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Sun Y, Men X, Lin T, Deng B, Zhong S, Huo J, Qin K, Lv Z, Xu Z, Li Y. Mulberry leaf supplementation inhibits skatole deposition by regulating gut microbiota and upregulating liver cytochrome P450 1A1 expression in finishing pigs. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 16:34-44. [PMID: 38131029 PMCID: PMC10730352 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Skatole, a strong fecal odor substance, is generated through microbial degradation of tryptophan in the animal hindgut. It easily accumulates in adipose tissue and affects meat quality. In this study, the effect of mulberry leaf supplementation on skatole in finishing pigs was studied. In a 35-day trial, 20 finishing pigs (barrows and gilts) were fed with a basal diet or basal diet with 6% mulberry leaves. Growth performance of the pigs (n = 10) was automatically recorded by a performance-testing feeder system and 8 pigs in each treatment were slaughtered and sampled for the remaining tests. Skatole and short-chain fatty acids were detected using HPLC and gas chromatography, respectively. Fecal microbiota were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The metabolomics analysis of feces and serum was performed with UHPLC-MS/MS. The major cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes that catalyze skatole degradation in the liver were tested by using RT-PCR and Western blot. Effects of major bioactive compounds in mulberry leaves on the CYP genes were verified in the hepatic cell line HepG2 in an in vitro test (n = 3). In finishing pigs, mulberry leaf supplementation had no significant effect on the average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (P > 0.05), but reduced skatole levels in feces, serum, and backfat (P < 0.05), and increased acetic acid levels in feces (P = 0.027). Mulberry leaf supplementation decreased the relative abundance of the skatole-producing bacteria Megasphaera and Olsenella (P < 0.05). Indole-3-acetic acid, the intermediate that is essential for skatole production, was significantly reduced in feces by mulberry leaf supplementation (P < 0.05) and was positively correlated with skatole content in feces (P = 0.004). In pigs treated with mulberry leaves, liver CYP1A1 expression was increased (P < 0.05) and was negatively correlated with skatole content in backfat (P = 0.045). The in vitro test demonstrated that mulberry leaf polyphenols and polysaccharides could directly stimulate CYP1A1 expression in hepatic cells. These findings suggest that mulberry leaf supplementation reduces skatole production and deposition in finishing pigs by regulating the gut microbiota and promoting skatole degradation in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Sun
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 298 Deshengzhong Road, Shangcheng, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xiaoming Men
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 298 Deshengzhong Road, Shangcheng, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Tianbao Lin
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 298 Deshengzhong Road, Shangcheng, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Bo Deng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 298 Deshengzhong Road, Shangcheng, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Shi Zhong
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 298 Deshengzhong Road, Shangcheng, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jinxi Huo
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 298 Deshengzhong Road, Shangcheng, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Kaipeng Qin
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 298 Deshengzhong Road, Shangcheng, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Zhiqiang Lv
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 298 Deshengzhong Road, Shangcheng, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Ziwei Xu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 298 Deshengzhong Road, Shangcheng, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yougui Li
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 298 Deshengzhong Road, Shangcheng, Hangzhou 310021, China
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Li X, Jensen BB, Højberg O, Noel SJ, Canibe N. Development of a species-specific TaqMan-MGB real-time PCR assay to quantify Olsenella scatoligenes in pigs offered a chicory root-based diet. AMB Express 2018; 8:99. [PMID: 29909539 PMCID: PMC6004268 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0627-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Olsenella scatoligenes is the only skatole-producing bacterium isolated from the pig gut. Skatole, produced from microbial degradation of l-tryptophan, is the main contributor to boar taint, an off-odor and off-flavor taint, released upon heating meat from some entire male pigs. An appropriate method for quantifying O. scatoligenes would help investigating the relationship between O. scatoligenes abundance and skatole concentration
in the pig gut. Thus, the present study aimed at developing a TaqMan-MGB probe-based, species-specific qPCR assay for rapid quantification of O. scatoligenes. The use of a MGB probe allowed discriminating O. scatoligenes from other closely related species. Moreover, the assay allowed quantifying down to three target gene copies per PCR reaction using genomic DNA-constructed standards, or 1.5 × 103 cells/g digesta, using O. scatoligenes-spiked digesta samples as reference standards. The developed assay was applied to assess the impact of dietary chicory roots on O. scatoligenes in the hindgut of pigs. Olsenella scatoligenes made up < 0.01% of the microbial population in the pig hindgut. Interestingly, the highest number of O. scatoligenes was found in young entire male pigs fed high levels of chicory roots. This indicates that the known effect of chicory roots for reducing skatole production is not by inhibiting the growth of this skatole-producing bacterium in the pig hindgut. Accordingly, the abundance of O. scatoligenes in the hindgut does not seem to be an appropriate indicator of boar taint. The present study is the first to describe a TaqMan-MGB probe qPCR assay for detection and quantification of O. scatoligenes in pigs.
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