infections. Despite the clinical relevance of C. auris infections, our overall understanding of its pathophysiology and virulence, its response to human immune surveillance, and the molecular basis of multiple antifungal resistance remains in its infancy. Here, we show a marked phenotypic plasticity of C. auris clinical isolates. Further, we demonstrate critical roles of stress response mechanisms in regulating multidrug resistance and show that cell wall architecture and composition are key elements that determine antifungal drug susceptibilities. Our data promise new therapeutic options to treat drug-refractory C. auris infections.
Collapse
|
4
|
Zheng J, Tang C, Deng C, Wang Y. Involvement of a Response Regulator VdSsk1 in Stress Response, Melanin Biosynthesis and Full Virulence in Verticillium dahliae. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:606. [PMID: 30967857 PMCID: PMC6439524 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae causes vascular wilt disease on over 200 plant species worldwide. This fungus forms melanized microsclerotia which help it to survive under adverse conditions and these structures are vital to the disease spread. Here, we identified and characterized a V. dahliae homolog to of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ssk1, a response regulator of the two-component system. Herein, we demonstrated that the VdSsk1 deletion strains were more sensitive to various stresses, including oxidative stress conferred by H2O2 and sodium nitroprusside dihydrate, while the mutants confered higher resistance to fungicides such as fludioxonil and iprodione. Furthermore, disruption of VdSsk1 resulted in significant downregulation of melanin biosynthesis-related genes but did not affect microsclerotial development. Phosphorylation of VdHog1 was not detected in the VdSsk1 deletion strains under the treatment of sorbitol, indicating that phosphorylation of VdHog1 is dependent on VdSsk1. Finally, we demonstrated that VdSsk1 is required for full virulence. Taken together, this study suggests that VdSsk1 modulates stress response, melanin biosynthesis and virulence of V. dahliae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayue Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenglin Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yonglin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sharma J, Rosiana S, Razzaq I, Shapiro RS. Linking Cellular Morphogenesis with Antifungal Treatment and Susceptibility in Candida Pathogens. J Fungi (Basel) 2019; 5:E17. [PMID: 30795580 PMCID: PMC6463059 DOI: 10.3390/jof5010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are a growing public health concern, and an increasingly important cause of human mortality, with Candida species being amongst the most frequently encountered of these opportunistic fungal pathogens. Several Candida species are polymorphic, and able to transition between distinct morphological states, including yeast, hyphal, and pseudohyphal forms. While not all Candida pathogens are polymorphic, the ability to undergo morphogenesis is linked with the virulence of many of these pathogens. There are also many connections between Candida morphogenesis and antifungal drug treatment and susceptibility. Here, we review how Candida morphogenesis-a key virulence trait-is linked with antifungal drugs and antifungal drug resistance. We highlight how antifungal therapeutics are able to modulate morphogenesis in both sensitive and drug-resistant Candida strains, the shared signaling pathways that mediate both morphogenesis and the cellular response to antifungal drugs and drug resistance, and the connection between Candida morphology, drug resistance, and biofilm growth. We further review the development of anti-virulence drugs, and targeting Candida morphogenesis as a novel therapeutic strategy to target fungal pathogens. Together, this review highlights important connections between fungal morphogenesis, virulence, and susceptibility to antifungals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jehoshua Sharma
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Sierra Rosiana
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Iqra Razzaq
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Rebecca S Shapiro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Roles of the Skn7 response regulator in stress resistance, cell wall integrity and GA biosynthesis in Ganoderma lucidum. Fungal Genet Biol 2018. [PMID: 29524659 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Skn7 is a highly conserved fungal protein that participates in a variety of processes, including oxidative stress adaptation, fungicide sensitivity, cell wall biosynthesis, cell cycle, and sporulation. In this study, a homologous gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Skn7 was cloned from Ganoderma lucidum. RNA interference (RNAi) was used to study the functions of Skn7, and the two knockdown strains Skn7i-5 and Skn7i-7 were obtained in G. lucidum. The knockdown of GlSkn7 resulted in hypersensitivity to oxidative and cell wall stresses. The concentrations of chitin and β-1,3-glucan distinctly decreased in the GlSkn7 knockdown strains compared with those of the wild type (WT). In addition, the expression of cell wall biosynthesis related genes was also significantly down-regulated and the thickness of the cell wall also significantly reduced in the GlSkn7 knockdown strains. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and ganoderic acids biosynthesis increased significantly in the GlSkn7 knockdown strains. Interestingly, the level of intracellular ROS and the content of ganoderic acids decreased after N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), an ROS scavenger, was added, indicating that GlSkn7 might regulate ganoderic acids biosynthesis via the intracellular ROS level. The transcript level of GlSkn7 were up-regulated in osmotic stress, heat stress and fungicide condition. At the same time, the content of ganoderic acids in the GlSkn7 knockdown strains also changed distinctly in these conditions. Overall, GlSkn7 is involved in stress resistance, cell wall integrity and ganoderic acid biosynthesis in G. lucidum.
Collapse
|
7
|
Tang C, Xiong D, Fang Y, Tian C, Wang Y. The two-component response regulator VdSkn7 plays key roles in microsclerotial development, stress resistance and virulence of Verticillium dahliae. Fungal Genet Biol 2017; 108:26-35. [PMID: 28917999 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The fungus Verticillium dahliae causes vascular wilt disease on various plant species resulting in devastating yield losses worldwide. The capacity of V. dahliae to colonize in host plant xylem and disseminate by microsclerotia has led to studies to evaluate genes associated with pathogenesis and microsclerotia formation. Here, we identified and characterized a V. dahliae homolog to Skn7, a two-component stress response regulator of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Results showed that melanized microsclerotia formation and conidiation were significantly inhibited in the VdSkn7 deletion mutants. VdSkn7-deficient mutants displayed severe growth defect under heat shock, cell wall perturbing agents and H2O2, and were significantly less virulent but were not sensitive to osmotic stresses compared to the wild-type strain. Finally, we demonstrated that VdSkn7 is required for the plant penetration. Taken together, our study thus provides new evidence on the functional conservation and divergence of Skn7 orthologs among fungal organisms and indicates that VdSkn7 contributes to microsclerotial development, virulence and stress response of V. dahliae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Dianguang Xiong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Fang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengming Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yonglin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Basso V, Znaidi S, Lagage V, Cabral V, Schoenherr F, LeibundGut-Landmann S, d'Enfert C, Bachellier-Bassi S. The two-component response regulator Skn7 belongs to a network of transcription factors regulating morphogenesis in Candida albicans and independently limits morphogenesis-induced ROS accumulation. Mol Microbiol 2017; 106:157-182. [PMID: 28752552 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Skn7 is a conserved fungal heat shock factor-type transcriptional regulator. It participates in maintaining cell wall integrity and regulates the osmotic/oxidative stress response (OSR) in S. cerevisiae, where it is part of a two-component signal transduction system. Here, we comprehensively address the function of Skn7 in the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. We provide evidence reinforcing functional divergence, with loss of the cell wall/osmotic stress-protective roles and acquisition of the ability to regulate morphogenesis on solid medium. Mapping of the Skn7 transcriptional circuitry, through combination of genome-wide expression and location technologies, pointed to a dual regulatory role encompassing OSR and filamentous growth. Genetic interaction analyses revealed close functional interactions between Skn7 and master regulators of morphogenesis, including Efg1, Cph1 and Ume6. Intracellular biochemical assays revealed that Skn7 is crucial for limiting the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in filament-inducing conditions on solid medium. Interestingly, functional domain mapping using site-directed mutagenesis allowed decoupling of Skn7 function in morphogenesis from protection against intracellular ROS. Our work identifies Skn7 as an integral part of the transcriptional circuitry controlling C. albicans filamentous growth and illuminates how C. albicans relies on an evolutionarily-conserved regulator to protect itself from intracellular ROS during morphological development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Basso
- Institut Pasteur, INRA, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, France.,Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, rue du Dr. Roux, Paris, France
| | - Sadri Znaidi
- Institut Pasteur, INRA, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Moléculaire, Vaccinologie et Développement Biotechnologique, 13 Place Pasteur, Tunis-Belvédère, B.P. 74, 1002, Tunisia.,University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1036, Tunisia
| | - Valentine Lagage
- Institut Pasteur, INRA, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, France
| | - Vitor Cabral
- Institut Pasteur, INRA, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, France.,Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, rue du Dr. Roux, Paris, France
| | - Franziska Schoenherr
- Institute of Virology, Winterthurerstr. 266a, Zürich, Switzerland.,SUPSI, Laboratorio Microbiologia Applicata, via Mirasole 22a, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Christophe d'Enfert
- Institut Pasteur, INRA, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Bachellier-Bassi
- Institut Pasteur, INRA, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chapeland-Leclerc F, Dilmaghani A, Ez-Zaki L, Boisnard S, Da Silva B, Gaslonde T, Porée FH, Ruprich-Robert G. Systematic gene deletion and functional characterization of histidine kinase phosphorelay receptors (HKRs) in the human pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 84:1-11. [PMID: 26365385 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Histidine kinase receptors (HKRs) appear to be a common strategy for model and pathogenic fungi to sense and respond to environmental stresses. In the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus, which is responsible for invasive aspergillosis, 13 genes potentially encoding HKRs have been identified. Until now, only three HKRs have been functionally characterized. The aim of this study was to perform the systematic invalidation of A. fumigatus HKR genes and the careful phenotypic characterization of the relevant mutants. This study notably allowed to gain new important insights into the role of HKRs in physiology of A. fumigatus. Actually, we showed that (i) NikA/TcsC could be involved in the cell wall integrity pathway, (ii) Fhk6 and PhkA were involved in the regulation of the "fluffy" developmental program, (iii) PhkB could participate in the regulation of conidiation and (iv) PhkA was implied in the resistance of oxidative stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Chapeland-Leclerc
- Univ Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut des Energies de Demain (IED), UMR 8236, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - A Dilmaghani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51664, Iran(1)
| | - L Ez-Zaki
- AS International Group, 120-122 rue Réaumur, F-75002 Paris, France(1)
| | - S Boisnard
- Génétique Quantitative et Évolution - Le Moulon, INRA - Université Paris-Sud - CNRS - AgroParisTech, Batiment 400, UFR des Sciences, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France(1)
| | - B Da Silva
- CNRS, UPMC, UMR7622, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France(1)
| | - T Gaslonde
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, UMR CNRS Comète 8638, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - F H Porée
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, UMR CNRS Comète 8638, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - G Ruprich-Robert
- Univ Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut des Energies de Demain (IED), UMR 8236, F-75205 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Briones-Martin-Del-Campo M, Orta-Zavalza E, Juarez-Cepeda J, Gutierrez-Escobedo G, Cañas-Villamar I, Castaño I, De Las Peñas A. The oxidative stress response of the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida glabrata. Rev Iberoam Micol 2013; 31:67-71. [PMID: 24270068 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms have evolved different strategies to respond to oxidative stress generated as a by-product of aerobic respiration and thus maintain the redox homeostasis within the cell. In particular, fungal pathogens are exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) when they interact with the phagocytic cells of the host which are the first line of defense against fungal infections. These pathogens have co-opted the enzymatic (catalases, superoxide dismutases (SODs), and peroxidases) and non-enzymatic (glutathione) mechanisms used to maintain the redox homeostasis within the cell, to resist oxidative stress and ensure survival within the host. Several virulence factors have been related to the response to oxidative stress in pathogenic fungi. The opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida glabrata (C. glabrata) is the second most common cause of candidiasis after Candida albicans (C. albicans). C. glabrata has a well defined oxidative stress response (OSR), which include both enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms. C. glabrata OSR is controlled by the well-conserved transcription factors Yap1, Skn7, Msn2 and Msn4. In this review, we describe the OSR of C. glabrata, what is known about its core elements, its regulation and how C. glabrata interacts with the host. This manuscript is part of the series of works presented at the "V International Workshop: Molecular genetic approaches to the study of human pathogenic fungi" (Oaxaca, Mexico, 2012).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Briones-Martin-Del-Campo
- División de Biología Molecular, IPICYT, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Emmanuel Orta-Zavalza
- División de Biología Molecular, IPICYT, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Jacqueline Juarez-Cepeda
- División de Biología Molecular, IPICYT, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Guadalupe Gutierrez-Escobedo
- División de Biología Molecular, IPICYT, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Israel Cañas-Villamar
- División de Biología Molecular, IPICYT, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Irene Castaño
- División de Biología Molecular, IPICYT, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Alejandro De Las Peñas
- División de Biología Molecular, IPICYT, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Current understanding of HOG-MAPK pathway in Aspergillus fumigatus. Mycopathologia 2012; 175:13-23. [PMID: 23161019 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-012-9600-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is an important opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes lethal systemic invasive aspergillosis. It must be able to adapt to stress in the microenvironment during host invasion and systemic spread. The high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway is a key element that controls adaptation to environmental stress. It plays a critical role in the virulence of several fungal pathogens. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the functions of different components of the HOG-MAPK pathway in A. fumigatus through mutant analysis or inferences from the genome annotation, focusing on their roles in adaptation to stress, regulation of infection-related morphogenesis, and effect on virulence. We also briefly compare the functions of the HOG pathway in A. fumigatus with those in the model fungi Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus nidulans as well as several other human and plant pathogens including Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Magnaporthe oryzae. The genes described in this review mainly include tcsB, fos1, skn7, sho1, pbs2, and sakA whose deletion mutants have already been established in A. fumigatus. Among them, fos1 has been considered a virulence factor in A. fumigatus, indicating that components of the HOG pathway may be suitable as targets for developing new fungicides. However, quite a few of the genes of this pathway, such as sskA (ssk1), sskB, steC, and downstream regulator genes, are not well characterized. System biology approaches may contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of HOG pathway functions with dynamic details.
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang J, Silao FGS, Bigol UG, Bungay AAC, Nicolas MG, Heitman J, Chen YL. Calcineurin is required for pseudohyphal growth, virulence, and drug resistance in Candida lusitaniae. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44192. [PMID: 22952924 PMCID: PMC3432075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida lusitaniae is an emerging fungal pathogen that infects immunocompromised patients including HIV/AIDS, cancer, and neonatal pediatric patients. Though less prevalent than other Candida species, C. lusitaniae is unique in its ability to develop resistance to amphotericin B. We investigated the role of the calcium-activated protein phosphatase calcineurin in several virulence attributes of C. lusitaniae including pseudohyphal growth, serum survival, and growth at 37°C. We found that calcineurin and Crz1, a C. albicans Crz1 homolog acting as a downstream target of calcineurin, are required for C. lusitaniae pseudohyphal growth, a process for which the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown in C. lusitaniae but hyphal growth is fundamental to C. albicans virulence. We demonstrate that calcineurin is required for cell wall integrity, ER stress response, optimal growth in serum, virulence in a murine systemic infection model, and antifungal drug tolerance in C. lusitaniae. To further examine the potential of targeting the calcineurin signaling cascade for antifungal drug development, we examined the activity of a calcineurin inhibitor FK506 in combination with caspofungin against echinocandin resistant C. lusitaniae clinical isolates. Broth microdilution and drug disk diffusion assays demonstrate that FK506 has synergistic fungicidal activity with caspofungin against echinocandin resistant isolates. Our findings reveal that pseudohyphal growth is controlled by the calcineurin signaling cascade, and highlight the potential use of calcineurin inhibitors and caspofungin for emerging drug-resistant C. lusitaniae infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Fitz Gerald S. Silao
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Perpetual Help – Dr. Jose G. Tamayo Medical University, Biñan, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Ursela G. Bigol
- Environment and Biotechnology Division, Department of Science and Technology, Bicutan, Philippines
| | - Alice Alma C. Bungay
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Perpetual Help – Dr. Jose G. Tamayo Medical University, Biñan, Laguna, Philippines
- National Institutes of Health-Philippines, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - Marilou G. Nicolas
- National Institutes of Health-Philippines, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - Joseph Heitman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JH); (Y-LC)
| | - Ying-Lien Chen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JH); (Y-LC)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
The anisin1 gene encodes a defensin-like protein and supports the fitness of Aspergillus nidulans. Arch Microbiol 2011; 194:427-37. [PMID: 22113351 PMCID: PMC3354322 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-011-0773-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the genome of Aspergillus nidulans, a defensin-like protein, Anisin1, was annotated with high homology to the mosquito defensin AaDefA1. So far, no studies exist on defensins from filamentous ascomycetes. Therefore, we characterized the anisin1 gene in A. nidulans and generated a deletion mutant, which suffered from a defect in mitospore development and produced less conidia at 42°C compared to the reference strain. In surface cultures of A. nidulans wild type, the anisin1 expression correlated with that of the central regulator for asexual development, brlA, and with the major scavanger of H2O2 stress, catB, which is indicative for cell differentiation in developing fungi. Interestingly, brlA and anisin1 expressions were deregulated in a ΔsrrA strain that covers a central role in the histidine-to-aspartate (His-Asp) phosphorelay signaling pathway and shows impaired asexual development and H2O2 detoxification. In submers cultures of A. nidulans wild type and other mutants of the His-Asp phosphorelay signaling pathway, anisin1 was repressed, but derepressed in a ΔsrrA background, and anisin1 transcription was further increased in this mutant by H2O2 addition. We therefore conclude that the secreted protein Anisin1 contributes to the optimal development of A. nidulans and we further propose that it has a sensing/signaling function for elevated H2O2 levels.
Collapse
|
14
|
Jiang J, Yun Y, Fu J, Shim WB, Ma Z. Involvement of a putative response regulator FgRrg-1 in osmotic stress response, fungicide resistance and virulence in Fusarium graminearum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2011; 12:425-36. [PMID: 21535349 PMCID: PMC6640394 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00684.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Response regulator (RR) proteins are core elements of the high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway, which plays an important role in the adaptation of fungi to a variety of environmental stresses. In this study, we constructed deletion mutants of two putative RR genes, FgRRG-1 and FgRRG-2, which are orthologues of Neurospora crassa RRG-1 and RRG-2, respectively. The FgRRG-1 deletion mutant (ΔFgRrg1-6) showed increased sensitivity to osmotic stress mediated by NaCl, KCl, sorbitol or glucose, and to metal cations Li(+) , Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) . The mutant, however, was more resistant than the parent isolate to dicarboximide and phenylpyrrole fungicides. Inoculation tests showed that the mutant exhibited decreased virulence on wheat heads. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assays indicated that the expression of FgOS-2, the putative downstream gene of FgRRG-1, was decreased significantly in ΔFgRrg1-6. All of the defects were restored by genetic complementation of ΔFgRrg1-6 with the wild-type FgRRG-1 gene. Different from the FgRRG-1 deletion mutant, FgRRG-2 deletion mutants were morphologically indistinguishable from the wild-type progenitor in virulence and in sensitivity to the dicarboximide fungicide iprodione and osmotic stresses. These results indicate that the RR FgRrg-1 of F. graminearum is involved in the osmotic stress response, pathogenicity and sensitivity to dicarboximide and phenylpyrrole fungicides and metal cations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 268 Kaixuan Road, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hameed S, Dhamgaye S, Singh A, Goswami SK, Prasad R. Calcineurin signaling and membrane lipid homeostasis regulates iron mediated multidrug resistance mechanisms in Candida albicans. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18684. [PMID: 21533276 PMCID: PMC3075269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that iron deprivation enhances drug susceptibility of Candida albicans by increasing membrane fluidity which correlated with the lower expression of ERG11 transcript and ergosterol levels. The iron restriction dependent membrane perturbations led to an increase in passive diffusion and drug susceptibility. The mechanisms underlying iron homeostasis and multidrug resistance (MDR), however, are not yet resolved. To evaluate the potential mechanisms, we used whole genome transcriptome and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) based lipidome analyses of iron deprived Candida cells to examine the new cellular circuitry of the MDR of this pathogen. Our transcriptome data revealed a link between calcineurin signaling and iron homeostasis. Among the several categories of iron deprivation responsive genes, the down regulation of calcineurin signaling genes including HSP90, CMP1 and CRZ1 was noteworthy. Interestingly, iron deprived Candida cells as well as iron acquisition defective mutants phenocopied molecular chaperone HSP90 and calcineurin mutants and thus were sensitive to alkaline pH, salinity and membrane perturbations. In contrast, sensitivity to above stresses did not change in iron deprived DSY2146 strain with a hyperactive allele of calcineurin. Although, iron deprivation phenocopied compromised HSP90 and calcineurin, it was independent of protein kinase C signaling cascade. Notably, the phenotypes associated with iron deprivation in genetically impaired calcineurin and HSP90 could be reversed with iron supplementation. The observed down regulation of ergosterol (ERG1, ERG2, ERG11 and ERG25) and sphingolipid biosynthesis (AUR1 and SCS7) genes followed by lipidome analysis confirmed that iron deprivation not only disrupted ergosterol biosynthesis, but it also affected sphingolipid homeostasis in Candida cells. These lipid compositional changes suggested extensive remodeling of the membranes in iron deprived Candida cells. Taken together, our data provide the first novel insight into the intricate relationship between cellular iron, calcineurin signaling, membrane lipid homeostasis and drug susceptibility of Candida cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saif Hameed
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Ashutosh Singh
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Rajendra Prasad
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yan L, Yang Q, Jiang J, Michailides TJ, Ma Z. Involvement of a putative response regulator Brrg-1 in the regulation of sporulation, sensitivity to fungicides, and osmotic stress in Botrytis cinerea. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 90:215-26. [PMID: 21161211 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-3027-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The response regulator protein is a core element of two-component signaling pathway. In this study, we investigated functions of BRRG-1 of Botrytis cinerea, a gene that encodes a putative response regulator protein, which is homologous to Rrg-1 in Neurospora crassa. The BRRG-1 gene deletion mutant ΔBrrg1-62 was unable to produce conidia. The mutant showed increased sensitivity to osmotic stress mediated by NaCl and KCl, and to oxidative stress generated by H(2)O(2). Additionally, the mutant was more sensitive to the fungicides iprodione, fludioxonil, and triadimefon than the parental strain. Western-blot analysis showed that the Bos-2 protein, the putative downstream component of Brrg-1, was not phosphorylated in the ΔBrrg1-62. Real-time polymerase chain reaction assays showed that expression of BOS-2 also decreased significantly in the mutant. All of the defects were restored by genetic complementation of the ΔBrrg1-62 with the wild-type BRRG-1 gene. Plant inoculation tests showed that the mutant did not show changes in pathogenicity on rapeseed leaves. These results indicated that Brrg-1 is involved in the regulation of asexual development, sensitivity to iprodione, fludioxonil, and triadimefon fungicides, and adaptation to osmotic and oxidative stresses in B. cinerea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leiyan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 268 Kaixuan Road, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fungal Skn7 stress responses and their relationship to virulence. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2010; 10:156-67. [PMID: 21131436 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00245-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The histidine kinase-based phosphorelay has emerged as a common strategy among bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and plants for triggering important stress responses and interpreting developmental cues in response to environmental as well as chemical, nutritional, and hormone signals. The absence of this type of signaling mechanism in animals makes the so-called "two-component" pathway an attractive target for development of antimicrobial agents. The best-studied eukaryotic example of a two-component pathway is the SLN1 pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which responds to turgor and other physical properties associated with the fungal cell wall. One of the two phosphoreceiver proteins known as response regulators in this pathway is Skn7, a highly conserved stress-responsive transcription factor with a subset of activities that are dependent on SLN1 pathway phosphorylation and another subset that are independent. Interest in Skn7as a determinant in fungal virulence stems primarily from its well-established role in the oxidative stress response; however, the involvement of Skn7 in maintenance of cell wall integrity may also be relevant. Since the cell wall is crucial for fungal survival, structural and biosynthetic proteins affecting wall composition and signaling pathways that respond to wall stress are likely to play key roles in virulence. Here we review the molecular and phenotypic characteristics of different fungal Skn7 proteins and consider how each of these properties may contribute to fungal virulence.
Collapse
|
18
|
Prasad T, Hameed S, Manoharlal R, Biswas S, Mukhopadhyay CK, Goswami SK, Prasad R. Morphogenic regulator EFG1 affects the drug susceptibilities of pathogenic Candida albicans. FEMS Yeast Res 2010; 10:587-96. [PMID: 20491944 DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2010.00639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study shows that the morphogenic regulator EFG1 level affects the drug susceptibilities of Candida albicans when grown on solid growth media. The Deltaefg1 mutant showed sensitivity particularly to those drugs that target ergosterol or its metabolism. Efg1p disruption showed a gene-dosage effect on drug susceptibilities and resulted in enhanced susceptibility to drugs in the homozygous mutant as compared with the wild type, heterozygous and revertant strains. The enhanced sensitivity to drugs was independent of the status of ATP-binding cassette and MFS multidrug efflux pumps of C. albicans. The Deltaefg1 mutant displayed increased membrane fluidity that coincided with the downregulation of ERG11 and upregulation of OLE1 and ERG3, leading to enhanced passive diffusion of drugs. Interestingly, Deltaefg1 mutant cells displayed enhanced levels of endogenous ROS levels. Notably, the higher levels of ROS in the Deltaefg1 mutant could be reversed by the addition of antioxidants. However, the restoration of ROS levels did not reverse the drug sensitivities of the Deltaefg1 mutant. Taken together, we, for the first time, establish a new role to EFG1 in affecting the drug susceptibilities of C. albicans cells, independent of ROS and known drug efflux mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tulika Prasad
- Advanced Instrumentation Research Facility, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Boisnard S, Ruprich-Robert G, Florent M, Silva BD, Chapeland-Leclerc F, Papon N. Role of Sho1p adaptor in the pseudohyphal development, drugs sensitivity, osmotolerance and oxidant stress adaptation in the opportunistic yeastCandida lusitaniae. Yeast 2008; 25:849-59. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
|
20
|
Insight into the role of HOG pathway components Ssk2p, Pbs2p, and Hog1p in the opportunistic yeast Candida lusitaniae. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2008; 7:2179-83. [PMID: 18952902 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00262-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we have investigated the role of SSK2, PBS2, and HOG1, encoding modules of the high-osmolarity-glycerol mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in Candida lusitaniae. Functional analysis of mutants indicated that Ssk2p, Pbs2p, and Hog1p are involved in osmotolerance, drug sensitivity, and heavy metal tolerance but not in oxidant stress adaptation.
Collapse
|
21
|
Two-component signal transduction proteins as potential drug targets in medically important fungi. Infect Immun 2008; 76:4795-803. [PMID: 18765727 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00834-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
22
|
Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|