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Davidson RM, Benoit JB, Kammlade SM, Hasan NA, Epperson LE, Smith T, Vasireddy S, Brown-Elliott BA, Nick JA, Olivier KN, Zelazny AM, Daley CL, Strong M, Wallace RJ. Genomic characterization of sporadic isolates of the dominant clone of Mycobacterium abscessus subspecies massiliense. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15336. [PMID: 34321532 PMCID: PMC8319421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94789-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have characterized a dominant clone (Clone 1) of Mycobacterium abscessus subspecies massiliense (M. massiliense) associated with high prevalence in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, pulmonary outbreaks in the United States (US) and United Kingdom (UK), and a Brazilian epidemic of skin infections. The prevalence of Clone 1 in non-CF patients in the US and the relationship of sporadic US isolates to outbreak clones are not known. We surveyed a reference US Mycobacteria Laboratory and a US biorepository of CF-associated Mycobacteria isolates for Clone 1. We then compared genomic variation and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) mutations between sporadic non-CF, CF, and outbreak Clone 1 isolates. Among reference lab samples, 57/147 (39%) of patients with M. massiliense had Clone 1, including pulmonary and extrapulmonary infections, compared to 11/64 (17%) in the CF isolate biorepository. Core and pan genome analyses revealed that outbreak isolates had similar numbers of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and accessory genes as sporadic US Clone 1 isolates. However, pulmonary outbreak isolates were more likely to have AMR mutations compared to sporadic isolates. Clone 1 isolates are present among non-CF and CF patients across the US, but additional studies will be needed to resolve potential routes of transmission and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Davidson
- Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St., Denver, CO, 80206, USA.
| | - Jeanne B Benoit
- Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St., Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Sara M Kammlade
- Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St., Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Nabeeh A Hasan
- Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St., Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - L Elaine Epperson
- Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St., Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Terry Smith
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA
| | - Sruthi Vasireddy
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA
| | - Barbara A Brown-Elliott
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA
| | - Jerry A Nick
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Kenneth N Olivier
- Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adrian M Zelazny
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Charles L Daley
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Michael Strong
- Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St., Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Richard J Wallace
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA
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2
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Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus is an emerging pathogen that is often refractory to antibiotic control. Treatment is further complicated by considerable variation among clinical isolates in both their genetic constitution and their clinical manifestations. Here, we show that the prophage and plasmid mobilome is a likely contributor to this variation. Prophages and plasmids are common, abundant, and highly diverse, and code for large repertoires of genes influencing virulence, antibiotic susceptibility, and defense against viral infection. At least 85% of the strains we describe carry one or more prophages, representing at least 17 distinct and diverse sequence "clusters," integrated at 18 different attB locations. The prophages code for 19 distinct configurations of polymorphic toxin and toxin-immunity systems, each with WXG-100 motifs for export through type VII secretion systems. These are located adjacent to attachment junctions, are lysogenically expressed, and are implicated in promoting growth in infected host cells. Although the plethora of prophages and plasmids confounds the understanding of M. abscessus pathogenicity, they also provide an abundance of tools for M. abscessus engineering.IMPORTANCE Mycobacterium abscessus is an important emerging pathogen that is challenging to treat with current antibiotic regimens. There is substantial genomic variation in M. abscessus clinical isolates, but little is known about how this influences pathogenicity and in vivo growth. Much of the genomic variation is likely due to the large and varied mobilome, especially a large and diverse array of prophages and plasmids. The prophages are unrelated to previously characterized phages of mycobacteria and code for a diverse array of genes implicated in both viral defense and in vivo growth. Prophage-encoded polymorphic toxin proteins secreted via the type VII secretion system are common and highly varied and likely contribute to strain-specific pathogenesis.
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Kim BJ, Kim GN, Kim BR, Shim TS, Kook YH, Kim BJ. New Mycobacteroides abscessus subsp. massiliense strains with recombinant hsp65 gene laterally transferred from Mycobacteroides abscessus subsp. abscessus: Potential for misidentification of M. abscessus strains with the hsp65-based method. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220312. [PMID: 31518354 PMCID: PMC6743754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that lateral gene transfer (LGT) events among Mycobacteroides abscessus strains are prevalent. The hsp65 gene, a chronometer gene for bacterial phylogenetic analysis, is resistant to LGT events, particularly among mycobacterial strains, rendering the hsp65-targeting method the most widely used method for mycobacterial detection. To determine the prevalence of M. abscessus strains that are subject to hsp65 LGT, we applied rpoB typing to 100 clinically isolated Korean strains of M. abscessus that had been identified by hsp65 sequence analysis. The analysis indicated the presence of 2 rough strains, showing a discrepancy between the 2 typing methods. MLST analysis based on the partial sequencing of seven housekeeping genes, erm(41) PCR and further hsp65 PCR-restriction enzyme and polymorphism analysis (PRA) were conducted to identify the two strains. The MLST results showed that the two strains belong to M. abscessus subsp. massiliense and not to M. abscessus subsp. abscessus, as indicated by the rpoB-based analysis, suggesting that their hsp65 genes are subject to LGT from M. abscessus subsp. abscessus. Further analysis of these strains using the hsp65 PRA method indicated that these strains possess a PRA pattern identical to that of M. abscessus subsp. abscessus and distinct from that of M. abscessus subsp. massiliense. In conclusion, we identified two M. abscessus subsp. massiliense rough strains from Korean patients with hsp65 genes that might be laterally transferred from M. abscessus subsp. abscessus. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of possible LGT events associated with the hsp65 gene in mycobacteria. Our results also suggest that there is the potential for misidentification when the hsp65-based protocol is used for mycobacterial identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Jun Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, Liver Research Institute and Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ga-Na Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, Liver Research Institute and Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo-Ram Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, Liver Research Institute and Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Sun Shim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon-Hoh Kook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, Liver Research Institute and Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bum-Joon Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, Liver Research Institute and Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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van Wyk R, van Wyk M, Mashele SS, Nelson DR, Syed K. Comprehensive Comparative Analysis of Cholesterol Catabolic Genes/Proteins in Mycobacterial Species. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051032. [PMID: 30818787 PMCID: PMC6429209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In dealing with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of the deadliest human disease—tuberculosis (TB)—utilization of cholesterol as a carbon source indicates the possibility of using cholesterol catabolic genes/proteins as novel drug targets. However, studies on cholesterol catabolism in mycobacterial species are scarce, and the number of mycobacterial species utilizing cholesterol as a carbon source is unknown. The availability of a large number of mycobacterial species’ genomic data affords an opportunity to explore and predict mycobacterial species’ ability to utilize cholesterol employing in silico methods. In this study, comprehensive comparative analysis of cholesterol catabolic genes/proteins in 93 mycobacterial species was achieved by deducing a comprehensive cholesterol catabolic pathway, developing a software tool for extracting homologous protein data and using protein structure and functional data. Based on the presence of cholesterol catabolic homologous proteins proven or predicted to be either essential or specifically required for the growth of M. tuberculosis H37Rv on cholesterol, we predict that among 93 mycobacterial species, 51 species will be able to utilize cholesterol as a carbon source. This study’s predictions need further experimental validation and the results should be taken as a source of information on cholesterol catabolism and genes/proteins involved in this process among mycobacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle van Wyk
- Unit for Drug Discovery Research, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, Free State, South Africa.
| | - Mari van Wyk
- Unit for Drug Discovery Research, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, Free State, South Africa.
| | - Samson Sitheni Mashele
- Unit for Drug Discovery Research, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, Free State, South Africa.
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Khajamohiddin Syed
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa.
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A temperature sensitive Mycobacterium paragordonae induces enhanced protective immune responses against mycobacterial infections in the mouse model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15230. [PMID: 29123166 PMCID: PMC5680210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15458-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we introduced a temperature sensitive Mycobacterium spp., Mycobacterium paragordonae (Mpg). Here, we checked its potential as a candidate for live vaccination against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium abscessus. Intravenous infections of mice with Mpg led to lower colony forming units (CFUs) compared to infection with BCG, suggesting its usefulness as a live vaccine. The analyses of immune responses indicated that the highly protective immunity elicited by Mpg was dependent on effective dendritic maturation, shift of cytokine patterns and antibody production toward a Th1 phenotype, and enhanced cytotoxic T cell response. Compared to BCG, Mpg showed a more effective protective immune response in the vaccinated mice against challenges with 2 different mycobacterial strains, M. tuberculosis H37Ra or M. abscessus Asan 50594. Our data suggest that a temperature sensitive Mpg may be a potentially powerful candidate vaccine strain to induce enhanced protective immune responses against M. tuberculosis and M. abscessus.
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Kim BJ, Kim GN, Kim BR, Jeon CO, Jeong J, Lee SH, Lim JH, Lee SH, Kim CK, Kook YH, Kim BJ. Description of Mycobacterium chelonae subsp. bovis subsp. nov., isolated from cattle (Bos taurus coreanae), emended description of Mycobacterium chelonae and creation of Mycobacterium chelonae subsp. chelonae subsp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017; 67:3882-3887. [PMID: 28895525 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Three rapidly growing mycobacterial strains, QIA-37T, QIA-40 and QIA-41, were isolated from the lymph nodes of three separate Korean native cattle, Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae). These strains were previously shown to be phylogenetically distinct but closely related to Mycobacterium chelonae ATCC 35752T by taxonomic approaches targeting three genes (16S rRNA, hsp6 and rpoB) and were further characterized using a polyphasic approach in this study. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of all three strains showed 99.7 % sequence similarity with that of the M. chelonae type strain. A multilocus sequence typing analysis targeting 10 housekeeping genes, including hsp65 and rpoB, revealed a phylogenetic cluster of these strains with M. chelonae. DNA-DNA hybridization values of 78.2 % between QIA-37T and M. chelonae indicated that it belongs to M. chelonae but is a novel subspecies distinct from M. chelonae. Phylogenetic analysis based on whole-genome sequences revealed a 95.44±0.06 % average nucleotide identity (ANI) value with M. chelonae, slightly higher than the 95.0 % ANI criterion for determining a novel species. In addition, distinct phenotypic characteristics such as positive growth at 37 °C, at which temperature M. chelonae does not grow, further support the taxonomic status of these strains as representatives of a novel subspecies of M. chelonae. Therefore, we propose an emended description of Mycobacterium chelonae, and descriptions of M. chelonae subsp. chelonae subsp. nov. and M. chelonae subsp. bovis subsp. nov. are presented; strains ATCC 35752T(=CCUG 47445T=CIP 104535T=DSM 43804T=JCM 6388T=NCTC 946T) and QIA-37T (=KCTC 39630T=JCM 30986T) are the type strains of the two novel subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Jun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Microbiology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Institute of Endemic Diseases, and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center (SNUMRC), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Na Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Microbiology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Institute of Endemic Diseases, and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center (SNUMRC), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Ram Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Microbiology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Institute of Endemic Diseases, and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center (SNUMRC), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Che Ok Jeon
- School of Biological Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joseph Jeong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Ho Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hun Lim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Heon Lee
- Korean Institute of Tubercuosis, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Ki Kim
- Korean Institute of Tubercuosis, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Hoh Kook
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Microbiology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Institute of Endemic Diseases, and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center (SNUMRC), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Joon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Microbiology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Institute of Endemic Diseases, and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center (SNUMRC), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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7
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Kim BJ, Kim GN, Kim BR, Shim TS, Kook YH, Kim BJ. Phylogenetic analysis of Mycobacterium massiliense strains having recombinant rpoB gene laterally transferred from Mycobacterium abscessus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179237. [PMID: 28604829 PMCID: PMC5467896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent multi locus sequence typing (MLST) and genome based studies indicate that lateral gene transfer (LGT) events in the rpoB gene are prevalent between Mycobacterium abscessus complex strains. To check the prevalence of the M. massiliense strains subject to rpoB LGT (Rec-mas), we applied rpoB typing (711 bp) to 106 Korean strains of M. massiliense infection that had already been identified by hsp65 sequence analysis (603 bp). The analysis indicated 6 smooth strains in M. massiliense Type I (10.0%, 6/60) genotypes but no strains in M. massiliense Type II genotypes (0%, 0/46), showing a discrepancy between the 2 typing methods. Further MLST analysis based on the partial sequencing of seven housekeeping genes, argH, cya, glpK, gnd, murC, pta and purH, as well as erm(41) PCR proved that these 6 Rec-mas strains consisted of two distinct genotypes belonging to M. massiliense and not M. abscessus. The complete rpoB sequencing analysis showed that these 6 Rec-mas strains have an identical hybrid rpoB gene, of which a 478 bp partial rpoB fragment may be laterally transferred from M. abscessus. Notably, five of the 6 Rec-mas strains showed complete identical sequences in a total of nine genes, including the seven MLST genes, hsp65, and rpoB, suggesting their clonal propagation in South Korea. In conclusion, we identified 6 M. massiliense smooth strains of 2 phylogenetically distinct genotypes with a specific hybrid rpoB gene laterally transferred from M. abscessus from Korean patients. Their clinical relevance and bacteriological traits remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Jun Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, Liver Research Institute and Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ga-Na Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, Liver Research Institute and Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo-Ram Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, Liver Research Institute and Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Sun Shim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Hoh Kook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, Liver Research Institute and Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bum-Joon Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, Liver Research Institute and Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Esposito LA, Gupta S, Streiter F, Prasad A, Dennehy JJ. Evolutionary interpretations of mycobacteriophage biodiversity and host-range through the analysis of codon usage bias. Microb Genom 2016; 2:e000079. [PMID: 28348827 PMCID: PMC5359403 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In an genomics course sponsored by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), undergraduate students have isolated and sequenced the genomes of more than 1,150 mycobacteriophages, creating the largest database of sequenced bacteriophages able to infect a single host, Mycobacterium smegmatis, a soil bacterium. Genomic analysis indicates that these mycobacteriophages can be grouped into 26 clusters based on genetic similarity. These clusters span a continuum of genetic diversity, with extensive genomic mosaicism among phages in different clusters. However, little is known regarding the primary hosts of these mycobacteriophages in their natural habitats, nor of their broader host ranges. As such, it is possible that the primary host of many newly isolated mycobacteriophages is not M. smegmatis, but instead a range of closely related bacterial species. However, determining mycobacteriophage host range presents difficulties associated with mycobacterial cultivability, pathogenicity and growth. Another way to gain insight into mycobacteriophage host range and ecology is through bioinformatic analysis of their genomic sequences. To this end, we examined the correlations between the codon usage biases of 199 different mycobacteriophages and those of several fully sequenced mycobacterial species in order to gain insight into the natural host range of these mycobacteriophages. We find that UPGMA clustering tends to match, but not consistently, clustering by shared nucleotide sequence identify. In addition, analysis of GC content, tRNA usage and correlations between mycobacteriophage and mycobacterial codon usage bias suggests that the preferred host of many clustered mycobacteriophages is not M. smegmatis but other, as yet unknown, members of the mycobacteria complex or closely allied bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Swati Gupta
- Biology Department, Queens College, Queens, NY 11367, USA
| | | | - Ashley Prasad
- Biology Department, Queens College, Queens, NY 11367, USA
| | - John J. Dennehy
- Biology Department, Queens College, Queens, NY 11367, USA
- Biology PhD Program, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Correspondence John J. Dennehy ()
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9
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Je S, Quan H, Yoon Y, Na Y, Kim BJ, Seok SH. Mycobacterium massiliense Induces Macrophage Extracellular Traps with Facilitating Bacterial Growth. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155685. [PMID: 27191593 PMCID: PMC4871462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neutrophils have been known to release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), antimicrobial DNA structures capable of capturing and killing microbes. Recently, a similar phenomenon has been reported in macrophages infected with various pathogens. However, a role for macrophages extracellular traps (METs) in host defense responses against Mycobacterium massiliense (M. mass) has yet to be described. In this study, we show that M. mass, a rapid growing mycobacterium (RGM), also induces the release of METs from PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells. Intriguingly, this process is not dependent on NADPH oxidase activity, which regulates NET formation. Instead, M. mass-induced MET formation partially depends on calcium influx and requires phagocytosis of high bacterial load. The METs consist of a DNA backbone embedded with microbicidal proteins such as histone, MPO and elastase. Released METs entrap M. mass and prevent their dissemination, but do not have bactericidal activity. Instead, they result in enhanced bacterial growth. In this regard, METs were considered to provide interaction of M. mass with cells and an environment for bacterial aggregation, which may facilitate mycobacterial survival and growth. In conclusion, our results demonstrate METs as an innate defense response against M. mass infection, and suggest that extracellular traps play a multifaceted role in the interplay between host and bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungmo Je
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110–799, Republic of Korea
| | - Hailian Quan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110–799, Republic of Korea
| | - Yina Yoon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110–799, Republic of Korea
| | - Yirang Na
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110–799, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Joon Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110–799, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyeok Seok
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110–799, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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10
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Dumas E, Christina Boritsch E, Vandenbogaert M, Rodríguez de la Vega RC, Thiberge JM, Caro V, Gaillard JL, Heym B, Girard-Misguich F, Brosch R, Sapriel G. Mycobacterial Pan-Genome Analysis Suggests Important Role of Plasmids in the Radiation of Type VII Secretion Systems. Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:387-402. [PMID: 26748339 PMCID: PMC4779608 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In mycobacteria, various type VII secretion systems corresponding to different ESX (ESAT-6 secretory) types, are contributing to pathogenicity, iron acquisition, and/or conjugation. In addition to the known chromosomal ESX loci, the existence of plasmid-encoded ESX systems was recently reported. To investigate the potential role of ESX-encoding plasmids on mycobacterial evolution, we analyzed a large representative collection of mycobacterial genomes, including both chromosomal and plasmid-borne sequences. Data obtained for chromosomal ESX loci confirmed the previous five classical ESX types and identified a novel mycobacterial ESX-4-like type, termed ESX-4-bis. Moreover, analysis of the plasmid-encoded ESX loci showed extensive diversification, with at least seven new ESX profiles, identified. Three of them (ESX-P clusters 1–3) were found in multiple plasmids, while four corresponded to singletons. Our phylogenetic and gene-order-analyses revealed two main groups of ESX types: 1) ancestral types, including ESX-4 and ESX-4-like systems from mycobacterial and non-mycobacterial actinobacteria and 2) mycobacteria-specific ESX systems, including ESX-1-2-3-5 systems and the plasmid-encoded ESX types. Synteny analysis revealed that ESX-P systems are part of phylogenetic groups that derived from a common ancestor, which diversified and resulted in the different ESX types through extensive gene rearrangements. A converging body of evidence, derived from composition bias-, phylogenetic-, and synteny analyses points to a scenario in which ESX-encoding plasmids have been a major driving force for acquisition and diversification of type VII systems in mycobacteria, which likely played (and possibly still play) important roles in the adaptation to new environments and hosts during evolution of mycobacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Dumas
- INSERM U1173, UFR Simone Weil, Versailles-Saint-en-Quentin University, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines 78180, France
| | - Eva Christina Boritsch
- Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Mathias Vandenbogaert
- Institut Pasteur, Genotyping of Pathogens and Public Health, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | | | - Jean-Michel Thiberge
- Institut Pasteur, Genotyping of Pathogens and Public Health, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Valerie Caro
- Institut Pasteur, Genotyping of Pathogens and Public Health, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Jean-Louis Gaillard
- INSERM U1173, UFR Simone Weil, Versailles-Saint-en-Quentin University, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines 78180, France AP-HP, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Service De Microbiologie Et Hygiène, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Beate Heym
- INSERM U1173, UFR Simone Weil, Versailles-Saint-en-Quentin University, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines 78180, France AP-HP, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Service De Microbiologie Et Hygiène, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Fabienne Girard-Misguich
- INSERM U1173, UFR Simone Weil, Versailles-Saint-en-Quentin University, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines 78180, France
| | - Roland Brosch
- Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Guillaume Sapriel
- INSERM U1173, UFR Simone Weil, Versailles-Saint-en-Quentin University, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines 78180, France UMR 8212, LSCE, Versailles-Saint-Quentin University, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines 78180, France Atelier De Bio-Informatique. Institut De Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB, UMR 7205, CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE. Muséum National D'histoire Naturelle, Cedex 05, Paris 75231, France
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Kim BJ, Shim TS, Yi SY, Kim HC, Kim BR, Lee SY, Kook YH, Kim BJ. Mycobacterium massiliense Type II genotype leads to higher level of colony forming units and TNF-α secretion from human monocytes than Type I genotype. APMIS 2015; 123:895-902. [PMID: 26303945 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we introduced a novel Mycobacterium massiliense Type II genotype from Korean patients, in which all isolates showed only a rough (R) colony morphotype. In this study, we sought to compare clinical factors and virulence potentials of two genotypes of M. massiliense, Type I and Type II. Patients infected with Type II tend to be younger at infection than those infected with Type I (56.7 vs 62.3, p = 0.051). Type II was more significantly related to R colony type than Type I (34.1% vs 94.1%, p < 0.001). The Type II strain showed significantly more colony forming units (CFUs) and higher levels of TNF-α secretion in infection of human monocytes than the Type I strain. The challenge of extracted glycopeptidolipid (GPL) into human monocytes indicated that the loss of GPL from the cell wall of the Type II genotype led to a higher level of TNF-α secretion in a toll-like receptor 2(TLR2)-dependent manner. Taken together, our data suggest that the M. massiliense Type II genotype shows higher virulence than Type I, which may be due to the induction of TNF-α via the loss of GPL from the Type II cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Jun Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, Liver Research Institute and Cancer Research Institute, Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center (SNUMRC), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Sun Shim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Yeon Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, Liver Research Institute and Cancer Research Institute, Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center (SNUMRC), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho-Cheol Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo-Ram Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, Liver Research Institute and Cancer Research Institute, Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center (SNUMRC), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - So-Young Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, Liver Research Institute and Cancer Research Institute, Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center (SNUMRC), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon-Hoh Kook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, Liver Research Institute and Cancer Research Institute, Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center (SNUMRC), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bum-Joon Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, Liver Research Institute and Cancer Research Institute, Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center (SNUMRC), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Kim K, Hong SH, Kim BJ, Kim BR, Lee SY, Kim GN, Shim TS, Kook YH, Kim BJ. Separation of Mycobacterium abscessus into subspecies or genotype level by direct application of peptide nucleic acid multi-probe- real-time PCR method into sputa samples. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:325. [PMID: 26259717 PMCID: PMC4531893 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, we introduced a novel peptide nucleic acid (PNA) multi-probe real time PCR method targeting the hsp65 gene (hsp65 PNA RT-PCR) to distinguish Mycobacterium abscessus groups. Methods Here, we evaluated the usefulness of the hsp65 PNA RT-PCR for the direct identification of the M. abscessus group at the subspecies and genotype levels from sputa samples. The method was applied to total sputa DNA from 60 different patients who were identified as having mycobacterial infections via rpoB PCR restriction analysis of the same cultures. Results The hsp65 PNA RT-PCR method had higher sensitivity than the multi-probe real-time PCR assay targeting hsp65 (HMPRT-PCR) for the detection of M. abscessus from sputum [96.7 % (29/30 samples) vs. 70 % (21/30 samples); 100 % specificity]. Conclusions These results suggest that the PNA-based method is feasible for the detection of M. abscessus members not only from cultures but also directly from sputa. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-015-1076-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kijeong Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seok-Hyun Hong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Microbiology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byoung-Jun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Microbiology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bo-Ram Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Microbiology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea.
| | - So-Young Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Microbiology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ga-Na Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Microbiology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae Sun Shim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoon-Hoh Kook
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Microbiology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bum-Joon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Microbiology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea.
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Development of a peptide nucleic acid-based multiprobe real-time PCR method targeting the hsp65 gene for differentiation among Mycobacterium abscessus strains. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:1403-5. [PMID: 25653415 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03424-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the need to distinguish between members of the Mycobacterium abscessus group has gained increasing attention. Here, we introduced a novel peptide nucleic acid (PNA) real-time PCR method targeting the hsp65 gene in order to distinguish between four subspecies within the M. abscessus group (M. abscessus and 3 types of M. massiliense).
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14
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Tettelin H, Davidson RM, Agrawal S, Aitken ML, Shallom S, Hasan NA, Strong M, de Moura VCN, De Groote MA, Duarte RS, Hine E, Parankush S, Su Q, Daugherty SC, Fraser CM, Brown-Elliott BA, Wallace RJ, Holland SM, Sampaio EP, Olivier KN, Jackson M, Zelazny AM. High-level relatedness among Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. massiliense strains from widely separated outbreaks. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 20:364-71. [PMID: 24565502 PMCID: PMC3944860 DOI: 10.3201/eid2003.131106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Three recently sequenced strains isolated from patients during an outbreak of Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. massiliense infections at a cystic fibrosis center in the United States were compared with 6 strains from an outbreak at a cystic fibrosis center in the United Kingdom and worldwide strains. Strains from the 2 cystic fibrosis outbreaks showed high-level relatedness with each other and major-level relatedness with strains that caused soft tissue infections during an epidemic in Brazil. We identified unique single-nucleotide polymorphisms in cystic fibrosis and soft tissue outbreak strains, separate single-nucleotide polymorphisms only in cystic fibrosis outbreak strains, and unique genomic traits for each subset of isolates. Our findings highlight the necessity of identifying M. abscessus to the subspecies level and screening all cystic fibrosis isolates for relatedness to these outbreak strains. We propose 2 diagnostic strategies that use partial sequencing of rpoB and secA1 genes and a multilocus sequence typing protocol.
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Yoshida S, Arikawa K, Tsuyuguchi K, Kurashima A, Harada T, Nagai H, Suzuki K, Iwamoto T, Hayashi S. Investigation of the population structure of Mycobacterium abscessus complex strains using 17-locus variable number tandem repeat typing and the further distinction of Mycobacterium massiliense hsp65 genotypes. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:254-261. [PMID: 25596119 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus complex is a significant pathogen in patients with non-cystic fibrosis (non-CF). Nevertheless, there is little description of the genetic diversity of this species. The aims of this study were to investigate the distribution of M. abscessus complex isolated from respiratory specimens by variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) typing. The results of 104 clinical isolates from 104 non-CF patients were compared using PFGE, hsp65 genotypes and clarithromycin susceptibility. The allelic diversity (Hunter-Gaston Discriminatory Index) of the 17 loci examined by VNTR typing was high (0.977). We determined that C28 sequevar erm(41) genotypes and clarithromycin-acquired resistance isolates were scattered in the minimum spanning tree. Intriguingly, VNTR typing and PFGE were highly congruent and revealed that there were clear examples of grouping of isolates from different individuals amongst both M. abscessus and M. massiliense, and showed five clusters of distinct identical isolates. Within these clusters, M. massiliense hsp65 type I formed three different clusters. Although the distribution of M. massiliense hsp65 type II-1 was low (9.3 %), M. massiliense hsp65 type II-1 isolates separated from clusters contained hsp65 type I isolates. Thus, M. massiliense hsp65 genotypes could be discriminated by analysing VNTRs with sufficient genetic distance for intra-species-level discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiomi Yoshida
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Kinki-chuo Chest Medical Center, 1180 Nagasone-cho, Kita-ku Sakai, Osaka 591-8555, Japan
| | - Kentaro Arikawa
- Department of Microbiology, Kobe Institute of Health, 4-6 Minatojima-nakamachi, Chuo-ku Kobe, Hyogo 650-0046, Japan
| | - Kazunari Tsuyuguchi
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Kinki-chuo Chest Medical Center, 1180 Nagasone-cho, Kita-ku Sakai, Osaka 591-8555, Japan
| | - Atsuyuki Kurashima
- Clinical Research Advisor, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Fukujuji Hospital, 3-1-24 Matsuyama, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-0022, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Harada
- Center for Respiratory Diseases, Japan Community Health Care Organization Hokkaido Hospital, 8-3-18 Ichijyo, Nakanoshima, Toyohira-ku Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8618, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nagai
- Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, 3-1-2 Takeoka, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8585, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Suzuki
- Internal Medicine, National Hospital Organization Kinki-chuo Chest Medical Center, 1180 Nagasone-cho, Kita-ku Sakai, Osaka 591-8555, Japan
| | - Tomotada Iwamoto
- Department of Microbiology, Kobe Institute of Health, 4-6 Minatojima-nakamachi, Chuo-ku Kobe, Hyogo 650-0046, Japan
| | - Seiji Hayashi
- Internal Medicine, National Hospital Organization Kinki-chuo Chest Medical Center, 1180 Nagasone-cho, Kita-ku Sakai, Osaka 591-8555, Japan
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Jeon SM, Lim NR, Kwon SJ, Shim TS, Park MS, Kim BJ, Kim SH. Analysis of species and intra-species associations between the Mycobacterium abscessus complex strains using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). J Microbiol Methods 2014; 104:19-25. [PMID: 24918987 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PFGE and MLST showed that the strains of M. massiliense hsp65 II-1 were clearly separated from the strains of M. massiliense hsp65 I or II-2 as well as the strains of M. abscessus or M. bolletii; thus, M. massiliense hsp6 5II-1 might represent an additional subspecies of M. massiliense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Mi Jeon
- Division of Tuberculosis and Bacterial Respiratory Infections, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Ra Lim
- Division of Tuberculosis and Bacterial Respiratory Infections, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jik Kwon
- Division of Tuberculosis and Bacterial Respiratory Infections, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Sun Shim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Sun Park
- Division of Tuberculosis and Bacterial Respiratory Infections, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Joon Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, Liver Research Institute, Cancer Research Institute and Seoul National University Medical Research Center (SNUMRC), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong-Han Kim
- Division of Tuberculosis and Bacterial Respiratory Infections, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea.
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Kim BJ, Kim BR, Lee SY, Kook YH, Kim BJ. Rough colony morphology of Mycobacterium massiliense Type II genotype is due to the deletion of glycopeptidolipid locus within its genome. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:890. [PMID: 24341808 PMCID: PMC3878547 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, we introduced the complete genome sequence of Mycobacterium massiliense clinical isolates, Asan 50594 belonging to Type II genotype with rough colony morphology. Here, to address the issue of whether the rough colony morphotype of M. massiliense Type II genotype is genetically determined or not, we compared polymorphisms of the glycopeptidolipid (GPL) gene locus between M. massiliense Type II Asan 50594 and other rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) strains via analysis of genome databases. Results We found deletions of 10 genes (24.8 kb), in the GPL biosynthesis related gene cluster of Asan 50594 genome, but no deletions in those of other smooth RGMs. To check the presence of deletions of GPL biosynthesis related genes in Mycobacterium abscessus − complex strains, PCRs targeting 12 different GPL genes (10 genes deleted in Asan 50594 genome as well as 2 conserved genes) were applied into 76 clinical strains of the M. abscessus complex strains [54 strains (Type I: 33, and Type II: 21) of M. massiliense and 22 strains (rough morphoype: 11 and smooth morphotype: 11) of M. abscessus]. No strains of the Type II genotype produced PCR amplicons in a total of 10 deleted GPL genes, suggesting loss of GPL biosynthesis genes in the genome of M. massiliense type II genotype strains. Conclusions Our data suggested that the rough colony morphotype of the M. massiliense Type II genotype may be acquired via deletion events at the GPL gene locus for evolutionary adaptation between the host and pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bum-Joon Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, Liver Research Institute, Cancer Research Institute and Seoul National University Medical Research Center (SNUMRC), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea.
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