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Jia S, Li C, An Y, Qi D. Study on the metabolic changes and regulatory mechanism of Aspergillus flavus conidia germination. Microbiol Spectr 2024:e0010824. [PMID: 39041812 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00108-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus conidia are widespread in air; they attach to food and feed crops and secrete aflatoxins, which results in serious contamination. Germination of A. flavus conidia is the most critical step in contamination of food by A. flavus. This study aims to gain an insight into A. flavus conidia through dormancy to germination to provide a theoretical basis for inhibition of A. flavus conidia germination. The morphological changes and regulation mechanism of A. flavus conidia germination at 0, 4, 8, and 12 hours were observed. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses showed that conidia became active from dormancy (0 hour) to the initial stage of germination (4 hours), cellular respiration and energy metabolism increased, and amino acids and lipids were synthesized rapidly. The number of differentially expressed genes and differential metabolites was highest at this stage. Besides, we found that conidia germination had selectivity for different carbon and nitrogen sources. Compared with monosaccharides, disaccharides, as the only carbon source, significantly promoted the germination of conidia. Moreover, MepA, one of genes in the ammonium transporter family was studied. The gene deletion mutant ΔMepA had a significant growth defect, and the expression of MeaA was significantly upregulated in ΔMepA compared with the wild-type, indicating that both MepA and MeaA played an important role in transporting ammonium ions.IMPORTANCEThis is the first study to use combined transcriptomic and metabolomics analyses to explore the biological changes during germination of Aspergillus flavus conidia. The biological process with the highest changes occurred in 0-4 hours at the initial stage of germination. Compared with polysaccharides, monosaccharides significantly increased the size of conidia, while significantly decreasing the germination rate of conidia. Both MeaA and MepA were involved in ammonia transport and metabolism during conidia germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifan Jia
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chong Li
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yu An
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Desheng Qi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Seekles SJ, van den Brule T, Punt M, Dijksterhuis J, Arentshorst M, Ijadpanahsaravi M, Roseboom W, Meuken G, Ongenae V, Zwerus J, Ohm RA, Kramer G, Wösten HAB, de Winde JH, Ram AFJ. Compatible solutes determine the heat resistance of conidia. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2023; 10:21. [PMID: 37957766 PMCID: PMC10644514 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-023-00168-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asexually developed fungal spores (conidia) are key for the massive proliferation and dispersal of filamentous fungi. Germination of conidia and subsequent formation of a mycelium network give rise to many societal problems related to human and animal fungal diseases, post-harvest food spoilage, loss of harvest caused by plant-pathogenic fungi and moulding of buildings. Conidia are highly stress resistant compared to the vegetative mycelium and therefore even more difficult to tackle. RESULTS In this study, complementary approaches are used to show that accumulation of mannitol and trehalose as the main compatible solutes during spore maturation is a key factor for heat resistance of conidia. Compatible solute concentrations increase during conidia maturation, correlating with increased heat resistance of mature conidia. This maturation only occurs when conidia are attached to the conidiophore. Moreover, conidia of a mutant Aspergillus niger strain, constructed by deleting genes involved in mannitol and trehalose synthesis and consequently containing low concentrations of these compatible solutes, exhibit a sixteen orders of magnitude more sensitive heat shock phenotype compared to wild-type conidia. Cultivation at elevated temperature results in adaptation of conidia with increased heat resistance. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses revealed two putative heat shock proteins to be upregulated under these conditions. However, conidia of knock-out strains lacking these putative heat shock proteins did not show a reduced heat resistance. CONCLUSIONS Heat stress resistance of fungal conidia is mainly determined by the compatible solute composition established during conidia maturation. To prevent heat resistant fungal spore contaminants, food processing protocols should consider environmental conditions stimulating compatible solute accumulation and potentially use compatible solute biosynthesis as a novel food preservation target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd J Seekles
- TiFN, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Microbial Sciences, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tom van den Brule
- TiFN, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten Punt
- TiFN, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Dijksterhuis
- TiFN, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mark Arentshorst
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Microbial Sciences, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Maryam Ijadpanahsaravi
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Winfried Roseboom
- Mass Spectrometry of Biomolecules, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gwendolin Meuken
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Microbial Sciences, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Véronique Ongenae
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Microbial Sciences, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jordy Zwerus
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Microbial Sciences, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Robin A Ohm
- TiFN, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gertjan Kramer
- Mass Spectrometry of Biomolecules, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Han A B Wösten
- TiFN, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes H de Winde
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Microbial Sciences, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Arthur F J Ram
- TiFN, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Microbial Sciences, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Zhou B, Yang J, Bi L, Li J, Ma Y, Tian Y, Zhong H, Ren J. Quantitative Proteomics Analysis by Sequential Window Acquisition of All Theoretical Mass Spectra-Mass Spectrometry Reveals a Cross-Protection Mechanism for Monascus To Tolerate High-Concentration Ammonium Chloride. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:6672-6682. [PMID: 32489101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To achieve the accumulation of targeted secondary metabolites, microorganisms must adopt various protection mechanisms to avoid or reduce damage to cells caused by abiotic stresses, which formed from the changes of physical and chemical culture conditions. The protection mechanism of Monascus sp. to tolerate high-concentration ammonium chloride was analyzed by sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra-mass spectrometry proteomics in this work, and the results indicated that abiotic stresses caused by high-concentration ammonium chloride inhibited the synthesis of chitin and glycoprotein, leading to a decrease in cell wall integrity and, thus, affecting cell growth. At the same time, it also inhibited the complex enzyme III and IV activities of the mitochondrial cytochrome respiratory chain, leading to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. With the aim to respond to abiotic stresses, the cross-protection mechanism was implemented in Monascus, including self-protection of the Monascus cell by promoting synthesis of trehalose, a molecular chaperone that facilitates protein folding (such as heat-shock protein) and autophagy-related proteins, through not the enzyme protection system (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, NADPH oxidase, and alternative oxidase) but the glutathione/glutaredoxin system, to maintain the intracellular redox state and then eliminate or reduce ROS damage to the cell. At the same time, an alternative respiratory pathway related to NADH dehydrogenase was activated to balance the material and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Sources Safety and Processing, Changsha, Hunan 410004, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Sources Safety and Processing, Changsha, Hunan 410004, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Luanluan Bi
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Sources Safety and Processing, Changsha, Hunan 410004, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingbo Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yifan Ma
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Sources Safety and Processing, Changsha, Hunan 410004, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Sources Safety and Processing, Changsha, Hunan 410004, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Zhong
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Sources Safety and Processing, Changsha, Hunan 410004, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiali Ren
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Sources Safety and Processing, Changsha, Hunan 410004, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, People's Republic of China
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Wang M, Mao W, Wang X, Li F, Wang J, Chi Z, Chi Z, Liu G. Efficient simultaneous production of extracellular polyol esters of fatty acids and intracellular lipids from inulin by a deep-sea yeast Rhodotorula paludigena P4R5. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:149. [PMID: 31481079 PMCID: PMC6720868 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1200-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyol esters of fatty acids (PEFA) are a kind of promising biosurfactants and mainly secreted by Rhodotorula strains. In addition, some strains of Rhodotorula are reliable producers of microbial lipid. Therefore, it is feasible to establish a one step fermentation process for efficient simultaneous production of PEFA and microbial lipids by a suitable Rhodotorula strain. RESULTS A newly isolated deep-sea yeast, Rhodotorula paludigena P4R5, was shown to simultaneously produce high level of intracellular lipid and extracellular PEFA. Under the optimized conditions, it could yield 48.5 g/L of PEFA and 16.9 g/L of intracellular lipid within 156 h from inulin during 10-L batch fermentation. The PEFA consisting of a mixture of mannitol esters of 3-hydroxy C14, C16 and C18 fatty acids with variable acetylation showed outstanding surface activity and emulsifying activity, while the fatty acids of the intracellular lipid were mainly C16 and C18 and could be high-quality feedstock for biodiesel production. CONCLUSION The deep-sea yeast strain R. paludigena P4R5 was an excellent candidate for efficient simultaneous of biosurfactants and biodiesel from inulin. Our results also suggested that the establishment of fermentation systems with multiple metabolites production was an effective approach to improve the profitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Wang
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road, No. 5, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Weian Mao
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road, No. 5, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Wang
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road, No. 5, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Fengyi Li
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road, No. 5, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Jiming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 26601, China
| | - Zhe Chi
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road, No. 5, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No.1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Zhenming Chi
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road, No. 5, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No.1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Guanglei Liu
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road, No. 5, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No.1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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Khosravi C, Battaglia E, Kun RS, Dalhuijsen S, Visser J, Aguilar-Pontes MV, Zhou M, Heyman HM, Kim YM, Baker SE, de Vries RP. Blocking hexose entry into glycolysis activates alternative metabolic conversion of these sugars and upregulates pentose metabolism in Aspergillus nidulans. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:214. [PMID: 29566661 PMCID: PMC5863803 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4609-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plant biomass is the most abundant carbon source for many fungal species. In the biobased industry fungi, are used to produce lignocellulolytic enzymes to degrade agricultural waste biomass. Here we evaluated if it would be possible to create an Aspergillus nidulans strain that releases, but does not metabolize hexoses from plant biomass. For this purpose, metabolic mutants were generated that were impaired in glycolysis, by using hexokinase (hxkA) and glucokinase (glkA) negative strains. To prevent repression of enzyme production due to the hexose accumulation, strains were generated that combined these mutations with a deletion in creA, the repressor involved in regulating preferential use of different carbon catabolic pathways. Results Phenotypic analysis revealed reduced growth for the hxkA1 glkA4 mutant on wheat bran. However, hexoses did not accumulate during growth of the mutants on wheat bran, suggesting that glucose metabolism is re-routed towards alternative carbon catabolic pathways. The creAΔ4 mutation in combination with preventing initial phosphorylation in glycolysis resulted in better growth than the hxkA/glkA mutant and an increased expression of pentose catabolic and pentose phosphate pathway genes. This indicates that the reduced ability to use hexoses as carbon sources created a shift towards the pentose fraction of wheat bran as a major carbon source to support growth. Conclusion Blocking the direct entry of hexoses to glycolysis activates alternative metabolic conversion of these sugars in A. nidulans during growth on plant biomass, but also upregulates conversion of other sugars, such as pentoses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4609-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Khosravi
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584, CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Evy Battaglia
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584, CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roland S Kun
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584, CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sacha Dalhuijsen
- Microbiology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584, CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Visser
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584, CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Fungal Genetics and Technology Consultancy, P.O. Box 396, 6700, AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - María Victoria Aguilar-Pontes
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584, CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Miaomiao Zhou
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584, CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Heino M Heyman
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Young-Mo Kim
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Scott E Baker
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Ronald P de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584, CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Microbiology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584, CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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7
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Volke-Sepulveda T, Salgado-Bautista D, Bergmann C, Wells L, Gutierrez-Sanchez G, Favela-Torres E. Secretomic Insight into Glucose Metabolism of Aspergillus brasiliensis in Solid-State Fermentation. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:3856-3871. [PMID: 27548361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The genus Aspergillus is ubiquitous in nature and includes various species extensively exploited industrially due to their ability to produce and secrete a variety of enzymes and metabolites. Most processes are performed in submerged fermentation (SmF); however, solid-state fermentation (SSF) offers several advantages, including lower catabolite repression and substrate inhibition and higher productivity and stability of the enzymes produced. This study aimed to explain the improved metabolic behavior of A. brasiliensis ATCC9642 in SSF at high glucose concentrations through a proteomic approach. Online respirometric analysis provided reproducible samples for secretomic studies when the maximum CO2 production rate occurred, ensuring consistent physiological states. Extracellular extracts from SSF cultures were treated by SDS-PAGE, digested with trypsin, and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Of 531 sequences identified, 207 proteins were analyzed. Twenty-five were identified as the most abundant unregulated proteins; 87 were found to be up-regulated and 95 were down-regulated with increasing glucose concentration. Of the regulated proteins, 120 were enzymes, most involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates (51), amino acids (23), and nucleotides (9). This study shows the high protein secretory activity of A. brasiliensis under SSF conditions. High glucose concentration favors catabolic activities, while some stress-related proteins and those involved in proteolysis are down-regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Volke-Sepulveda
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa , San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Distrito Federal, C.P. 09340, México
| | - Daniel Salgado-Bautista
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa , San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Distrito Federal, C.P. 09340, México
| | - Carl Bergmann
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center , 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| | - Lance Wells
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center , 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| | | | - Ernesto Favela-Torres
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa , San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Distrito Federal, C.P. 09340, México
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Patel TK, Williamson JD. Mannitol in Plants, Fungi, and Plant-Fungal Interactions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:486-497. [PMID: 26850794 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although the presence of mannitol in organisms as diverse as plants and fungi clearly suggests that this compound has important roles, our understanding of fungal mannitol metabolism and its interaction with mannitol metabolism in plants is far from complete. Despite recent inroads into understanding the importance of mannitol and its metabolic roles in salt, osmotic, and oxidative stress tolerance in plants and fungi, our current understanding of exactly how mannitol protects against reactive oxygen is also still incomplete. In this opinion, we propose a new model of the interface between mannitol metabolism in plants and fungi and how it impacts plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takshay K Patel
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - John D Williamson
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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Wyatt TT, Wösten HAB, Dijksterhuis J. Fungal spores for dispersion in space and time. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2016; 85:43-91. [PMID: 23942148 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407672-3.00002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spores are an integral part of the life cycle of the gross majority of fungi. Their morphology and the mode of formation are both highly variable among the fungi, as is their resistance to stressors. The main aim for spores is to be dispersed, both in space, by various mechanisms or in time, by an extended period of dormancy. Some fungal ascospores belong to the most stress-resistant eukaryotic cells described to date. Stabilization is a process in which biomolecules and complexes thereof are protected by different types of molecules against heat, drought, or other molecules. This review discusses the most important compounds that are known to protect fungal spores and also addresses the biophysics of cell protection. It further covers the phenomena of dormancy, breaking of dormancy, and early germination. Germination is the transition from a dormant cell toward a vegetative cell and includes a number of specific changes. Finally, the applied aspects of spore biology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timon T Wyatt
- Department of Applied and Industrial Mycology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Schmoll M, Dattenböck C, Carreras-Villaseñor N, Mendoza-Mendoza A, Tisch D, Alemán MI, Baker SE, Brown C, Cervantes-Badillo MG, Cetz-Chel J, Cristobal-Mondragon GR, Delaye L, Esquivel-Naranjo EU, Frischmann A, Gallardo-Negrete JDJ, García-Esquivel M, Gomez-Rodriguez EY, Greenwood DR, Hernández-Oñate M, Kruszewska JS, Lawry R, Mora-Montes HM, Muñoz-Centeno T, Nieto-Jacobo MF, Nogueira Lopez G, Olmedo-Monfil V, Osorio-Concepcion M, Piłsyk S, Pomraning KR, Rodriguez-Iglesias A, Rosales-Saavedra MT, Sánchez-Arreguín JA, Seidl-Seiboth V, Stewart A, Uresti-Rivera EE, Wang CL, Wang TF, Zeilinger S, Casas-Flores S, Herrera-Estrella A. The Genomes of Three Uneven Siblings: Footprints of the Lifestyles of Three Trichoderma Species. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:205-327. [PMID: 26864432 PMCID: PMC4771370 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00040-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Trichoderma contains fungi with high relevance for humans, with applications in enzyme production for plant cell wall degradation and use in biocontrol. Here, we provide a broad, comprehensive overview of the genomic content of these species for "hot topic" research aspects, including CAZymes, transport, transcription factors, and development, along with a detailed analysis and annotation of less-studied topics, such as signal transduction, genome integrity, chromatin, photobiology, or lipid, sulfur, and nitrogen metabolism in T. reesei, T. atroviride, and T. virens, and we open up new perspectives to those topics discussed previously. In total, we covered more than 2,000 of the predicted 9,000 to 11,000 genes of each Trichoderma species discussed, which is >20% of the respective gene content. Additionally, we considered available transcriptome data for the annotated genes. Highlights of our analyses include overall carbohydrate cleavage preferences due to the different genomic contents and regulation of the respective genes. We found light regulation of many sulfur metabolic genes. Additionally, a new Golgi 1,2-mannosidase likely involved in N-linked glycosylation was detected, as were indications for the ability of Trichoderma spp. to generate hybrid galactose-containing N-linked glycans. The genomic inventory of effector proteins revealed numerous compounds unique to Trichoderma, and these warrant further investigation. We found interesting expansions in the Trichoderma genus in several signaling pathways, such as G-protein-coupled receptors, RAS GTPases, and casein kinases. A particularly interesting feature absolutely unique to T. atroviride is the duplication of the alternative sulfur amino acid synthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Schmoll
- Austrian Institute of Technology, Department Health and Environment, Bioresources Unit, Tulln, Austria
| | - Christoph Dattenböck
- Austrian Institute of Technology, Department Health and Environment, Bioresources Unit, Tulln, Austria
| | | | | | - Doris Tisch
- Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Ivan Alemán
- Cinvestav, Department of Genetic Engineering, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Scott E Baker
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher Brown
- University of Otago, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - José Cetz-Chel
- LANGEBIO, National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity, Cinvestav-Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Luis Delaye
- Cinvestav, Department of Genetic Engineering, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Alexa Frischmann
- Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Monica García-Esquivel
- LANGEBIO, National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity, Cinvestav-Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - David R Greenwood
- The University of Auckland, School of Biological Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Miguel Hernández-Oñate
- LANGEBIO, National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity, Cinvestav-Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Joanna S Kruszewska
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Laboratory of Fungal Glycobiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Lawry
- Lincoln University, Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sebastian Piłsyk
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Laboratory of Fungal Glycobiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kyle R Pomraning
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Aroa Rodriguez-Iglesias
- Austrian Institute of Technology, Department Health and Environment, Bioresources Unit, Tulln, Austria
| | | | | | - Verena Seidl-Seiboth
- Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Chih-Li Wang
- National Chung-Hsing University, Department of Plant Pathology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Fang Wang
- Academia Sinica, Institute of Molecular Biology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Susanne Zeilinger
- Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria University of Innsbruck, Institute of Microbiology, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Alfredo Herrera-Estrella
- LANGEBIO, National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity, Cinvestav-Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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11
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Garza-López PM, Suárez-Vergel G, Hamdan-Partida A, Loera O. Variations in oxygen concentration cause differential antioxidant response and expression of related genes in Beauveria bassiana. Fungal Biol 2015; 119:257-63. [PMID: 25813512 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana is widely used in pest biocontrol strategies. We evaluated both the antioxidant response mediated by compatible solutes, trehalose or mannitol, and the expression of related genes using oxygen pulses at three oxygen concentrations in solid state culture (SSC): normal atmosphere (21% O2), low oxygen (16% O2) and enriched oxygen (26% O2). Trehalose concentration decreased 75% after atmospheric modifications in the cultures, whereas mannitol synthesis was three-fold higher under the 16% O2 pulses relative to normal atmosphere (100 and 30 μg mannitol mg(-1) biomass, respectively). Confirming this result, expression of the mpd gene, coding for mannitol-1-P dehydrogenase (MPD), increased up to 1.4 times after O2 pulses. The expression of the bbrgs1 gene, encoding a regulatory G protein related to conidiation, was analysed to explain previously reported differences in conidial production. Surprisingly, expression of bbrgs1 decreased after atmospheric modification. Finally, principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that 83.39% of the variability in the data could be explained by two components. This analysis corroborated the positive correlation between mannitol concentration and mpd gene expression, as well as the negative correlation between conidial production and bbrgs1 gene expression. This study contributes to understanding of antioxidant and molecular response of B. bassiana induced under oxidant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Misael Garza-López
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Departamento de Biotecnología, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, C. P. 09340, México D. F., Mexico
| | - Gerardo Suárez-Vergel
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Departamento de Biotecnología, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, C. P. 09340, México D. F., Mexico
| | - Aida Hamdan-Partida
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Xochimilco, Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Calz. del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, C. P. 04960, México, D. F., Mexico
| | - Octavio Loera
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Departamento de Biotecnología, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, C. P. 09340, México D. F., Mexico.
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12
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Wyatt TT, van Leeuwen MR, Wösten HAB, Dijksterhuis J. Mannitol is essential for the development of stress-resistant ascospores in Neosartorya fischeri (Aspergillus fischeri). Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 64:11-24. [PMID: 24412483 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The polyol mannitol is one of the main compatible solutes in Neosartorya fischeri and accumulates in conidia and ascospores. Here, it is shown that biosynthesis of mannitol in N. fischeri mainly depends on mannitol 1-phosphate dehydrogenase (MpdA). Reporter studies and qPCR analysis demonstrated that mpdA is moderately expressed in vegetative hyphae and conidiophores, while it is highly expressed during development of ascospores. Deletion of mpdA reduced mannitol in whole cultures as much as 85% of the wild type, while trehalose levels had increased more than 4-fold. Decreased mannitol accumulation had no effect on mycelial growth irrespective of heat- or oxidative stress. Notably, conidia of the ΔmpdA strain had higher mannitol and lower trehalose levels. They were more sensitive to heat stress. The most distinct phenotype of mpdA deletion was the absence of full development of ascospores. Formation of cleistothecia, and asci was not affected. The ascus cell wall, however, did not dissolve and asci contained incompletely formed or aborted ascospores. Addition of the Mpd inhibitor nitrophenide to the wild type strain also resulted in disturbed ascospore formation. Taken together, these results show that mannitol has a role in sexual development of N. fischeri and in stress resistance of conidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Wyatt
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - M R van Leeuwen
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - H A B Wösten
- Utrecht University, Microbiology, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - J Dijksterhuis
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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13
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van Munster JM, Nitsche BM, Krijgsheld P, van Wijk A, Dijkhuizen L, Wösten HA, Ram AF, van der Maarel MJEC. Chitinases CtcB and CfcI modify the cell wall in sporulating aerial mycelium of Aspergillus niger. Microbiology (Reading) 2013; 159:1853-1867. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.067967-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jolanda M. van Munster
- Microbial Physiology Research Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin M. Nitsche
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline Krijgsheld
- Microbiology and Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alle van Wijk
- Aquatic Biotechnology and Bioproduct Engineering Department, Institute for Technology and Management (ITM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Microbial Physiology Research Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han A. Wösten
- Microbiology and Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur F. Ram
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marc J. E. C. van der Maarel
- Aquatic Biotechnology and Bioproduct Engineering Department, Institute for Technology and Management (ITM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Microbial Physiology Research Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Calmes B, Guillemette T, Teyssier L, Siegler B, Pigné S, Landreau A, Iacomi B, Lemoine R, Richomme P, Simoneau P. Role of mannitol metabolism in the pathogenicity of the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:131. [PMID: 23717316 PMCID: PMC3652318 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the physiological functions of fungal mannitol metabolism in the pathogenicity and protection against environmental stresses were investigated in the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola. Mannitol metabolism was examined during infection of Brassica oleracea leaves by sequential HPLC quantification of the major soluble carbohydrates and expression analysis of genes encoding two proteins of mannitol metabolism, i.e., a mannitol dehydrogenase (AbMdh), and a mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (AbMpd). Knockout mutants deficient for AbMdh or AbMpd and a double mutant lacking both enzyme activities were constructed. Their capacity to cope with various oxidative and drought stresses and their pathogenic behavior were evaluated. Metabolic and gene expression profiling indicated an increase in mannitol production during plant infection. Depending on the mutants, distinct pathogenic processes, such as leaf and silique colonization, sporulation, survival on seeds, were impaired by comparison to the wild-type. This pathogenic alteration could be partly explained by the differential susceptibilities of mutants to oxidative and drought stresses. These results highlight the importance of mannitol metabolism with respect to the ability of A. brassicicola to efficiently accomplish key steps of its pathogenic life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Calmes
- SFR 4207 QUASAV, UMR 1345 IRHS, Université d'AngersAngers Cedex, France
- SFR 4207 QUASAV, INRA, UMR 1345 IRHSAngers Cedex, France
- SFR 4207 QUASAV, Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR 1345 IRHSAngers Cedex, France
| | - Thomas Guillemette
- SFR 4207 QUASAV, UMR 1345 IRHS, Université d'AngersAngers Cedex, France
- SFR 4207 QUASAV, INRA, UMR 1345 IRHSAngers Cedex, France
- SFR 4207 QUASAV, Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR 1345 IRHSAngers Cedex, France
| | - Lény Teyssier
- SFR 4207 QUASAV, UMR 1345 IRHS, Université d'AngersAngers Cedex, France
- SFR 4207 QUASAV, INRA, UMR 1345 IRHSAngers Cedex, France
- SFR 4207 QUASAV, Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR 1345 IRHSAngers Cedex, France
| | - Benjamin Siegler
- Plateforme d'Ingénierie et Analyses Moléculaires, Université d'AngersAngers Cedex, France
| | - Sandrine Pigné
- SFR 4207 QUASAV, UMR 1345 IRHS, Université d'AngersAngers Cedex, France
- SFR 4207 QUASAV, INRA, UMR 1345 IRHSAngers Cedex, France
- SFR 4207 QUASAV, Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR 1345 IRHSAngers Cedex, France
| | - Anne Landreau
- SONAS EA 921, SFR 4207, QUASAV UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et d'Ingénierie de la Santé, Université d'AngersAngers Cedex, France
| | | | - Rémi Lemoine
- Ecologie, Biologie des Interactions, UMR 7267 CNRS/Université de PoitiersPoitiers, France
| | - Pascal Richomme
- SONAS EA 921, SFR 4207, QUASAV UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et d'Ingénierie de la Santé, Université d'AngersAngers Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Simoneau
- SFR 4207 QUASAV, UMR 1345 IRHS, Université d'AngersAngers Cedex, France
- SFR 4207 QUASAV, INRA, UMR 1345 IRHSAngers Cedex, France
- SFR 4207 QUASAV, Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR 1345 IRHSAngers Cedex, France
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15
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Zhao Z, Ten Pierick A, de Jonge L, Heijnen JJ, Wahl SA. Substrate cycles in Penicillium chrysogenum quantified by isotopic non-stationary flux analysis. Microb Cell Fact 2012; 11:140. [PMID: 23098235 PMCID: PMC3538697 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-11-140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Penicillium chrysogenum, the main production strain for penicillin-G, has a high content of intracellular carbohydrates, especially reduced sugars such as mannitol, arabitol, erythritol, as well as trehalose and glycogen. In previous steady state 13C wash-in experiments a delay of labeling enrichments in glycolytic intermediates was observed, which suggests turnover of storage carbohydrates. The turnover of storage pools consumes ATP which is expected to reduce the product yield for energy demanding production pathways like penicillin-G. Results In this study, a 13C labeling wash-in experiment of 1 hour was performed to systematically quantify the intracellular flux distribution including eight substrate cycles. The experiments were performed using a mixed carbon source of 85% CmolGlc/CmolGlc+EtOH labeled glucose (mixture of 90% [1-13C1] and 10% [U-13C6]) and 15% ethanol [U-13C2]. It was found, that (1) also several extracellular pools are enriched with 13C labeling rapidly (trehalose, mannitol, and others), (2) the intra- to extracellular metabolite concentration ratios were comparable for a large set of metabolites while for some carbohydrates (mannitol, trehalose, and glucose) the measured ratios were much higher. Conclusions The fast enrichment of several extracellular carbohydrates and a concentration ratio higher than the ratio expected from cell lysis (2%) indicate active (e.g. ATP consuming) transport cycles over the cellular membrane. The flux estimation indicates, that substrate cycles account for about 52% of the gap in the ATP balance based on metabolic flux analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhao
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, Delft 2628 BC, Netherlands
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16
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van Leeuwen MR, Krijgsheld P, Wyatt TT, Golovina EA, Menke H, Dekker A, Stark J, Stam H, Bleichrodt R, Wösten HAB, Dijksterhuis J. The effect of natamycin on the transcriptome of conidia of Aspergillus niger. Stud Mycol 2012; 74:71-85. [PMID: 23449730 PMCID: PMC3563292 DOI: 10.3114/sim0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of natamycin on Aspergillus niger was analysed during the first 8 h of germination of conidia. Polarisation, germ tube formation, and mitosis were inhibited in the presence of 3 and 10 μM of the anti-fungal compound, while at 10 μM also isotropic growth was affected. Natamycin did not have an effect on the decrease of microviscosity during germination and the concomitant reduction in mannitol and trehalose levels. However, it did abolish the increase of intracellular levels of glycerol and glucose during the 8 h period of germination. Natamycin hardly affected the changes that occur in the RNA profile during the first 2 h of germination. During this time period, genes related to transcription, protein synthesis, energy and cell cycle and DNA processing were particularly up-regulated. Differential expression of 280 and 2586 genes was observed when 8 h old germlings were compared with conidia that had been exposed to 3 μM and 10 μM natamycin, respectively. For instance, genes involved in ergosterol biosynthesis were down-regulated. On the other hand, genes involved in endocytosis and the metabolism of compatible solutes, and genes encoding protective proteins were up-regulated in natamycin treated conidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R van Leeuwen
- Applied and Industrial Mycology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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17
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Bleichrodt R, Vinck A, Krijgsheld P, van Leeuwen MR, Dijksterhuis J, Wösten HAB. Cytosolic streaming in vegetative mycelium and aerial structures of Aspergillus niger. Stud Mycol 2012; 74:31-46. [PMID: 23450745 PMCID: PMC3563289 DOI: 10.3114/sim0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus niger forms aerial hyphae and conidiophores after a period of vegetative growth. The hyphae within the mycelium of A. niger are divided by septa. The central pore in these septa allows for cytoplasmic streaming. Here, we studied inter- and intra-compartmental streaming of the reporter protein GFP in A. niger. Expression of the gene encoding nuclear targeted GFP from the gpdA or glaA promoter resulted in strong fluorescence of nuclei within the vegetative hyphae and weak fluorescence in nuclei within the aerial structures. These data and nuclear run on experiments showed that gpdA and glaA are higher expressed in the vegetative mycelium when compared to aerial hyphae, conidiophores and conidia. Notably, gpdA or glaA driven expression of the gene encoding cytosolic GFP resulted in strongly fluorescent vegetative hyphae and aerial structures. Apparently, GFP streams from vegetative hyphae into aerial structures. This was confirmed by monitoring fluorescence of photo-activatable GFP (PA-GFP). In contrast, PA-GFP did not stream from aerial structures to vegetative hyphae. Streaming of PA-GFP within vegetative hyphae or within aerial structures of A. niger occurred at a rate of 10–15 μm s-1. Taken together, these results not only show that GFP streams from the vegetative mycelium to aerial structures but it also indicates that its encoding RNA is not streaming. Absence of RNA streaming would explain why distinct RNA profiles were found in aerial structures and the vegetative mycelium by nuclear run on analysis and micro-array analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bleichrodt
- Microbiology and Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentations, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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18
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Suh MJ, Fedorova ND, Cagas SE, Hastings S, Fleischmann RD, Peterson SN, Perlin DS, Nierman WC, Pieper R, Momany M. Development stage-specific proteomic profiling uncovers small, lineage specific proteins most abundant in the Aspergillus Fumigatus conidial proteome. Proteome Sci 2012; 10:30. [PMID: 22545825 PMCID: PMC3424117 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-10-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathogenic mold Aspergillus fumigatus is the most frequent infectious cause of death in severely immunocompromised individuals such as leukemia and bone marrow transplant patients. Germination of inhaled conidia (asexual spores) in the host is critical for the initiation of infection, but little is known about the underlying mechanisms of this process. Results To gain insights into early germination events and facilitate the identification of potential stage-specific biomarkers and vaccine candidates, we have used quantitative shotgun proteomics to elucidate patterns of protein abundance changes during early fungal development. Four different stages were examined: dormant conidia, isotropically expanding conidia, hyphae in which germ tube emergence has just begun, and pre-septation hyphae. To enrich for glycan-linked cell wall proteins we used an alkaline cell extraction method. Shotgun proteomic resulted in the identification of 375 unique gene products with high confidence, with no evidence for enrichment of cell wall-immobilized and secreted proteins. The most interesting discovery was the identification of 52 proteins enriched in dormant conidia including 28 proteins that have never been detected in the A. fumigatus conidial proteome such as signaling protein Pil1, chaperones BipA and calnexin, and transcription factor HapB. Additionally we found many small, Aspergillus specific proteins of unknown function including 17 hypothetical proteins. Thus, the most abundant protein, Grg1 (AFUA_5G14210), was also one of the smallest proteins detected in this study (M.W. 7,367). Among previously characterized proteins were melanin pigment and pseurotin A biosynthesis enzymes, histones H3 and H4.1, and other proteins involved in conidiation and response to oxidative or hypoxic stress. In contrast, expanding conidia, hyphae with early germ tubes, and pre-septation hyphae samples were enriched for proteins responsible for housekeeping functions, particularly translation, respiratory metabolism, amino acid and carbohydrate biosynthesis, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Conclusions The observed temporal expression patterns suggest that the A. fumigatus conidia are dominated by small, lineage-specific proteins. Some of them may play key roles in host-pathogen interactions, signal transduction during conidial germination, or survival in hostile environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moo-Jin Suh
- The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Natalie D Fedorova
- The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Steven E Cagas
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Susan Hastings
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Scott N Peterson
- The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - David S Perlin
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - William C Nierman
- The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Rembert Pieper
- The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Michelle Momany
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Wang ZL, Lu JD, Feng MG. Primary roles of two dehydrogenases in the mannitol metabolism and multi-stress tolerance of entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Environ Microbiol 2011; 14:2139-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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20
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Expression of biomass-degrading enzymes is a major event during conidium development in Trichoderma reesei. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2011; 10:1527-35. [PMID: 21890820 DOI: 10.1128/ec.05014-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The conidium plays a critical role in the life cycle of many filamentous fungi, being the primary means for survival under unfavorable conditions. To investigate the transcriptional changes taking place during the transition from growing hyphae to conidia in Trichoderma reesei, microarray experiments were performed. A total of 900 distinct genes were classified as differentially expressed, relative to their expression at time zero of conidiation, at least at one of the time points analyzed. The main functional categories (FunCat) overrepresented among the upregulated genes were those involving solute transport, metabolism, transcriptional regulation, secondary metabolite synthesis, lipases, proteases, and, particularly, cellulases and hemicellulases. Categories overrepresented among the downregulated genes were especially those associated with ribosomal and mitochondrial functions. The upregulation of cellulase and hemicellulase genes was dependent on the function of the positive transcriptional regulator XYR1, but XYR1 exerted no influence on conidiation itself. At least 20% of the significantly regulated genes were nonrandomly distributed within the T. reesei genome, suggesting an epigenetic component in the regulation of conidiation. The significant upregulation of cellulases and hemicellulases during this process, and thus cellulase and hemicellulase content in the spores of T. reesei, contributes to the hypothesis that the ability to hydrolyze plant biomass is a major trait of this fungus enabling it to break dormancy and reinitiate vegetative growth after a period of facing unfavorable conditions.
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Krahulec S, Armao GC, Klimacek M, Nidetzky B. Enzymes of mannitol metabolism in the human pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus--kinetic properties of mannitol-1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase and mannitol 2-dehydrogenase, and their physiological implications. FEBS J 2011; 278:1264-76. [PMID: 21299839 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The human pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus accumulates large amounts of intracellular mannitol to enhance its resistance against defense strategies of the infected host. To explore their currently unknown roles in mannitol metabolism, we studied A. fumigatus mannitol-1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase (AfM1PDH) and mannitol 2-dehydrogenase (AfM2DH), each recombinantly produced in Escherichia coli, and performed a detailed steady-state kinetic characterization of the two enzymes at 25 °C and pH 7.1. Primary kinetic isotope effects resulting from deuteration of alcohol substrate or NADH showed that, for AfM1PDH, binding of D-mannitol 1-phosphate and NAD(+) is random, whereas D-fructose 6-phosphate binds only after NADH has bound to the enzyme. Binding of substrate and NAD(H) by AfM2DH is random for both D-mannitol oxidation and D-fructose reduction. Hydride transfer is rate-determining for D-mannitol 1-phosphate oxidation by AfM1PDH (k(cat) = 10.6 s(-1)) as well as D-fructose reduction by AfM2DH (k(cat) = 94 s(-1)). Product release steps control the maximum rates in the other direction of the two enzymatic reactions. Free energy profiles for the enzymatic reaction under physiological boundary conditions suggest that AfM1PDH primarily functions as a D-fructose-6-phosphate reductase, whereas AfM2DH acts in D-mannitol oxidation, thus establishing distinct routes for production and mobilization of mannitol in A. fumigatus. ATP, ADP and AMP do not affect the activity of AfM1PDH, suggesting the absence of flux control by cellular energy charge at the level of D-fructose 6-phosphate reduction. AfM1PDH is remarkably resistant to inactivation by heat (half-life at 40 °C of 20 h), consistent with the idea that formation of mannitol is an essential component of the temperature stress response of A. fumigatus. Inhibition of AfM1PDH might be a useful target for therapy of A. fumigatus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Krahulec
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
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