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Hori M, Tominaga T, Ishida M, Kawano M. RNA interference reveals the escape response mechanism of Paramecium to mechanical stimulation. Biophys Physicobiol 2023; 20:e200025. [PMID: 37867561 PMCID: PMC10587447 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.bppb-v20.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In Paramecium, a mechanical stimulus applied to the posterior portion of the cell causes a transient increase in membrane permeability to potassium ions, transiently rendering the membrane in a hyperpolarized state. Hyperpolarization causes a transient increase in Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentration in the cilia, resulting in a transient fast-forward swimming of the cell. Schultz and coworkers (1992) reported that a unique adenylate cyclase (AC)-coupled potassium channel is involved in the reaction underlying this response, which is known as the "escape response." However, the AC responsible for this reaction remains to be identified. Moreover, the molecular linkage between mechanoreception and AC activation has not been elucidated adequately. Currently, we can perform an efficient and simple gene-knockdown technique in Paramecium using RNA interference (RNAi). Paramecium is one of the several model organisms for which whole-genome sequences have been elucidated. The RNAi technique can be applied to whole genome sequences derived from the Paramecium database (ParameciumDB) to investigate the types of proteins that elicit specific biological responses and compare them with those of other model organisms. In this review, we describe the applications of the RNAi technique in elucidating the molecular mechanism underlying the escape response and identifying the AC involved in this reaction. The findings of this study highlight the advantages of the RNAi technique and ParameciumDB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Hori
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Takashi Tominaga
- Institute of Neuroscience, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
| | - Masaki Ishida
- School of Science Education, Nara University of Education, Nara 630-8528, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Kawano
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
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2
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Yano D, Funadani R, Uda K, Matsuoka T, Suzuki T. Role of arginine kinase in Paramecium tetraurelia (Ciliophora, Peniculida): Subcellular localization of AK3 and phosphoarginine shuttle system in cilia. Eur J Protistol 2020; 74:125705. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2020.125705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Abstract
Imagine that in 1678 you are Christiaan Huygens or Antonie van Leeuwenhoek seeing paramecia swim gracefully across the field of view of your new microscope. These unicellular, free-living, and swimming cells might have remained a curiosity if not for the ability of H.S. Jennings (Behavior of the lower organisms. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1906) and T.M. Sonneborn (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 23:378-385, 1937) to recognize them for their behavior and genetics, both Mendelian and non-Mendelian. Following many years of painstaking work by Sonneborn and other researchers, Paramecium now serves as a modern model organism that has made specific contributions to cell and molecular biology and development. We will review the continuing usefulness and contributions of Paramecium species in this chapter.Even without a microscope, Paramecium species is visible to the naked eye because of their size (50-300 μ long). Paramecia are holotrichous ciliates, that is, unicellular organisms in the phylum Ciliophora that are covered with cilia. It was the beating of these cilia that propelled them across the slides of the first microscopes and continue to fascinate us today. Over time, Paramecium became a favorite model organism for a large variety of studies. Denis Lyn has called Paramecium the "white rat" of the Ciliophora for their manipulability and amenity to research. We will touch upon the use of Paramecium species to examine swimming behavior, ciliary structure and function, ion channel function, basal body duplication and patterning, non-Mendelian cortical inheritance, programmed DNA rearrangements, regulated secretion and exocytosis, and cell trafficking. In particular, we will focus on the use of P. tetraurelia and P. caudatum.
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Shi L, Koll F, Arnaiz O, Cohen J. The Ciliary Protein IFT57 in the Macronucleus of Paramecium. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2017; 65:12-27. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), formerly Centre de Génétique Moléculaire; Université Paris Saclay; CEA; CNRS; 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif sur Yvette France
- Department of Biochemical and Molecular Biology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Xinxiang Medical University; Xinxiang 453003 China
| | - France Koll
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), formerly Centre de Génétique Moléculaire; Université Paris Saclay; CEA; CNRS; 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif sur Yvette France
| | - Olivier Arnaiz
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), formerly Centre de Génétique Moléculaire; Université Paris Saclay; CEA; CNRS; 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif sur Yvette France
| | - Jean Cohen
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), formerly Centre de Génétique Moléculaire; Université Paris Saclay; CEA; CNRS; 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif sur Yvette France
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Plattner H. Signalling in ciliates: long- and short-range signals and molecular determinants for cellular dynamics. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 92:60-107. [PMID: 26487631 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In ciliates, unicellular representatives of the bikont branch of evolution, inter- and intracellular signalling pathways have been analysed mainly in Paramecium tetraurelia, Paramecium multimicronucleatum and Tetrahymena thermophila and in part also in Euplotes raikovi. Electrophysiology of ciliary activity in Paramecium spp. is a most successful example. Established signalling mechanisms include plasmalemmal ion channels, recently established intracellular Ca2+ -release channels, as well as signalling by cyclic nucleotides and Ca2+ . Ca2+ -binding proteins (calmodulin, centrin) and Ca2+ -activated enzymes (kinases, phosphatases) are involved. Many organelles are endowed with specific molecules cooperating in signalling for intracellular transport and targeted delivery. Among them are recently specified soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs), monomeric GTPases, H+ -ATPase/pump, actin, etc. Little specification is available for some key signal transducers including mechanosensitive Ca2+ -channels, exocyst complexes and Ca2+ -sensor proteins for vesicle-vesicle/membrane interactions. The existence of heterotrimeric G-proteins and of G-protein-coupled receptors is still under considerable debate. Serine/threonine kinases dominate by far over tyrosine kinases (some predicted by phosphoproteomic analyses). Besides short-range signalling, long-range signalling also exists, e.g. as firmly installed microtubular transport rails within epigenetically determined patterns, thus facilitating targeted vesicle delivery. By envisaging widely different phenomena of signalling and subcellular dynamics, it will be shown (i) that important pathways of signalling and cellular dynamics are established already in ciliates, (ii) that some mechanisms diverge from higher eukaryotes and (iii) that considerable uncertainties still exist about some essential aspects of signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Plattner
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, PO Box M625, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
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Ichikawa M, Saito K, Yanagisawa HA, Yagi T, Kamiya R, Yamaguchi S, Yajima J, Kushida Y, Nakano K, Numata O, Toyoshima YY. Axonemal dynein light chain-1 locates at the microtubule-binding domain of the γ heavy chain. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:4236-47. [PMID: 26399296 PMCID: PMC4642857 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-05-0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynein light chain 1 (LC1) of the outer arm dynein (OAD) complex associates with the microtubule-binding domain (MTBD) of γ heavy chain inside the complex. LC1 is considered to regulate the OAD activity and ciliary/flagellar motion by modulating γ MTBD's affinity to the B-tubule of the doublet microtubule in the axoneme. The outer arm dynein (OAD) complex is the main propulsive force generator for ciliary/flagellar beating. In Chlamydomonas and Tetrahymena, the OAD complex comprises three heavy chains (α, β, and γ HCs) and >10 smaller subunits. Dynein light chain-1 (LC1) is an essential component of OAD. It is known to associate with the Chlamydomonas γ head domain, but its precise localization within the γ head and regulatory mechanism of the OAD complex remain unclear. Here Ni-NTA-nanogold labeling electron microscopy localized LC1 to the stalk tip of the γ head. Single-particle analysis detected an additional structure, most likely corresponding to LC1, near the microtubule-binding domain (MTBD), located at the stalk tip. Pull-down assays confirmed that LC1 bound specifically to the γ MTBD region. Together with observations that LC1 decreased the affinity of the γ MTBD for microtubules, we present a new model in which LC1 regulates OAD activity by modulating γ MTBD's affinity for the doublet microtubule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneyoshi Ichikawa
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Kei Saito
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Haru-Aki Yanagisawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Toshiki Yagi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ritsu Kamiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shin Yamaguchi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Junichiro Yajima
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Kushida
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kentaro Nakano
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Osamu Numata
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yoko Y Toyoshima
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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Yano J, Valentine MS, Van Houten JL. Novel Insights into the Development and Function of Cilia Using the Advantages of the Paramecium Cell and Its Many Cilia. Cells 2015; 4:297-314. [PMID: 26230712 PMCID: PMC4588038 DOI: 10.3390/cells4030297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Paramecium species, especially P. tetraurelia and caudatum, are model organisms for modern research into the form and function of cilia. In this review, we focus on the ciliary ion channels and other transmembrane proteins that control the beat frequency and wave form of the cilium by controlling the signaling within the cilium. We put these discussions in the context of the advantages that Paramecium brings to the understanding of ciliary motility: mutants for genetic dissections of swimming behavior, electrophysiology, structural analysis, abundant cilia for biochemistry and modern proteomics, genomics and molecular biology. We review the connection between behavior and physiology, which allows the cells to broadcast the function of their ciliary channels in real time. We build a case for the important insights and advantages that this model organism continues to bring to the study of cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Yano
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Megan S Valentine
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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Aubusson-Fleury A, Cohen J, Lemullois M. Ciliary heterogeneity within a single cell: the Paramecium model. Methods Cell Biol 2015; 127:457-85. [PMID: 25837404 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Paramecium is a single cell able to divide in its morphologically differentiated stage that has many cilia anchored at its cell surface. Many thousands of cilia are thus assembled in a short period of time during division to duplicate the cell pattern while the cell continues swimming. Most, but not all, of these sensory cilia are motile and involved in two main functions: prey capture and cell locomotion. These cilia display heterogeneity, both in their length and their biochemical properties. Thanks to these properties, as well as to the availability of many postgenomic tools and the possibility to follow the regrowth of cilia after deciliation, Paramecium offers a nice opportunity to study the assembly of the cilia, as well as the genesis of their diversity within a single cell. In this paper, after a brief survey of Paramecium morphology and cilia properties, we describe the tools and the protocols currently used for immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, and ultrastructural immunocytochemistry to analyze cilia, with special recommendations to overcome the problem raised by cilium diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Aubusson-Fleury
- Centre de Génétique Moléculaire, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Bat 26 Allée de la terrasse, 91 198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Jean Cohen
- Centre de Génétique Moléculaire, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Bat 26 Allée de la terrasse, 91 198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Michel Lemullois
- Centre de Génétique Moléculaire, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Bat 26 Allée de la terrasse, 91 198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
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9
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Desai PB, Freshour JR, Mitchell DR. Chlamydomonas axonemal dynein assembly locus ODA8 encodes a conserved flagellar protein needed for cytoplasmic maturation of outer dynein arm complexes. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2015; 72:16-28. [PMID: 25558044 PMCID: PMC4361367 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii oda8 mutation blocks assembly of flagellar outer dynein arms (ODAs), and interacts genetically with ODA5 and ODA10, which encode axonemal proteins thought to aid dynein binding onto axonemal docking sites. We positionally cloned ODA8 and identified the gene product as the algal homolog of vertebrate LRRC56. Its flagellar localization depends on ODA5 and ODA10, consistent with genetic interaction studies, but phylogenomics suggests that LRRC56 homologs play a role in intraflagellar transport (IFT)-dependent assembly of outer row dynein arms, not axonemal docking. ODA8 distribution between cytoplasm and flagella is similar to that of IFT proteins and about half of flagellar ODA8 is in the soluble matrix fraction. Dynein extracted in vitro from wild type axonemes will rebind efficiently to oda8 mutant axonemes, without re-binding of ODA8, further supporting a role in dynein assembly or transport, not axonemal binding. Assays comparing preassembled ODA complexes from the cytoplasm of wild type and mutant strains show that dynein in oda8 mutant cytoplasm has not properly preassembled and cannot bind normally onto oda axonemes. We conclude that ODA8 plays an important role in formation and transport of mature dynein complexes during flagellar assembly. © 2014 The Authors. Cytoskeleton Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paurav B Desai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
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Bell WE, Hallworth R, Wyatt TA, Sisson JH. Use of a novel cell adhesion method and digital measurement to show stimulus-dependent variation in somatic and oral ciliary beat frequency in Paramecium. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2015; 62:144-8. [PMID: 25066640 PMCID: PMC4450440 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
When Paramecium encounters positive stimuli, the membrane hyperpolarizes and ciliary beat frequency increases. We adapted an established immobilization protocol using a biological adhesive and a novel digital analysis system to quantify beat frequency in immobilized Paramecium. Cells showed low mortality and demonstrated beat frequencies consistent with previous studies. Chemoattractant molecules, reduction in external potassium, and posterior stimulation all increased somatic beat frequency. In all cases, the oral groove cilia maintained a higher beat frequency than mid-body cilia, but only oral cilia from cells stimulated with chemoattactants showed an increase from basal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wade E Bell
- Department of Biology, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, Virginia, 24450
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Abstract
Cilia are highly conserved for their structure and also for their sensory functions. They serve as antennae for extracellular information. Whether the cilia are motile or not, they respond to environmental mechanical and chemical stimuli and signal to the cell body. The information from extracellular stimuli is commonly converted to electrical signals through the repertoire of ion-conducting channels in the ciliary membrane resulting in changes in concentrations of ions, especially Ca2+, in the cilia. These changes, in turn, affect motility and signaling pathways in the cilia and cell body to carry on the signal transduction. We review here the activities of ion channels in cilia from protists to vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Kleene
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH 45267-0576 USA 1-513-558-6099 (phone) 1-513-558-5738 (fax)
| | - Judith L Van Houten
- Department of Biology University of Vermont Burlington, VT 05405, USA 1-802-656-0452 (phone) 1-802-656-2914 (FAX)
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12
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Jung I, Powers TR, Valles JM. Evidence for two extremes of ciliary motor response in a single swimming microorganism. Biophys J 2014; 106:106-13. [PMID: 24411242 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.11.3703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Because arrays of motile cilia drive fluids for a range of processes, the versatile mechano-chemical mechanism coordinating them has been under scrutiny. The protist Paramecium presents opportunities to compare how groups of cilia perform two distinct functions, swimming propulsion and nutrient uptake. We present how the body cilia responsible for propulsion and the oral-groove cilia responsible for nutrient uptake respond to changes in their mechanical environment accomplished by varying the fluid viscosity over a factor of 7. Analysis with a phenomenological model of trajectories of swimmers made neutrally buoyant with magnetic forces combined with high-speed imaging of ciliary beating reveal that the body cilia exert a nearly constant propulsive force primarily by reducing their beat frequency as viscosity increases. By contrast, the oral-groove cilia beat at a nearly constant frequency. The existence of two extremes of motor response in a unicellular organism prompts unique investigations of factors controlling ciliary beating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilyong Jung
- Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Thomas R Powers
- Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - James M Valles
- Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
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Wang H, Gau B, Slade WO, Juergens M, Li P, Hicks LM. The global phosphoproteome of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii reveals complex organellar phosphorylation in the flagella and thylakoid membrane. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:2337-53. [PMID: 24917610 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.038281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is the most intensively-studied and well-developed model for investigation of a wide-range of microalgal processes ranging from basic development through understanding triacylglycerol production. Although proteomic technologies permit interrogation of these processes at the protein level and efforts to date indicate phosphorylation-based regulation of proteins in C. reinhardtii is essential for its underlying biology, characterization of the C. reinhardtii phosphoproteome has been limited. Herein, we report the richest exploration of the C. reinhardtii proteome to date. Complementary enrichment strategies were used to detect 4588 phosphoproteins distributed among every cellular component in C. reinhardtii. Additionally, we report 18,160 unique phosphopeptides at <1% false discovery rate, which comprise 15,862 unique phosphosites - 98% of which are novel. Given that an estimated 30% of proteins in a eukaryotic cell are subject to phosphorylation, we report the majority of the phosphoproteome (23%) of C. reinhardtii. Proteins in key biological pathways were phosphorylated, including photosynthesis, pigment production, carbon assimilation, glycolysis, and protein and carbohydrate metabolism, and it is noteworthy that hyperphosphorylation was observed in flagellar proteins. This rich data set is available via ProteomeXchange (ID: PXD000783) and will significantly enhance understanding of a range of regulatory mechanisms controlling a variety of cellular process and will serve as a critical resource for the microalgal community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Wang
- From the ‡Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St Louis, Missouri 63132; §National Center of Biomedical Analysis, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Brian Gau
- From the ‡Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St Louis, Missouri 63132; ¶Sigma-Aldrich, 2909 Laclede Ave., St. Louis, Missouri 63103
| | - William O Slade
- ‖Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 125 South Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Matthew Juergens
- **Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, Missouri 48824
| | - Ping Li
- §National Center of Biomedical Analysis, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Leslie M Hicks
- From the ‡Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St Louis, Missouri 63132; ‖Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 125 South Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599;
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Kutomi O, Seki M, Nakamura S, Kamachi H, Noguchi M. Inactivation of Ca2+-induced ciliary reversal by high-salt extraction in the cilia of Paramecium. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:1219-1227. [PMID: 23636433 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0504-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular Ca(2+) induces ciliary reversal and backward swimming in Paramecium. However, it is not known how the Ca(2+) signal controls the motor machinery to induce ciliary reversal. We found that demembranated cilia on the ciliated cortical sheets from Paramecium caudatum lost the ability to undergo ciliary reversal after brief extraction with a solution containing 0.5 M KCl. KNO(3), which is similar to KCl with respect to chaotropic effect; it had the same effect as that of KCl on ciliary response. Cyclic AMP antagonizes Ca(2+)-induced ciliary reversal. Limited trypsin digestion prevents endogenous A-kinase and cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of an outer arm dynein light chain and induces ciliary reversal. However, the trypsin digestion prior to the high-salt extraction did not affect the inhibition of Ca(2+)-induced ciliary reversal caused by the high-salt extraction. Furthermore, during the course of the high-salt extraction, some axonemal proteins were extracted from ciliary axonemes, suggesting that they may be responsible for Ca(2+)-induced ciliary reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Kutomi
- Department of Environmental Biology and Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan,
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